MODULE 4

GE 1
Data Manage-
May Rose A.ment
Espia,
Ph.D
Introduction to Data Management

The easiest way and widely used for organizing data is to construct a fre-
quency distribution table. A frequency distribution is a grouping of the
data into categories showing the number of observations in each of the
non – overlapping classes.

After organizing data, the next step is to present the data so they can be
understood easily by the readers.
Grouped frequency distribution
A grouped frequency distribution is used when the range of
the data set is large; the date must be grouped into class
whether it is categorical data or interval data.

Categorical Frequency Distribution. This categorical fre-

quency distribution is used to organize nominal – level or ordi-
nal – level of data. Some examples where we can apply this
distribution are gender, business type, political affiliation and
others.
Grouped frequency distribution
Twenty applicants were given a performance evaluation
appraisal. The data set is

Excellent Very Satisfac- Satisfactory Satisfactory

tory
Excellent Satisfactory Very Satisfac- Satisfactory
tory
Excellent Very Satisfac- Very Satisfac- Very Satisfac-
tory tory tory
Satisfactory Very Satisfac- Excellent Excellent
tory
Very Satisfactory Very Satisfac- Excellent Excellent
tory
Construct a frequency distribution for the data.
Grouped frequency distribution

Classes Tally Frequency Percent-

age
Excellent |||| - || 7 35
Very Satisfac- |||| - ||| 8 40
tory
Satisfactory |||| 5 25
Definition of Terms
1. Raw Data – the data collected in original form.
2. Range – the difference between the highest value and the lowest value
in the distribution
3. Frequency Distribution – the organization of data in tabular form, us-
ing mutually exclusive classes showing the number of observation in
each.
4. Class Limits – the highest and lowest values describing the class.
5. Class Boundaries – the upper and lower values of a class for group
frequency distribution whose values has additional decimal place more
than the class limits and end with the digit 5.
6. Interval – the distance between the class lower boundary and class
lower boundary denoted by i.
Definition of Terms

7. Frequency – the number of values in a specific class of a frequency

distribution
8. Cumulative Frequency - the sum of the frequencies accumulated up
to the upper boundary of a class in a frequency distribution.
9. Midpoint - the point halfway between the class limits of each class
and is representative of the data within that class.
Determining Class Interval
Rule 1. To determine the number of classes is to use the
smallest positive integer k such that ≥ n, where n is the total
number of observations.

Where: HV = Highest value in the data set

LV = Lowest Value in the data set
k = number of classes
i = suggested class interval
Determining Class Interval

Rule 2. Another way to determine the class interval is by applying the

formula
Grouped Frequency Distribution
Suppose a researcher wished to do a study on the score of students in an
entrance examination conducted by a certain High School. The research
would have to collect the data by obtaining the scores of the students.
The data collected is presented below.
19 44 24 43 33 29 26 25 29 23
31 33 38 18 33 33 39 33 37 32
36 37 40 24 40 37 57 48 39 48
26 39 42 32 24 30 30 39 35 28
34 45 39 49 46 43 40 34 41 45
32 21 32 33 22 43 33 29 29 19
Grouped Frequency Distribution
Construct a frequency distribution using 2k Rule and determine the following:

a. Range e. Percentages
b. Interval f. Cumulative frequencies
c. Class limits g. Midpoints
d. Relative frequencies
Grouped Frequency Distribution
Step 1: Determine the classes.
a. Find the Range
Range = HV – LV = 57 – 18 = 39
b. Determine the number of classes
We can determine the number of classes (k) using the 2k Rule.
≥n
=2
=4
=8
= 16
= 32
= 64
k = 6 ( the number of classes)
Determine the class size
Grouped Frequency Distribution
• Step 2: Determine frequency for • Step 3: Determine the relative
each class by tallying the data. frequency. It can be found by
dividing each frequency by the
total frequency.
Class Relative
Limits Frequencies Frequency
18 – 24 9 0.15
25 – 31 11 0.18
32 – 38 19 0.32
39 – 45 15 0.25
46 – 52 5 0.08
53 – 59 1 0.02
Grouped Frequency Distribution
Step 4: Determine the percentage. It can be found by multiplying each rela-
tive frequency by 100.
Class Lim- Frequen-
Percentage
its cies
18 – 24 9 15
25 – 31 11 18
32 – 38 19 32
39 – 45 15 25
46 – 52 5 8
53 – 59 1 2
Grouped Frequency Distribution
Step 5: Determine the cumulative frequencies. The cumulative frequency
can be found by adding the frequency in each class to the total frequencies
of the class preceding that class.
Cumula- Found by
Class Lim- Frequen-
tive Fre-
its cies
quency
18 – 24 9 9 9
25 – 31 11 20 9 + 11
32 – 38 19 39 9 + 11 + 19
39 – 45 15 54 9 + 11 + 19 + 15
46 – 52 5 59 9 + 11 + 19 + 15 + 5
53 – 59 1 60 9 + 11 + 19 + 15 + 5 + 1
Grouped Frequency Distribution
Step 6: Determine the midpoints. The midpoint can be found by getting the
average of the upper and lower limit in each class.

Class Lim- Frequen- Mid-

Found by
its cies points
18 – 24 9 21 ( 18 + 24 ) ÷ 2
25 – 31 11 28 ( 25 + 31 ) ÷ 2
32 – 38 19 35 ( 32 + 38 ) ÷ 2
39 – 45 15 42 ( 39 + 45 ) ÷ 2
46 – 52 5 49 ( 46 + 52 ) ÷ 2
53 – 59 1 56 ( 53 + 59 ) ÷ 2
 Measures of Central Tendency

Arithmetic mean or simply mean is one of the measures of central

tendency which can be defined as the sum of all observations to be divided
by the number of observations.

The symbol read as “x bar” is used to represent the mean of the sample
and the Greek letter μ is used to denote the mean of the population.
EXAMPLE 1

The daily salaries of a sample of eight employees of Freedomlife Inc. are:

₱650, ₱550, ₱470, ₱580, ₱500, ₱750, ₱700, ₱450. Find the mean daily
wage of the employees.
Solution 1:

The mean daily wage of the employees is ₱ 581.25.

EXAMPLE 2
Suppose that a marketing firm conducts a survey of 1,000 households to
determine the average number of Electric Fans each household owns. The
data show a large number of households with two or three electric fans and
a smaller number with one or four. Every household in the sample has at
least one electric fan and no household has more than four.

Here’s the data for the survey:

Number of electric fans per Number of House-
Household holds
1 73
2 378
3 459
4 90
EXAMPLE 2
Solution:
Step 1. Assign a weight to each value in the data set.
EXAMPLE 2

Step 2. Compute the weighted mean using the formula

The mean number of electric fans per household in this sample is 2.566.
EXAMPLE 1

Find the median of the ages of 9 top management employees of Villar

Holdings Inc. The ages are 56, 49, 61, 58, 56, 53, 60, 59, and 48.

Solution:
Step 1. Arrange the data in order.
48, 49, 53, 56, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61
Step 2. Determine the middle rank value.
EXAMPLE 1
Step 3. Identify the median in the data set.
48, 49, 53, 56, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61

Hence, the median age is 56.

EXAMPLE 2
The daily salaries of a sample of eight employees of Freedomlife Inc. are:
₱650, ₱550, ₱470, ₱580, ₱500, ₱750, ₱700, ₱450. Find the median daily
wage of the employees

Solution:

Step 1. Arrange the data in order.

₱450, ₱470, ₱500, ₱550, ₱580, ₱650, ₱700, ₱750
Step 2. Determine the middle rank value.
EXAMPLE 2
Step 3. Identify the median in the data set.
₱450, ₱470, ₱500, ₱550, ₱580, ₱650, ₱700, ₱750

4.5th

Since, the middle point falls between ₱550 and ₱580, we can determine the
median of the data set by getting the average of the two values.

Therefore, the median daily wage is ₱ 565.

EXAMPLE 1
The following data represents the total unit sales for brand new cars from a
sample of 10 Car Dealer Shops in Region XII for the 1st Quarter of 2019: 13,
14, 8, 10, 11, 13, 10, 8, 10, and 9. Find the mode.

Solution:
The ordered array of the data set is 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 10, 11, 13, 13, 14.

Since 10 appears 3 times more than the other values, therefore the mode is
10.
EXAMPLE 2

Find the mode of the ages of 9 top management employees of Villar Hold-
ings Inc. The ages are 56, 49, 61, 58, 55, 53, 60, 59, and 48.

Solution:
The ordered array of data is 48, 49, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61

There is no mode since each of the data has the same frequency.
EXAMPLE 3
In a crash test, 11 cars were tested to determine what impact speed was
required to obtain minimal bumper damage. Find the mode of the speeds
given in miles per hour below.
24, 15, 18, 20, 18, 22, 24, 26, 18, 26, 24

Solution:
The ordered array of data is 15, 18, 18, 18, 20, 22, 24, 24, 24, 26, 26
Since both 18 and 24 occurs 3 times in the data set, we have two modes
and the data is considered bimodal.
MMW GOD BLESS!!