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Statistics and Random Variables

The document provides an introduction to statistics, defining key terms such as statistics, data, population, and sample. It explains the concepts of random variables and probability distributions, including discrete and continuous variables, and illustrates these concepts with examples. Additionally, it covers constructing probability distribution tables and the properties of probability distributions.

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reyesleiramari
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Statistics and Random Variables

The document provides an introduction to statistics, defining key terms such as statistics, data, population, and sample. It explains the concepts of random variables and probability distributions, including discrete and continuous variables, and illustrates these concepts with examples. Additionally, it covers constructing probability distribution tables and the properties of probability distributions.

Uploaded by

reyesleiramari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STATISTICS: AN INTRODUCTION

DEFINITION OF TERMS
BASIC TERMS
• STATISTICS = the science of collecting organizing,
analyzing, and interpreting data in order to make
decisions.
• Data = consist of information coming from observations
(attributes), counts, measurements or responses.
• Population = is the collection of all outcomes, responses,
measurements, or counts that are of interest.
• Sample = is a subset of a population.
Identifying data sets

*In a recent survey, 1708 adults in the


province of Tarlac were asked if they
think global warming is a problem that
requires immediate government action.
Nine hundred thirty - nine of the adults
said yes. Identify the population and the
sample.
Solution

• The population consists of the responses


of all adults in the province of Tarlac and
the sample consists of the responses (in
two subsets) of the responses of the
adults; that is the population is the 1708
responses (both yes or no responses)
while the samples are 939 (yes’s) and
769 (no’s)
Example 2

• The department of Energy conducts weekly


surveys of approximately 800 gasoline
stations in Central Luzon to determine the
average price per gallon of regular gasoline.
On January 12, 2024, the average price was
₱64.55 per galloon. Identify the
population and the sample..
Solution

• The population consists of the prices


per gallon of regular gasoline at all
gasoline stations in Region 3.
• The sample consists of the prices per
gallon of regular gasoline at 800
surveyed stations.
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

THE RANDOM
VARIABLE
RELATED TERMINOLOGIES

• Variable = any information or attributes


that describe a person, place, thing or
idea.
• Random = chance, unplanned,
unexpected.
• Experiment = any activity that can be
done repeatedly.
• Random Experiment = any activity that
The Random Variable

= a variable whose value is dependent to the outcome of a well -


defined random event or experiment. Usually represented by a
capital letter X. Such is throwing of a pair of dice, drawing a card
from a standard deck and others. Small letter x is the value
assigned to an outcome in a random variable.
• Sample Space = the set of all possible outcomes in a random
experiment.
Example: Rolling a die = { 1,2,3,4,5,6}
Tossing a coin = {T, H}
Drawing a card from a deck of Card = {A, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,J,K,Q}
Types of Random Variable

1. Discrete Variable = a quantitative variable whose


value can be attained by counting. its value is always
a whole number.
Examples: Number of books, Number of males and
females in a class.
2. Continuous Variable = is a quantitative variable
that can assume an infinitely many, uncountable
number of real numbers. It may also include values
as small as an instrument of measurement allows.
Constructing a discrete probability distribution table

• Discrete Probability Distribution is a table that


shows the probability of each sample point of an
experiment.
• = symbol used to expressed the probability of each
of the sample points in an experiment.
Examples: 1. Construct a discrete probability
distribution of getting a head in a single tossing of 2
unbiased coins:
THE DISCRETE RANDOM PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

• Sample Point = the values assigned to each random


variable.
• Properties of Probability Distribution:
Statement Symbol

1. The probability of each value of the


discrete random variable is between 0
to 1, inclusives.

2. The sum of all the probabilities is =1


always equal to 1.
Solution:

Experiment: tossing of 2 unbiased coins.


Random Variable: “Getting a head”
Sample Space:{TT, TH, HT, HH}

Sample Points 0 1 2

or
Example 2:

• A basketball team will play for


three consecutive games.
Construct a probability
distribution of winning any of
the games.
Solution:
• Experiment: Playing basketball
• Random variable: Winning any of the games.
• Sample Space: {WWW, WWL, WLL, WLW, LWW, LWL,
LLW, LLL}.

Sample Points 0 1 2 3
Example 3:

• Construct a probability distribution


table of an experiment where the
sum of the number shown on a
pair of dice in a single throw is
considered, find the probability of
getting a sum of 3 to 9.
Solution
• Experiment: Rolling a pair of dice
• Random Variable: Sum of numbers
shown
• Sample Space:

B A 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1,1) = 2 (1,2) = 3 (1,3)= 4 (1,4) = 5 (1,5) = 6 (1,6) = 7
2 (2,1)= 3 (2,2) = 4 (2,3) = 5 (2,4) = 6 (2,5) = 7 (2,6) = 8
3 (3,1) = 4 (3, 2) = 5 (3,3) = 6 (3,4) = 7 (3,5) = 8 (3,6) = 9
4 (4,1) = 5 (4,2) = 6 (4,3) = 7 (4,4) = 8 (4,5) = 9 (4,6) = 10
5 (5,1) = 6 (5,2) =7 (5,3) = 8 (5,4) = 9 (5,5) = 10 (5,6) = 11
6 (6,1) = 7 (6,2) = 8 (6,3) =9 (6,4) = 10 (6,5) = 11 (6,6) = 12
...continuation
Sums 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

• What is the
• What is the
• What is the

What is the ?
• What is the ?
•
• What is the
The Probability Distribution Function
• Probability Distribution Function is a function or
mathematical formula that shows the relative probability
that each outcome of an experiment will happen.
Example:
when x = 1

when x = 2

when x = 3
The Graph of the Probability Distribution
• Probability Histogram = shows the Probability histogrtam of the Sample Points of an
Experiment of getting the sum of 2 Unbiased Dice in
relative probabilities of the sanmple One Throw
points in the form of a bar graph.
the x - axis the sample points and
the y - axis denotes the
corresponding probabilities of the
sample points.

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