Multidisciplinary

Nature Of
Environmental
Studies
Submitted By :
Harshdeep
(M.QA 2nd Sem)
R.No 34
Introduction
 The word environment is derived from the French word ‘environner’ which means to
‘encircle or surround’
 Environment can be defined as a sum total of all the living and non-living elements and
their effects that influence human life.
 Surrounding of organisms icluding physical , chemical , biological and cultural factors
which affects the organism.

 SEGMENTS OF ENVIRONMENT
 Environment consists of four segments :
 Atmosphere- Blanket of gases surrounding the earth , It consists of life gases like O2 for
human beings and anima CO₂ for plants.
Hydrosphere- Various water bodies present on the earth , It covers more than 75 %
of the earth surface either as oceans or as fresh water. Hydrosphere includes sea,
rivers, oceans, lakes, ponds, stream etc.
Lithosphere- Contains various types of soils and rocks on the earth , It means the
mantle of rocks constituting the earth's crust.The lithosphere mainly contains three
layers:
1. Crust
2. Mantle
3. Inner and outer core
Biosphere- Composed of all living organisms and their interactions with the
environment.
This segment of environment consists of atmosphere (Air: O2, N2, CO₂). Lithosphere
(land, minerals, salts, food, nutrients) and hydrosphere (water dissolved oxygen,
salts) which influences and support the entire biotic and abiotic life systems.
 NATURAL RESOURCES:
 A natural resource may be defined as any material given to us by nature which can
be transformed in a way that it becomes more valuable and useful.
 Any material may be called as a resource provided an appropriate technology is
available to transform that into more valuable goods.
 On the basis of continuity, the resources are classified as under:
(1) Renewable Resources
(2) Non-renewable Resources.

1. Renewable Resources
Resources, which can be renewed along with their exploitation, are always available
for use.
Hence they are called renewable resources. For instance, forests are renewable.
Likewise, solar energy and wind energy are examples of renewable resources.
2. Non-renewable Resources
 The formation of some resources like iron ore, coal, mineral oil etc. has taken
several thousand years.
 Once they are used in unlimited way, they cannot be easily replaced. Thus, their
exploitation at large scale will result in their fast depletion. Such resources are
called non-renewable resources or exhaustible

 Natural Rsources And Associated Problems

 Chief natural resources are :
 1 Forest resources
 2 Water resources
 3 Mineral resources
 4 Energy resources
 5 Land resources
(1) Forest resources:
1. The earth's land area where the vegetations are grown naturally in groups is
known as a forest. Vegetations means trees, shrubs, creepers or any woody
vegetations having a closed canopy
2. It is derived from Latin word ‘foris’ means ‘outside’.
3. Scientists estimate that India should ideally have 33% of its land under forests.
4. Today we only have about 12% thus we need not only to protect our existing
forests but also to increase our forest cover.

 Functions of forest
1. Protective functions: This includes the protective function of forest against soil
erosion, drought, flood, intense radiations etc.
2. Productive functions: forest are the resources of wood and many other products
like, gums, resins, fibres , medicines, honey, pulp, paper etc.
3. Regulative functions: Functions like absorption storage , release of gases, water,
minerals and radiant energy improve atmospheric conditions. Forest effectively
regulates flood droughts, and many gaseous cycles in nature.
4. Accessory functions: This includes the role of forest in recreation, aesthetics and
as a habitat of diverge wild life etc

ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS :
(1) Deforestation
(2) Timber extraction.
(3) Mining and its effects on forest.
(4) Dams and their effects on forests.
 DEFORESTATION:
 Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land
available for other uses.

Main causes responsible for deforestation are as under:

 Felling of trees to meet the ever-increasing demand of the cities.

 To create room for cattle ranching. Grazing by the local cattle, goats, sheep etc. not
only destroys the vegetation but also pull out the roots of plants.
 Meeting the growing hunger for land.
 A major cause of deforestation has been the construction of hill roads. Road
construction damages the protective vegetation. cover both above and below roads.
 To harvest timber to create commercial items such as paper, furniture etc.
 To create ingredients that are highly prized consumer items, such as the oil from palm
trees
 Control of deforestation :
 Prevention of human settlement in forest areas
 Check on reckless cutting of trees
 Control mining in forest areas
 Control on overgrazing

 TIMBER EXTRACTION :
 There has been unlimited exploitation of timber for commercial use.
 Due to increased industrial demand; timber extraction has significant effect on
forest and tribal people.
 Dams and their effect on forest and tribal people:
 The big dams and river valley projects have multipurpose uses. However, these
dams are responsible for the destruction of forests.
 They are responsible for increase of water borne diseases, disturbances in forest
ecosystems rehabilitation and resettlement of tribal people.

 WATER RESOURCES:

 Water is an important resource.

 An important use of water is for irrigation. Besides, water is also required in large
amounts for industrial and domestic consumption.
 Water is a renewable and limiting resource.
 About three – fourth of earth’s surface is occupied by oceans.
 Associated problems :

(1) Overutilization and pollution of surface and groundwater :

 With the growth of human population there is an increasing need for larger
amounts of water to fulfill a variety of basic needs.
 Many agriculturists use more water than necessary to grow crops. There are many
ways in which farmers can use less water without reducing yields such as the use
of drip irrigation systems.
 Agriculture also pollutes surface water and underground water stores by the
excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

(2) Floods & Droughts:

 Floods refers to the unusually large amount of water at any place or more water
that can be handled by the drainage of the area.
 Droughts:
 A drought is a condition in which a region suffers from a sever scarcity in its water
availability.
 Water resources depleted , Loss of live stock affect local economy

(3) Dams and problems:

Various problems associated with dams are:
 Displacement of tribal's from their home and land
 Growth and aquatic weed
 Increase in water borne and soil borne diseases
 Increase in flash floods and affect entire ecosystem
 Emission of green house gases
 Accumulation of toxic materials.
 Conservation of Water
 Constructing dams and reservoirs to regulate supply of water to the fields
 Sewage should be treated and only the clear water should be released into the rivers.
 Industrial wastes should be treated to prevent chemical and thermal pollution of fresh
water.
 Rainwater harvesting should be done by storing rainwater and recharging groundwater.
 Judicious use of water in our day to day life.

 MINERAL RESOURCES :
 A mineral is a naturally occurring substance of definite chemical composition and
identifiable physical properties.
 An ore is a mineral or combination of minerals from which a useful substance , such as
a metal , can be extracted and used to manufacture a useful product.
 Minerals are exhaustible and nonrenewable.
 Disposal of minerals have negative effects on environment.
 Uses of minerals
 Development of industrial plants and machineries
 Generation of energy e.g., coal, lignite, uranium
 Construction, housing, settlements
 Defence equipment, weapons

 Types of Mineral Resources

 Metallic minerals: Copper, aluminium, iron, etc.
 Industrial materials: Lime, potash, salt.
 Construction materials: Sand, stones, gravels.
 Energy materials: Oil, gas, heavy radioactive materials.
 Associated Problems :
(1) Use and exploitation:
 Deforestation and desertification
 Wastage of upper soil layer and vegetation
 Soil erosion and oil depletion
 Environmental pollution
 Natural hazards

(2)Environment effects on extracting and using minerals

 It pollute the environment
 It produce large waste
 Soil erosion
 Destruction of forest
 Emission of radioactive pollutants, ash and trace metals.
 Conservation of mineral resources

 Use of alternate source of energy like solar energy ,hydro electric energy, wind
energy etc
 Using the mineral resources with great efficiency.
 Use of renewable sources of energy
 Avoid the over exploitation of minerals

 ENERGY RESOURCES :

 Energy consumption of a nation is usually considered as an index of its

development, because almost all the development activities are directly or
indirectly dependent upon energy.
 Power generation and energy consumption are crucial to economic development as
economy of any nation depends upon availability of energy resources.
Energy resources can be roughly classified into three categories:
 Renewable
 Fossil
 Nuclear

 Associated problems

 Global warming
 Acid rains
 Gas leaks and explosions
 Air pollution
 Water pollution caused by poorly managed coal mines
 LAND RESOURCES:
 Land area constitutes about 1/5th of the earth surface.
 To meet out the challenging demand of food, fiber and fuel for human population, food for animals
and industrial raw material for industries, efficient management of land resources will play critical
role.
 Soil, water, vegetation and climate are basic natural resources for agricultural growth and
development.
 If land is utilized carefully it can be considered a renewable resource.

Associated problems

 (1) SOIL EROSION:

 The characteristics of natural ecosystems such as forests and grasslands depend on
the type of soil. Soils of various types support a wide variety of crops.
 The misuse of an ecosystem leads to loss of valuable soil through erosion by the
monsoon rains and, to a smaller extent, by wind. The roots of the trees in the forest
hold the soil.
(2) Desertification:
 Desertification is a process whereby the productive potential of dry or semidry lands
falls by ten percent or more.
 Desertification is characterized by de-vegetation and depletion of groundwater,
salinization and severe soil erosion.

CONSERVATION OF LAND RESOURCES :

 Prevent land from pollution

 The disposal of hazardous radioactive waste into the soil must be prohibited
 The use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides should be minimized as far as possible.
 By reusing and recycling of solid waste such as paper, metal parts, plastics, glass
article
 Soil erosion should be prevented.
 Ecosystem
 Ecosystem is defined as a natural functional ecological unit comprising of living organisms
(biotic community) and their non-living (abiotic) environment that interact to form a stable
self-supporting system.
 A pond, lake, desert, grassland, meadow, forest etc. are common examples of ecosystems.

 STRUCTURE OF AN ECOSYSTEM

 Components that make the structural aspects of ecosystems are:

 Inorganic Aspects: Carbon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water
 Organic Compounds: Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids - link abiotic to biotic aspect
 Climatic Regimens: Temperature, moisture, light & topography
 Producers: Plant
 Macro consumers: Phagotrophs - large animals
 Micro consumers: Saprotrophs, absorbers - fungi
 FUNCTION OF ECOSYSTEM:
 There are four primary groups of ecosystem functions:
 Regulatory functions
 Habitat functions
 Production functions
 Information functions

1. Regulatory functions:
In addition to maintain the ecosystem (and biosphere health), these regulatory
functions provide many services that have direct and indirect benefits to humans (i.e.,
clean air, water and soil, and biological control services).

2. Habitat functions:
Natural ecosystems provide refuge and a reproduction habitat to wild plants and
animals and thereby contribute to the conservation of biological and genetic diversity
and the evolutionary process.
 3. Production functions:
 Photosynthesis and nutrient uptake by autotrophs converts energy, carbon dioxide,
water and nutrients into a wide variety of carbohydrate structures which are then
used by secondary producers to create an even larger variety of living biomass.

 4. Information functions:
 Since most of human evolution took place within the context of an undomesticated
habitat, natural ecosystems contribute to the maintenance of human health by
providing three opportunities for reflection, spiritual enrichment cognitive
development, recreation and aesthetic experience.
 COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM
 ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE:
 The structure of an ecosystem is characterized by the organization of both biotic and
abiotic components. This includes the distribution of energy in our environment. It also
includes the climatic conditions prevailing in that particular environment.
 The structure of an ecosystem can be split into two main components, namely:
 Biotic Components
 Abiotic Components

 BIOTIC COMPONENTS:
 (1) The autotrophs (autotrophic = self nourishing):
 These are green plants and certain photosynthetic or chemosynthetic bacteria which
can convert the light energy of sun into potential chemical energy in the form of organic
compounds needed by plants for their own growth and development.
 Oxygen is produced as a by-product of photosynthesis, needed by all living organisms
for respiration. These green plants are also known as producers because they produce
food for all the other organisms.
 (2) The heterotrophs (heterotrophic = other nourishing)
 They are dependent directly or indirectly upon the autotrophs for their food. The
organisms involved are also known as consumers because they consume the
materials built up by producers.

 (3) Macroconsumers:
 These are organisms which ingest food and digest it inside their bodies. They
maybe herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores.
 The herbivores are primary consumers. For example, insects like grass hopers,
chew up stems and leaves, animals like goat, cow, deer and rabbit eat up entire
aerial portion of green plants, and man eats up plant products, are all primary
consumers.
 Frog, a carnivore, is a secondary consumer as it eats the herbivores, the snake that
eats the frog is a tertiary consumer, there is also a class of top consumers, which
are not killed and eaten by any other animals e.g. lion, tiger, leopard, vulture, etc.
 ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
 The non living factors or the physical environment prevailing in an ecosystem from
the abiotic components. They have a strong influence on the structure, distribution,
behaviour and inter-relationship of organisms.
 Abiotic components are mainly of two types:
 a) Climatic factors: This includes rain, temperature, light, wind humidity etc.
 b) Edaphic factors: This includes soil, pH, minerals, topography etc.
 Abiotic components are non-living chemical and physical parts of the environment
that affect living organisms and the functioning of ecosystems.
 Abiotic components include physical conditions and non-living resources that affect
living organisms in terms if growth, maintenance and reproduction
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
 An environmental hazard is a substance, a state or an event which has the
potential to threaten the surrounding natural environment/ adversely affect
people's health, including pollution and natural disasters such as storms and
earthquakes.
 Any undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological features of air,
land and water is called pollution.
 Any physical, chemical or biotic component/ agent or non-living substance
that is responsible to bring about an undesirable change in the environment
is called pollutant.
 Hazards can be categorised into four types:

(1) Chemical hazard:

A chemical accident is an unintentional release of one or more hazardous substances which
could harm human health or the environment. E.g. toxic wastes, mutants, carcinogens etc.
(2) Physical hazard:
A physical hazard is a type of occupational hazard that involves environmental hazards that
can cause harm with or without contact. E.g. Cosmic rays, lightning, noise pollution etc.
(3) Biological hazard:
Biological hazard are also known as biohazards which refers to the biological substances that
pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily that of humans.
This can include medical waste, samples of a micro organism virus or toxin that can affect
human health. E.g. Cholera, Ebola, pandemics, rabies etc.
(4) Psychosocial hazard:
A psychosocial hazard is a hazard that affects the mental well being or mental health of the
worker by overwhelming individual coping mechanisms and impacting the workers ability to
work in healthy and safe manner. E.g. Stress, depression, hopelessness etc.
 AIR POLLUTION
 Any atmospheric condition in which substances are present at concentrations high
enough above their normal ambient levels to produce a measurable effect on man,
animals, vegetation or materials is called air pollution.
 It is when concentrated gases exceed safe limits.
 Air pollutant: It is a substance or effect dwelling temporarily or permanently in the
air, which adversely alters the environment by interfering with the health, the
comfort, or the food chain, or by interfering with the property values of people.
 Primary air pollutants
 Secondary air pollutants :
 Smog: Air pollution in urban and industrial areas.
 Photochemical smog: a noxious mixture of gases and particles, is produced when
strong sunlight triggers photochemical reactions in the atmosphere.
 The major component of photochemical smog is ozone

 SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION

 Air Pollution may originate from a natural or unnatural source or from both sources.
 natural source - an erupting volcano, accidental fire etc.
 Man-made- industrial units, thermal power plants, automobile exhausts, fossil fuel
burning, mining, nuclear explosions.
 EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS

 People are exposed to air pollutants in many ways such as by:

1. By breathing contaminated air
2. Eating contaminated food products
3. Drinking water polluted by contaminated toxic air pollutants
4. Touching contaminated soil, dust, water etc.

EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

(1) Effects on human:

Effects can be categorised as short term & long term effects.
 Short term effects: These effects are temporary which includes illnesses such as pneumonia or
bronchitis.
 They also include discomfort such as irritation to the nose, throat, eyes or skin. Air pollution
can also cause headache, dizziness, and nausea.
 Bad smells made by factories, garbage, or sewer systems are considered air
pollution too.
 Long term effects: The effects of long term air pollution can last for years or for an
entire lifetime. They can even lead to person's death.
 Long term health effects from air pollution include heart disease, lung cancer, and
respiratory disease such as emphysema
 Air pollution can also cause long-term damage to people's nerves brain, kidney's
and other organs

(2) Environmental Effects

 Acid rain
 Ozone Depletion
 Global Climate Change
 A)Green- house effect
 B)Global warming
 Air pollution can directly contaminate the surface of bodies of water and soil. This can kill
crops or reduce their yield. It can kill young trees and other plants.

 CONTROL MEASURE FOR AIR POLLUTION

 Use clean energy : Solar, wind, and hydro power instead of coal and petrol.
 Public transport & carpooling : Use buses, metros, or share cars to reduce vehicle smoke.
 Follow pollution rules : Factories and vehicles should follow strict emission standards.
 Plant more trees : Trees absorb harmful gases like CO₂.
 Keep industries away from homes : Factories should be built far from residential areas.
 Filters in factories: Special machines like Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP) and Bag Filters
trap dust and smoke.
 Scrubbers: Remove harmful gases like sulfur dioxide (SO₂) from factory smoke.
 Catalytic Converters in vehicles: Change harmful gases into less harmful ones.
 Water spraying: Spraying water on roads and construction sites reduces dust.
 Water Pollution
 Water pollution is defined as alteration in physical, chemical or biological
characteristics of water, making it unsuitable for designating best use in its natural
states.
 Waste from homes, factories and other building get into the water bodies and as a
result get contaminated.
 Water pollution is the pollution of bodies of water, such as lakes, rivers, seas, the
oceans, as well as groundwater. It occurs when pollutants reach these bodies of
water, without treatment.
 CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION

(1) Industrial wastes:

 All the industries discharge the waste by-products from the manufacturing processes
into rivers or other water bodies.
(2) Domestic sewage:
 It consists of water borne wastes of the human community. Mostly it is disposed off
such as such in treated, partly or untreated form in nearby lakes, rivers of sea, where
it causes pollution.
(3) Thermal and radioactive waste:
 Different industries and nuclear power plants use water and discharge the heated
water into nearby water bodies.
(4) Biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste:
 Biodegradable pollutants consist mainly of organic matter from domestic sewage.
Non-biodegradable waster includes plastic bags, long chain detergents, aluminium
cans, glass etc
 EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
 (1) Physical effects: Settled particles may slowly accumulate on vegetation foliage and
produce a deposit on the river bed.
 Small suspended particles make water turbid and reduces light penetration, reduces
photosynthesis and restricts plant growth.
 (2) Chemical nutrient effects: In water pollution, the two most important nutrients are
nitrogen and phosphorous usually present in nitrates and phosphates.
 (3) Microorganism effect: Wastes that are discharged into water contain pathogenic
organisms that are capable of causing human diseases. Eg: cholera, typhoid fever,
bacillary dysentery etc
 (4) Effect on humans: Waterborne pathogens, in the form of disease-causing bacteria and
viruses from human and animal waste, are a major cause of illness from contaminated
drinking water.
 Diseased spread by unsafe water includes cholera, giardia and typhoid.
 (5) Effect on environment:
 When water pollution causes an algal bloom in a lake or marine environment, the
proliferation of newly introduced nutrients stimulates plant and algae growth, which in
 Control measures of water pollution :
 Proper Waste Disposal: Factories and households should not dump waste into rivers and
lakes.
 Use Eco-Friendly Products: Avoid using harmful chemicals, plastics, and detergents that
pollute water.
 Sewage Treatment: Proper sewage systems should be used so that dirty water does not flow
into clean water sources.
 Reduce Chemical Fertilizers & Pesticides: Farmers should use organic fertilizers instead of
harmful chemicals.
 Rainwater Harvesting: Collect and store rainwater to reduce water wastage.
 Water Treatment Plants: Polluted water from factories and homes should be treated before
releasing it into rivers.
 Biological Treatment: Use bacteria and plants to clean harmful substances from water.
 Boiling & Filtration: Simple household methods to remove germs and impurities from
drinking water.
 Desalination: Removing salt from seawater to make it drinkable.
 Recycling Wastewater: Used water should be purified and reused for gardening, flushing,
 SOIL POLLUTION
 Contamination of soil by human and natural activities which may cause harmful
effects on living beings.
 It is important to understand that all soils contain compounds that are harmful or
toxic to human beings and other living organisms.
 When the concentration of one or more toxic substances is high enough damage to
living organisms, the soil is said to be contaminated.

 CAUSES OF SOIL POLLUTION

 Man-made causes :
 Urbanization: Contamination of soil due to waste water. Unfit for agricultural land
due to construction of dams, project in near by places.
 Industrial wastes: Discharge of large quantities of toxic, flammable, non-biodegradable
substances on land results in soil pollution.
 Mining: Mining refers to process by which nonrenewable substances and valuable
minerals are extracted from earth. It leads to change in composition of soil.
 Domestic waste: It includes wastes such as food wastes, paper, glass, plastic
materials. Contribute to soil pollution.
 Radioactive waste: Nuclear power plants, nuclear testing, and explosion.

 Natural pollutants:
 Natural processes can lead to an accumulation of toxic chemicals in contamination of
the soil, overall decreasing or increasing the level of contamination of the soil.
 Natural production in soil under certain environmental conditions (eg, natural
formation of perchlorate in soil in the presence of a chlorine source, metallic object and
using the energy generated by a thunderstorm)
 Leaks from sewer lines into subsurface (e.g., adding chlorine which could generale
trihalomethanes such as chloroform).
 CONTROL MEASURES FOR SOIL POLLUTION

 Proper Waste Disposal: Do not dump plastic, chemicals, and hazardous waste into
soil.
 Reduce Chemical Fertilizers & Pesticides: Use organic manure and natural pesticides
instead of harmful chemicals.
 Avoid Deforestation: Trees hold the soil together, preventing soil erosion and
pollution.
 Recycling & Reusing: Reduce waste by recycling plastic, paper, and metal items.
 Use Biodegradable Products: Choose eco-friendly products that decompose
naturally.
 Proper Industrial Waste Management: Factories should treat waste before dumping it
into the land.
 HAZARDS BASED ON RADIOISOTOPES

 Radioactive pollution occurs when there is presence or depositions of radioactive

materials in the atmosphere or environment, especially where their presence
accidental and when it presents an environmental threat due to radioactive decay.
 it can seriously affect, alter and even destroy plant, animal, and human life. The
extent of damage or danger posed to environment depends upon the radioactive
material concentration, the energy emitted by the radiation

 SOURCES OR CAUSES OF RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION :

 (1) Nuclear accidents from nuclear energy generation plants: In the postmodern
world various forms of energy are being discovered. Among them is nuclear energy,
which touted to be the most potent source of energy due to its high latent power.
 (2) The use of nuclear weapons weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
 The use of nuclear missiles and atomic bombs, a form of nuclear energy, in the
Second World War not only explains cause but also the damaging nature of
radioactive pollution or contamination.
 (3) Use of radio isotopes:
 Radio isotopes are used to make detectors and in other industrial activities.
Isotopes such as uranium have high concentrations of radiation in them. On the
other hand, common Isotopes such as carbon containing radioactive material are
easily found in water ways through sewage lines.
 (4) Mining: Mining mostly involves the excavation of the mineral ores which are
then broken into smaller manageable pieces. Radium and Uranium, for instance,
are naturally occurring in the environment and are equally radioactive.
 (5) Tests on radiation: Radiation has been seen to have a lot of interesting
properties which has promoted a lot of scientists to conduct tests to learn more
about it. It is one of the key elements in the cure and treatment of cancer.
 EFFECTS OF RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION
 1 Effects on Human Health
 Radiation Sickness: High exposure causes nausea, vomiting, and weakness.
 Cancer & Tumors: Increases the risk of cancers like leukemia and thyroid cancer.
 Genetic Mutations: Can cause birth defects and disabilities in future generations.
 Damage to Organs: Affects the brain, heart, liver, and kidneys.
 Weakened Immune System: Makes the body more prone to infections and diseases.
 2 Effects on the Environment
 Soil Contamination: Radiation stays in the soil for hundreds of years, making land
infertile.
 Water Pollution: Radioactive waste in rivers and oceans can harm marine life and make
water unsafe to drink.
 Harm to Animals: Causes genetic changes, cancer, and reproductive issues in animals.
 Damage to Plants: Slows down growth, reduces crop production, and contaminates food
chains.
 3 Long-Term Effects
 Nuclear Disasters Impact Generations: Places like Chernobyl and Fukushima are still
unsafe for humans even after decades.
 Radioactive Rain (Fallout): Can spread across large areas and affect regions far from
the pollution source.
 Ecosystem Imbalance: Affects biodiversity as many species die or mutate.

 CONTROL MEASURES OF RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION

 Safe Disposal of Nuclear Waste: Radioactive waste from power plants, hospitals, and
industries should be stored in secure underground facilities.
 Use of Protective Shields: Nuclear reactors should have strong protective shields to
prevent radiation leaks.
 Strict Regulations & Monitoring: Governments must ensure nuclear plants follow
safety rules and regularly monitor radiation levels.
 Limit Nuclear Tests: Reduce or ban nuclear weapon testing to prevent harmful
radiation release.
 Use of Alternative Energy Sources: Shift to safer energy sources like solar, wind, and
hydro power instead of nuclear energy.