Software Engineering Chapter

Software Requirements
Ian Sommerville 2004
Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6
Slide 1
Objectives

To introduce the concepts of user and system requirements To describe functional and non-functional requirements To explain how software requirements may be organised in a requirements document
Slide 2
Topics covered

Functional and non-functional requirements User requirements System requirements Interface specification The software requirements document
Slide 3
Requirements engineering

The process of establishing the services that the customer requires from a system and the constraints under which it operates and is developed. The requirements themselves are the descriptions of the system services and constraints that are generated during the requirements engineering process.
Slide 4
What is a requirement?

It may range from a high-level abstract statement of a service or of a system constraint to a detailed mathematical functional specification. This is inevitable as requirements may serve a dual function
May be the basis for a bid for a contract - therefore must be open to interpretation; May be the basis for the contract itself - therefore must be defined in detail; Both these statements may be called requirements.
Slide 5
Requirements abstraction (Davis)
If a company wishes to let a contract for a large software development project, it must define its needs in a sufficiently abstract way that a solution is not pre-defined. The requirements must be written so that several contractors can bid for the contract, offering, perhaps, different ways of meeting the client organisations needs. Once a contract has been awarded, the contractor must write a system definition for the client in more detail so that the client understands and can validate what the software will do. Both of these documents may be called the requirements document for the system.
Slide 6
Types of requirement

User requirements
Statements in natural language plus diagrams of the services the system provides and its operational constraints. Written for customers. A structured document setting out detailed descriptions of the systems functions, services and operational constraints. Defines what should be implemented so may be part of a contract between client and contractor.
System requirements
Slide 7
Definitions and specifications
Slide 8
Requirements readers
Slide 9
Functional and non-functional requirements

Functional requirements
Statements of services the system should provide, how the system should react to particular inputs and how the system should behave in particular situations. constraints on the services or functions offered by the system such as timing constraints, constraints on the development process, standards, etc. Requirements that come from the application domain of the system and that reflect characteristics of that domain.
Non-functional requirements
Domain requirements
Slide 10
Functional requirements

Describe functionality or system services. Depend on the type of software, expected users and the type of system where the software is used. Functional user requirements may be high-level statements of what the system should do but functional system requirements should describe the system services in detail.
Slide 11
The LIBSYS system

A library system that provides a single interface to a number of databases of articles in different libraries. Users can search for, download and print these articles for personal study.
Slide 12
Examples of functional requirements

The user shall be able to search either all of the initial set of databases or select a subset from it. The system shall provide appropriate viewers for the user to read documents in the document store. Every order shall be allocated a unique identifier (ORDER_ID) which the user shall be able to copy to the accounts permanent storage area.
Slide 13
Requirements imprecision

Problems arise when requirements are not precisely stated. Ambiguous requirements may be interpreted in different ways by developers and users. Consider the term appropriate viewers
User intention - special purpose viewer for each different document type; Developer interpretation - Provide a text viewer that shows the contents of the document.
Slide 14
Requirements completeness and consistency

In principle, requirements should be both complete and consistent. Complete They should include descriptions of all facilities required. Consistent There should be no conflicts or contradictions in the descriptions of the system facilities. In practice, it is impossible to produce a complete and consistent requirements document.
Slide 15
Non-functional requirements

These define system properties and constraints e.g. reliability, response time and storage requirements. Constraints are I/O device capability, system representations, etc. Process requirements may also be specified mandating a particular CASE system, programming language or development method. Non-functional requirements may be more critical than functional requirements. If these are not met, the system is useless.
Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6 Slide 16
Non-functional classifications

Product requirements
Requirements which specify that the delivered product must behave in a particular way e.g. execution speed, reliability, etc. Requirements which are a consequence of organisational policies and procedures e.g. process standards used, implementation requirements, etc. Requirements which arise from factors which are external to the system and its development process e.g. interoperability requirements, legislative requirements, etc.
Organisational requirements
External requirements
Slide 17
Non-functional requirement types
Slide 18
Non-functional requirements examples

Product requirement
8.1 The user interface for LIBSYS shall be implemented as simple HTML without frames or Java applets.
Organisational requirement
9.3.2 The system development process and deliverable documents shall conform to the process and deliverables defined in XYZCo-SPSTAN-95.
External requirement
7.6.5 The system shall not disclose any personal information about customers apart from their name and reference number to the operators of the system.
Slide 19
Goals and requirements

Non-functional requirements may be very difficult to state precisely and imprecise requirements may be difficult to verify. Goal
A general intention of the user such as ease of use. A statement using some measure that can be objectively tested.
Verifiable non-functional requirement
Goals are helpful to developers as they convey the intentions of the system users.
Slide 20
Examples

A system goal
The system should be easy to use by experienced controllers and should be organised in such a way that user errors are minimised. Experienced controllers shall be able to use all the system functions after a total of two hours training. After this training, the average number of errors made by experienced users shall not exceed two per day.
A verifiable non-functional requirement
Slide 21
Requirements measures
Property Speed Measure Processed transactions/second User/Event response time Screen refresh time M Bytes Number of ROM chips Training time Number of help frames Mean time to failure Probability of unavailability Rate of failure occurrence Availability Time to restart after failure Percentage of events causing failure Probability of data corruption on failure Percentage of target dependent statements Number of target systems
Size Ease of use Reliability
Robustness
Portability
Slide 22
Requirements interaction

Conflicts between different non-functional requirements are common in complex systems. Spacecraft system
To minimise weight, the number of separate chips in the system should be minimised. To minimise power consumption, lower power chips should be used. However, using low power chips may mean that more chips have to be used. Which is the most critical requirement?
Slide 23
Domain requirements

Derived from the application domain and describe system characteristics and features that reflect the domain. Domain requirements be new functional requirements, constraints on existing requirements or define specific computations. If domain requirements are not satisfied, the system may be unworkable.
Slide 24
Library system domain requirements

There shall be a standard user interface to all databases which shall be based on the Z39.50 standard. Because of copyright restrictions, some documents must be deleted immediately on arrival. Depending on the users requirements, these documents will either be printed locally on the system server for manually forwarding to the user or routed to a network printer.
Slide 25
Train protection system

The deceleration of the train shall be computed as:

Dtrain = Dcontrol + Dgradient
where Dgradient is 9.81ms2 * compensated gradient/alpha and where the values of 9.81ms2 /alpha are known for different types of train.
Slide 26
Domain requirements problems

Understandability
Requirements are expressed in the language of the application domain; This is often not understood by software engineers developing the system. Domain specialists understand the area so well that they do not think of making the domain requirements explicit.
Implicitness
Slide 27
User requirements

Should describe functional and non-functional requirements in such a way that they are understandable by system users who dont have detailed technical knowledge. User requirements are defined using natural language, tables and diagrams as these can be understood by all users.
Slide 28
Problems with natural language

Lack of clarity
Precision is difficult without making the document difficult to read. Functional and non-functional requirements tend to be mixed-up. Several different requirements may be expressed together.
Requirements confusion
Requirements amalgamation
Slide 29
LIBSYS requirement
4..5 LIBSYS shall provide a financial accounting system that maintains records of all payments made by users of the system. System managers may configure this system so that regular users may receive discounted rates.
Slide 30
Editor grid requirement

2.6 Grid facilities To assist in the positioning of entities on a diagram, the user may turn on a grid in either centimetres or inches, via an option on the control panel. Initially, the grid is off. The grid may be turned on and off at any time during an editing session and can be toggled between inches and centimetres at any time. A grid option will be provided on the reduce-to-fit view but the number of grid lines shown will be reduced to avoid filling the smaller diagram with grid lines.
Slide 31
Requirement problems

Database requirements includes both conceptual and detailed information

Describes the concept of a financial accounting system that is to be included in LIBSYS; However, it also includes the detail that managers can configure this system - this is unnecessary at this level.
Grid requirement mixes three different kinds of requirement

Conceptual functional requirement (the need for a grid); Non-functional requirement (grid units); Non-functional UI requirement (grid switching).
Slide 32
Structured presentation
2.6.1 Grid facilities The editor shall provide a grid facility where a m atrix of horizontal and vertical lines provide a background to the editor window. This grid shall be a passive grid where the alignment of entities is the user's responsibility. Rationale: A grid helps the user to create a tidy diagram with well-spaced entities. Although an active grid, where entities 'snap-to' grid lines can be useful, the positioning is imprecise. The user is the best person to decide where entities should be positioned. Specification: ECLIPSE/WS/Tools/DE/FS Section 5.6 Source: Ray Wilson, Glasgow Office
Slide 33
Guidelines for writing requirements

Invent a standard format and use it for all requirements. Use language in a consistent way. Use shall for mandatory requirements, should for desirable requirements. Use text highlighting to identify key parts of the requirement. Avoid the use of computer jargon.
Slide 34
System requirements

More detailed specifications of system functions, services and constraints than user requirements. They are intended to be a basis for designing the system. They may be incorporated into the system contract. System requirements may be defined or illustrated using system models discussed in Chapter 8.
Slide 35
Requirements and design

In principle, requirements should state what the system should do and the design should describe how it does this. In practice, requirements and design are inseparable
A system architecture may be designed to structure the requirements; The system may inter-operate with other systems that generate design requirements; The use of a specific design may be a domain requirement.
Problems with NL specification

Ambiguity
The readers and writers of the requirement must interpret the same words in the same way. NL is naturally ambiguous so this is very difficult. The same thing may be said in a number of different ways in the specification. NL structures are inadequate to structure system requirements.
Over-flexibility
Lack of modularisation
Slide 37
Alternatives to NL specification
Notation Structured natural language Design description languages Graphical notations Description This approach depends on defining standard forms or templates to express the requirements specification. This approach uses a language like a programming language but with more abstract features to specify the requirements by defining an operational model of the system. This approach is not now widely used although it can be useful for interface specifications. A graphical language, supplemented by text annotations is used to define the functional requirements for the system. An early example of such a graphical language was SADT. Now, use-case descriptions and sequence diagrams are commonly used . These are notations based on mathematical concepts such as finite-state machines or sets. These unambiguous specifications reduce the arguments between customer and contractor about system functionality. However, most customers dont understand formal specifications and are reluctant to accept it as a system contract.
Mathematical specifications
Slide 38
Structured language specifications

The freedom of the requirements writer is limited by a predefined template for requirements. All requirements are written in a standard way. The terminology used in the description may be limited. The advantage is that the most of the expressiveness of natural language is maintained but a degree of uniformity is imposed on the specification.
Slide 39
Form-based specifications

Definition of the function or entity. Description of inputs and where they come from. Description of outputs and where they go to. Indication of other entities required. Pre and post conditions (if appropriate). The side effects (if any) of the function.
Slide 40
Form-based node specification

Insulin Pump/Control Software/SRS/3.3.2 Function Compute insulin dose: Safe sugar level Description Computes the dose of insulin to be delivered when the current measured sugar level is in the safe zone between 3 and 7 units. Inputs Current sugar reading (r2), the previous two readings (r0 and r1) Source Current sugar reading from sensor. Other readings from memory. Outputs CompDose Destination the dose in insulin to be delivered Main control loop
Action: CompDose is zero if the sugar level is stable or falling or if the level is increasing but the rate of increase is decreasing. If the level is increasing and the rate of increase is increasing, then CompDose is computed by dividing the difference between the current sugar level and the previous level by 4 and rounding the result. If the result, is rounded to zero then CompDose is set to the minimum dose that can be delivered. Requires Pre-condition Post-condition Side-effects Two previous readings so that the rate of change of sugar level can be computed. The insulin reservoir contains at least the maximum allowed single dose of insulin.. r0 is replaced by r1 then r1 is replaced by r2 None
Slide 41
Tabular specification

Used to supplement natural language. Particularly useful when you have to define a number of possible alternative courses of action.
Slide 42
Tabular specification
Condition Sugar level falling (r2 < r1) Sugar level stable (r2 = r1) Sugar level increasing and rate of increase decreasing ((r2-r1)<(r1-r0)) Sugar level increasing and rate of increase stable or increasing. ((r2-r1) (r1-r0)) Action CompDose = 0 CompDose = 0 CompDose = 0 CompDose = round ((r2-r1)/4) If rounded result = 0 then CompDose = MinimumDose
Slide 43
Graphical models

Graphical models are most useful when you need to show how state changes or where you need to describe a sequence of actions. Different graphical models are explained in Chapter 8.
Slide 44
Sequence diagrams

These show the sequence of events that take place during some user interaction with a system. You read them from top to bottom to see the order of the actions that take place. Cash withdrawal from an ATM
Validate card; Handle request; Complete transaction.
Slide 45
Sequence diagram of ATM withdrawal
Slide 46
Interface specification

Most systems must operate with other systems and the operating interfaces must be specified as part of the requirements. Three types of interface may have to be defined
Procedural interfaces; Data structures that are exchanged; Data representations.
Formal notations are an effective technique for interface specification.
Slide 47
PDL interface description

in te rfa ce P rin tSe rv e r { // d e fine s an abs tr a ct prin ter se rv er // r e qu ires : in te rfa ce P rin te r, in te rfa ce P rin tD oc // p rovid es : i n itia liz e , p rint , d is p la yP rin tQu eu e, can ce lP rin tJ ob , sw itc hP rin te r v oi d in itial ize ( Prin ter p ) ; v oi d p rin t ( P rin te r p , P rint Do c d ) ; v oi d d is p la yP rint Qu eu e ( P rint e r p ) ; v oi d c an ce lP rin tJob (P rinter p , P rin tD oc d ) ; v oi d s w itch P rin ter (P rin te r p1 , P rin te r p2 , P rin tD oc d ) ; } //P rin tSe rv e r
Slide 48
The requirements document

The requirements document is the official statement of what is required of the system developers. Should include both a definition of user requirements and a specification of the system requirements. It is NOT a design document. As far as possible, it should set of WHAT the system should do rather than HOW it should do it
Users of a requirements document
Slide 50
IEEE requirements standard

Defines a generic structure for a requirements document that must be instantiated for each specific system.
Introduction. General description. Specific requirements. Appendices. Index.
Slide 51
Requirements document structure

Preface Introduction Glossary User requirements definition System architecture System requirements specification System models System evolution Appendices Index
Slide 52
Key points

Requirements set out what the system should do and define constraints on its operation and implementation. Functional requirements set out services the system should provide. Non-functional requirements constrain the system being developed or the development process. User requirements are high-level statements of what the system should do. User requirements should be written using natural language, tables and diagrams.
Slide 53
Key points
System requirements are intended to communicate the functions that the system should provide. A software requirements document is an agreed statement of the system requirements. The IEEE standard is a useful starting point for defining more detailed specific requirements standards.
Slide 54

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Software Requirements

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

Requirements abstraction (Davis)

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

Definitions and specifications

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

Functional and non-functional requirements

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

The LIBSYS system

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

Examples of functional requirements

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

Requirements completeness and consistency

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

Ian Sommerville 2004

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

Non-functional requirement types

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

Non-functional requirements examples

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

Goals and requirements

Verifiable non-functional requirement

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

A verifiable non-functional requirement

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

Size Ease of use Reliability

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

Ian Sommerville 2004

Software Engineering, 7th edition. Chapter 6

Ian Sommerville 2004