UNIT-I

INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND NATURAL RESOURCES

1. What are renewable resources? Give examples.

These resources are capable of being regenerated by ecological processes within a
reasonable time period. They have the potential to renew themselves.
Examples: Soil, water, air, wildlife, natural vegetation.

2. How are forests classified?

1. Evergreen forests.
2. Deciduous forests.
3. Coniferous forests.

3. Write any two functions of forests.

1. Forests perform very important functions both to humans and to nature.
2. They are habitats to millions of plants, animals and wildlife.
3. They recycle rainwater and remove pollutants from air.
4. They control water quality and quantity.

4. What are all the uses of forests?

1. Commercial uses
2. Ecological uses
3. Aesthetic value
4. Touristic value

5. Mention some important causes of over exploitation.

Over exploitations of forest wealth in developing countries occurs in the following ways
Increasing agricultural production.
Increasing industrial activities.
Increase in demand of wood resources.

6. What is mean by deforestation?

Deforestation is the process of removal of (or) elimination of forest resources due to
many natural or man-made activities. In general deforestation means destruction of forests.

7. What are the causes of deforestation?

1. Developmental projects.
2. Mining operations.
3. Raw materials for industries.
4. Fuel requirements.
5. Shifting cultivation
6. Forest fires.

8. What are the effects of deforestation on the environment?

1. Global warming. 2. Loss of genetic diversity. 3. Soil erosion. 4. Loss of biodiversity.
5. Loss of food grains. 6. Unemployment problems. 7. Flood and landslides.
9. What are the preventive measures of deforestation?
1. Steps should be taken by the government to discourage the migration pf people into the
islands from mainland.
2. To counter the depletion of forest areas, tree plantation programs have been started.
3. Education and awareness programmes must be conducted.
4. Strict implementation of low of Forest Conservation Act.

10. What are the consequences of timber extraction?

1. Large scale timber extraction causes deforestation.
2. Timber extraction leads to soil erosion, loss of fertility, landslides and loss of
biodiversity.
3. Timber extraction also leads to loss of tribal culture and extinction of tribal people.
4. Timber extraction reduces thickness of the forest.

11. What are the types of mining?

1. Surface mining: It involves mining of minerals from shallow deposits.
2. Underground mining: It involves mining of minerals from deep deposits.

12. Write the steps involved in mining.

a) Exploration (investigation and searching of minerals).
b) Development.
c) Exploitation (extraction of minerals).
d) Ore processing (separation of ore).
e) Extraction and purification of minerals.

13. Define sustainable forestry?

Sustainable forestry is the optimum use of forest resources, which meet the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

14. What are the effects of dams on tribals?

1. Due to continuous removal of minerals, forest covers, the trenches are formed on the
ground, leading to water logged area, which in turn contaminates the ground water.
2. During mining operations, the vibrations are developed, which leads to earthquake.
3. When materials are disturbed in significant quantities during mining process, large
quantities of sediments are transported by water erosion.

15. What are all the steps of hydrological cycle.

1. Evaporation.
2. Condensation and precipitation.
3. Transpiration and respiration.

16. Explain flood management.

1. Floods can be controlled by constructing dams or reservoirs.
2. Channel management and embankments also control the floods.
3. Encroachment of flood ways should be banned.
4. Flood hazard may also be reduced by forecasting or flood warning.
5. Flood may also be reduced by reduction of runoff by increasing infiltration through
appropriate afforestation in the catchments area.
17. Define drought.
Drought is nothing but scarcity of water, which occurs due to inadequate rainfall, late
arrival of rains and excessive withdrawal of ground water.

18. What are the types of drought?

1. Meteorological drought. 2. Hydrological drought. 3. Agricultural drought.
4. Socio-economic drought.

19. Compare merits and problems of dams.

Merits of dams:
1. Dams are built to control flood and store flood water.
2. Sometimes dams are used for diverting part or all of the water from river into a channel.
3. Dams are used mainly for drinking and agricultural purposes.
4. Dams are built for generating electricity,
Problems of dams:
1. Displacement of tribal people.
2. Loss of non-forest land.
3. Loss of forests, flora and fauna.

20. Define minerals.

Minerals are naturally occurring substances having definite chemical composition and
physical properties.

21. Define ores.

Ores are minerals or combination of minerals from which useful substances, such as
metals, can be profitably extracted and used for manufacture.

22. State the environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources.
i) Devegetation and defacing of landscape.
ii) Ground water contamination.
iii) Surface water pollution.
iv) Air pollution.
v) Subsidence of land.

23. Define overgrazing.

Overgrazing is a process of, “eating away the forest vegetation without giving it a chance
to regenerate”.

24. Write any two adverse effects caused by overgrazing.

i) Land degradation. ii) Soil erosion. iii) Loss of useful species.

25. Define agriculture.

Agriculture is an art, science and industry of managing the growth of plants and animals
for human use.

26. What are the types of agriculture?

The two major types of agricultural systems are
1. Traditional agricultural. 2. Modern agriculture. (a) Industrialized agriculture.
27. What is water logging?
Water logging is the land where water stand for most of the year.
Problems in water logging:
During water-logged conditions, pore-voids in the soil get filled with water and the soilair
gets depleted. In such a condition the roots of the plants do not get adequate air for
respiration. So, mechanical strength of the soil decreases and crop yield falls.

28. What are the advantages in conjuctive use of water?

i) Control of water logging.
ii) Use of saline water, especially for cooling purpose.
iii) Control of salt intrusion in coastal aquifers.
iv) Controlled withdrawal of water from ground water aquifer.

29. What is mean by energy?

Energy may be defined as, “any property, which can be converted into work”.
(or) Energy is defined as, “the capacity to do work”.

30. What are renewable and non-renewable energy resources? Give examples
Renewable energy resources are natural resources which can be regenerated continuously
and are inexhaustible. They can be used again and again in an endless manner.
Examples:
Renewable energy resources: Wood, solar energy, wind energy.
Non-renewable energy resources: coal, petroleum.

31. What are the objectives of alternate energy sources?

a) To provide more energy to meet the requirements of increasing population.
b) To reduce environmental pollution and
c) To reduce safety and security risks associated with the use of nuclear energy.

32. Wood is a renewable resources but not coal-why?

Wood is renewable resources because we can get new wood by growing a sapling into a
tree within 15-20 years.
But the formation of coal from trees has taken million of years and cannot be regenerated
in our life time.

33. What are the conventional sources of energy for the mankind?
Non-renewable energy resources are natural resources, which cannot be regenerated once
they are exhausted. They cannot be used again.

34. What is mean by solar energy?

The energy that we get directly from the sun is called solar energy.

35. Write the significance of solar energy.

1. Solar cells are noise and pollution free.
2. Solar water heaters, cookers, require neither fuel nor attention while cooking food.
3. Solar cells can be used in remote and isolated areas, forests, hilly regions.
36. Write the significance of wind energy.
1. The generation period of wind energy is low and power generation starts from
Commissioning.
2. It is recommended to broaden the nation‟s energy options for new energy sources.
3. It is made available easily in many off-shore, on-shore and remote areas.

37. Write the significance of tidal energy.

1. Tidel power plants do not require large areas valuable lands as they are on the bays
or estuaries.
2. As the sea water is inexhaustible, it is completely independent of the uncertainty of
precipitation (rainfall).
3. It is pollution free energy source, as it does not use any fuel and also does not
produce any wastes.

38. Write the significance of OTE.

1. OTE is continuous, renewable and pollution free.
2. The use of cold deep water, as the chiller fluid in air-conditioning, has also been
proposed.
3. Electric power generated by OTE can be used to produce hydrogen.

39. Write the significance of geothermal energy.

1. The power generation level is higher for geothermal than for solar and wind energies.
2. Geothermal power plants can be brought on line more quickly than most other
energy sources.
3. GTE is effectively and efficiently used for direct uses such as hot water bath,
resorts, aquaculture, greenhouses.

40. Write the disadvantages of hydrogen fuel.

1. Hydrogen is highly inflammable and explosive in nature.
2. Safe handling is required.
3. It is difficult to store and transport.

42. Differentiate renewable and non-renewable sources of energy.

Renewable energy Non-renewable energy
1. It is regenerated continuously Can not be regenerated
2. In exhaustible Exhausted
3. It can be used again and again Cannot be used again
4. It is pollution free It pollutes the atmosphere
5. Available in limited amount in nature Available in unlimited amount
6. It is developed in a long period It is developed in a short period

43. What are the uses of land resources?

1. Land provides food, minerals, etc., for us.
2. Land nurtures the plants and animals that provide our food and shelter.
3. Land is used as watershed or reservoir.
4. Land acts as a dust bin for most of the wastes, created by the modern society.
5. Land is used for construction of buildings, industries.
44. Define land degradation.
Land degradation is the process of deterioration of soil or loss of fertility of the soil.
45. Differentiate between deforestation and forest degradation.
Forest Degradation Deforestation
Process of deterioration of forest materials. Process of destruction of forest materials.
Slow process. Rapid process.
Can be recovered. Cannot be recovered.

46. What do mean by environmental impact?

Environmental impact is nothing but the effect on the natural environment caused by
various human actions. It includes two types i) Indirect effects Example: Pollution
ii) Direct effects Example: Cutting down trees.

47. Explain soil leaching.

The process in which materials in or on the soil gradually dissolve and are carried by
water seeping through the soil.
Effects of soil leaching:
1. It removes valuable nutrients from the soil.
2. It may carry buried wastes into ground water and contaminates it.

48. What is meant by soil erosion?

Soil erosion is the process of removal of superficial layer of the soil from one place to
another. Soil erosion also removes the soil components and surface liter.

49. Mention the factors causing soil erosion.

1. Water 2. Wind 3.Biotic agents 4.Landslides 5.Construction.

50. What is desertification? Give any two reasons for it.

It is a progressive destruction of arid or semi arid lands to desert.
Reason:
1. Deforestation.
2. Overgrazing.
3. Water management.
4. Mining and quarrying.
5. Pollution.

51. What are the causes of landslides?

1. Removal of vegetation.
2. Underground mining.
3. Transport.
4. Addition of weight.
5. Ground water level.

52.What is Environment?
Environment is defined as, “the sum of total of all the living and non-living things
around us influencing one another.”

53. Define Environmental Science

Environmental study is the study of the environment, its biotic (ie, biological) and
abiotic (ie, non biological) components and their interrelationship.
54. Define Environmental Engineering.
Environmental Engineering is the application of engineering principles to the
protection and enhancement of the quality of the environment and to the enhancement
and protection of public health and welfare.

55.What are all the types of environment?

i) Natural Environment
ii) Man-made Environment

56. What are the important components of environment?

i) Abiotic or Non-living component
ii) Biotic or Living component
iii) Energy component

57. State the significance and scope of environmental education.

Significance:
i) Environmental studies inform the people about their effective role in protecting
the environment by demanding changes in laws and enforcement systems.
ii) Environmental studies have a direct relation to the quality of life we live.
iii) Environmental studies develop a concern and respect for the environment
Scope:
i) To get an awareness and sensitivity to the total environment and its related problems.
ii) To motivate the active participation in environmental protection and improvement.

58. State the need for public awareness for solving environmental problems.
Environmental pollution cannot be removed by the laws alone. The proper
implementation and especially public participation are the important aspects, which
should be given importance and stress. The public participation is useful in law making
process and controlling the pollution activities. Thus the public participation plays a
major role in the effective environmental management.

59. Mention the various types of public participation.

1. Pressure group.
2. Watch dog.
3. Advisory council.
4. Enforcing the environmental laws
PART – B

1. What are conventional energy resources? Discuss about solar energy and Ocean thermal
energy.
2. Discuss the major causes & consequences of deforestation?
3. Explain the major impacts of timber extraction and mining.
4. Enumerate the various benefits and drawbacks of constructing dams.
5. What are the uses and over-exploitation of water? Explain with a case-study.
6. Comment on floods & drought.
7. What are the environmental impacts of mineral extraction? Explain.
8. Discuss in detail the impacts of over-grazing & agriculture.
9. Write short notes of (i) Tidal energy (ii) Bio-gas (iii) Nuclear energy.
10. Explain the various types of land degradation.
11. Explain as an individual how will you conserve natural resources.
12. How will you achieve sustainable life-style by equitable share of resources.
13. What are the measures recommended for conservation of natural resources.
14. Explain briefly the various methods of harvesting solar energy.
15. Explain in detail the effects due to pesticides usage in moderns agriculture.
 UNIT-II
ECOSYSTEM AND BIO DIVERSITY

1.What are all the types of environment?

i) Natural Environment
ii) Man-made Environment

2. What is Ecology?
Ecology is the study of interactions among organisms or group of organisms with
their environment. The environment consists of both biotic components (living
organisms) and abiotic components (non-living organisms).

3. What is mean by ecosystem?

A group of organisms interacting among themselves and with environment is
known as ecosystem. Thus, an ecosystem is a community of different species interacting
with one another and with their non-living environment exchanging energy and matter.

4. What are all the types of ecosystem?

1. Natural Ecosystem
a. Terrestial
b. Aquatic
1. Marine water
2. Fresh water
i. Lotic
ii. Lentic
2. Artificial Ecosystem

5. What are the components of ecosystem?

An ecosystem has two major components
1. Biotic (living) components.
2. Abiotic (non-living) components.

6. How are biotic components grouped?

The members of biotic components of an ecosystem are grouped into three groups
based on how they get their food.
1. Producers.
2. Consumers.
3. Decomposers.

7. Write photosynthesis equation.

6CO2 + 12H2O hv C6H12O6 + 6O2 +6H2O

8. Write the first law of thermodynamics.

It states that, “energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be converted
from one form to another.”

9. Write the second law of thermodynamics.

It states that, “whenever energy is transformed, there is a loss of energy through
the release of heat.”
10. What is ecological succession? Mention their types.
The progressive replacement of one community by another till the development of
stable community in a particular area is called ecological succession.
Types:
1. Primary succession
i) Hydrosere
ii) Xerosere
2 . Secondary succession.

11. What is all the process of Ecological Succession?

1. Nudation
2. Invasion
3. Competition
4. Reaction
5. Stabilizations

12. What are food chains?

The sequence of eating and being eaten in an ecosystem is known as food chain.

13. What are all the types of food chain?

1. Grazing food chain, 2. Detritus food chain.

14. What is food web?

The interlocking pattern of various food chains in an ecosystem is known as foodweb.

15. What is Ecological pyramids?

Graphical representation of structure and function of tropic levels of an
ecosystem, starting with producers at the bottom and each successive tropic levels
forming the apex is known as an ecological pyramids.

16. Define the terms producers and consumers.

i) Producers synthesize their food themselves through photosynthesis.
ii) Consumers are organisms which cannot prepare their own food and depends
directly or indirectly on the producers.

17. Name the four ecosystems.

1. Forest ecosystems.
2. Grassland ecosystems.
3. Desert ecosystems.
4. Pond ecosystems.
18. Explain the concept of an ecosystem.
A group of organisms interacting among themselves and with environment is
known as ecosystem. Thus, an ecosystem is a community of different species interacting
with one another and with their non-living environment exchanging energy and matter.
19. How a biome does differs from an ecosystem.
The kind of organisms which can live in a particular ecosystem depends on their
physical and metabolic adoption to the environment of that place. On earth there are
many sets of ecosystems which are exposed to same climatic conditions and having
dominant species with similar life cycle, climate adoptions and physical structure. This
set of ecosystem is called a biome. Thus the biome is a small ecosystem with in an ecosystem.
20. What are all the types of lakes?
1. Oligotrophic lakes
2. Eutrophic lakes
3. Dystrophic lakes
4. Volcanic lakes
5. Meromictic lakes
6. Artificial lakes

21. What are all the zones of oceans?

1. Coastal zone
2. Open sea
3. Euphotic zone
4. Bathyal zone
5. Abyssal zone

22. What is meant by keystone species?

With in a habitat each species connects to and depends on other species. But
while each species contribute to habitat functioning, some species do more than others in
the over all scheme of things. Without the work of these key species, the habitat changes
significantly. These species are called keystone species. When a keystone species
disappears from its habitat, that habitat changes dramatically.

23. What are the characteristics of desert ecosystem?

1. The desert air is dry and the climate is hot.
2. Annual rainfall is less than 25 cm.
3. The soil is very poor in nutrients and organic matter.
4. Vegetation is poor.

24. What are autotrophic and heterotrophic components of an ecosystem? Give examples.
1. Autotrophic components
The members of autotrophic components are producers, which are autotrops (selfnourishing
organisms). They derive energy from sunlight and make organic compounds
from inorganic substances. Examples: Green plants, algae, bacteria, etc.
2. Heterotrophic components
The members of heterotrophic components are consumers, which are heterotrophs
(dependent on others for food). The consume the autotrophs (producers).

25. What is biodiversity and what is its significance.

Biodiversity is defined as, “the variety and variability among all groups of living
organisms and the ecosystem in which they occur.”

Significance of Biodiversity:

1. Biodiversity is very important for human life, as we depend on plants, nicroorganisms,

earth‟s animals for our food, medicine and industrial products.
2. Biodiversity protects the fresh air, clean water and productive land.
3. It is also important for forestry, fisheries and agriculture, which depend on rich
variety of various biological resources available in nature.
4. Loss of biodiversity has serious economic and social costs for any country.
26. Explain the classification of biodiversity.
Biodiversity is generally classified into three types.
1. Genetic diversity.
2. Species diversity.
3. Community (or) Ecosystem diversity.

27. What are all the values of biodiversity?

1. Consumptive use value
2. Productive use value
3. Social values
4. Ethical values
5. Aesthetic value

28. How categorized biodiversity at local level?

1. Point richness
2. Alpha richness
3. Beta richness
4. Gamma richness

29. What is point richness?

It refers to the number of species that can be found at a single point in a given space.

30. What are biodiversity hot-spots?

The hot spots are the geographic areas which possess the high endemic species.

31. What are the criteria for recognising hot spots?

1. The richness of the endemic species is the primary criterion for recognising hot spots.
2. The hot spots should have a significant percentage of specialised species.
3. The site is under threat.
4. It should contain important gene pools of plants of potentially useful plants.

32. Explain threatened and endangered species.

A species is said to be endangered, when its number has been reduced to a critical
level. Unless it is protected and conserved, it is in immediate danger of extinction.

33. Explain vulnerable species.

A species is said to be vulnerable when its population is facing continuous decline
due to habitat destruction or over exploitation. Such a species is still abundant.

34. What is the need of biodiversity conservation?

1. It provides immediate benefits to the society such as recreation and tourism.
2. Drugs, herbs, food and other important raw materials can be derived from Plants and
animals.
3. It also preserves the genetic diversity of plants and animals.
4. Ensures the sustainable utilization life supporting systems on earth.

35. What is in-situ conservation?

In-situ conservation involves protection of fauna and flora within its natural
habitat, where the species normally occurs is called in-situ conservation.
36. What are all the methods of In-situ conservation?
1. Biosphere Reserves
2. National Park
3. Wildlife Sanctuaries
4. Gene Sanctuary

37. What is Ex-situ conservation?

Ex-situ conservation involves protection of fauna and flora outside the natural habitats.

38. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Ex-situ Conservation?

Advantages of Ex-situ Conservation:
1. Survival of endangered species is increasing due to special care and attention.
2. In captive breeding, animals are assured food, water, shelter and also security and
hence longer life span.
3. It is carried out in cases of endangered species, which do not have any chances of
survival, in the wild.
Disadvantages of Ex-situ Conservation:
1. It is expensive method.
2. The freedom of wildlife is lost.
3. The animals cannot survive in natural environment.

39. Enumerate the human activities which destroy the biodiversity.

1. The farmers prefer hybrid seeds; as a result, many plant species become extinct.
2. For the production of drugs the pharmaceutical companies collect wild plants,
so several medicinal plants now become extinct.
3. Tropical forest is the main sources of world‟s medicine. Every year these
forests are disappearing due to agriculture, mining, logging.

40. Define genetic diversity and species diversity

Genetic diversity is the diversity within the species.
Species diversity is the diversity between different species. The sum varieties of
all the living organisms at the species level are known as species diversity.

41. What do you understand by the term flora and fauna?

Flora: Plants present in a particular region or period.
Fauna: Animals present in a particular region or period.

42. “India is a mega diversity nation” – Account.

India is one among the 12 mega-diversity countries in the world. It has 89,450
animal species accounting for 7.31% of the global faunal species and 47,000 plant
species which accounts for 10.8%of the world floral species. The loss of biodiversity or
endemism is about 33%.
PART-B
1. Explain the components, characteristics and biodiversity of Forest ecosystem.
2. Explain the structure and functional features of Aquatic ecosystem.
3. Explain the structure and functional components of an ecosystem.
4. Discuss in detail about Ecological succession stating the various stages.
5. What are trophic levels? Explain the flow of energy in ecosystem.
6. With a neat sketch explain the flow of energy through the various components of the
ecosystem.
7. Explain the two models of energy flow in an ecosystem.
8. Discuss the value of biodiversity.
9. What are the threats faced by biodiversity. What is the solutions/remedy for the threats of
biodiversity.
10. Explain In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.(or) What are the measures
recommended for conservation of biodiversity.
11. What is the information that can be obtained from the different types of Ecological pyramids?
12. Discuss the concept of ecological pyramids.\
 Unit – III
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
1. Define pollution.
“The unfavourable alteration of our surroundings”.Is called pollution.

2. What are the types of pollutants?

1. Biodegradable pollutants.
2. Non-degradable pollutants.

3. Classify the pollution.

1. Air pollution. 2. Water pollution. 3. Soil pollution. 4. Marine pollution.
5. Noise pollution. 6. Thermal pollution. 7. Nuclear hazards.

4. What is mean by air pollution?

Air pollution may be defined as, “The presence of one or more contaminants like dust,
smoke, mist and odour in the atmosphere which are injurious to human beings, plants and
animals”.

5. Classify air pollutants with suitable example.

1. Primary pollutants: (CO, NO, SO2) 2. Secondary pollutants: (HNO3, H2SO4)

6. Give examples for primary and secondary air pollutants.

1. Primary pollutants:
Primary pollutants are those emitted directly in the atmosphere in harmful form.
Example: CO, NO, SO2, etc,
2. Secondary pollutants:
Some of the primary pollutants may react with one another or with the basic components
of air to form new pollutants. They are called as secondary pollutants.
Example: NO/NO2 (HNO3/NO3) etc.

7. Define photochemical smog.

The brownish smoke like appearance that frequently forms on clear, sunny days over
large cities with significant amounts of automobile traffic.
It is mainly due to chemical reactions among nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon by
sunlight.

8. Name any four air pollutants, and their sources and effects.

Name of the pollutant Sources Effects

1. Carbonmonoxide Cigarette smoking,

incomplete burning Coma , brain cell damages
of fossil fuels.

2. Nitrogen dioxide Burning of fossil fuels. Acid rain, Lung damage.

3. Sulphur dioxide Coal burning. Breathing problem, acid rain.

4. Lead Paint, smelters, Mental retardation, harm to

leaded petrol. wild life.
9. What are all the equipments used to control the air pollution.
1. Electrostatic precipitator.
2. Bag house filter.
3. Cyclone separator.
4. Wet scrubber.

10. Define water pollution.

Water pollution may be defined as, “the alteration in physical, chemical and biological
characteristics of water which may cause harmful effects on humans and aquatic life”.

11. Write any four major water pollutants.

1. Pesticides and biocides.
2. Heavy metals, mercury, crude oil, plastics.
3. Industrial and agricultural wastes.
4. Thermal pollution.

12. What are point and non-point sources of water pollution?

(i) Point sources:
Point sources are discharged pollutants at specific locations through pipes, ditches or
sewers into bodies of surface water.
(ii) Non-point sources:
They cannot be traced to any single site of discharge. They are usually large land.
areas or air sheds that pollute water by runoff, subsurface flow or deposition from the
atmosphere.

13. What is meant by BOD and COD?

BOD is the amount of oxygen required for the biological decomposition of organic
matter present in the water.
COD is the amount of oxygen required for chemical oxidation of organic matter using
some oxidising agent like K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.

14. Write the specifications of drinking water.

1. Water should be clear and odourless.
2. It should be cool and pleasant to taste.
3. Turbidity of the water should not exceed 10 ppm.
4. pH of the water should be in the range of 7.0-8.5.
5. Chloride and sulphate contents should be less than 250 ppm.
6. Total hardness and dissolved solids of the water should be less than 500 ppm.
7. Fluoride content of the water should be less than 1.5 ppm.

15. Define soil pollution.

Soil pollution is defined as, “the contamination of soil by human and natural activities
which may cause harmful effects on living beings.”

16. What is the Composition of soil?

Components Percentage
Mineral matter (inorganic) 45
Organic matter 5
Soil water 25
Soil air 25
17. Write any two causes of soil pollution.
1. Industrial wastes.
2. Urban wastes.
3. Agricultural practices.
4. Radioactive pollutants.
5. Biological agents.

18. Write the control measures of soil pollution.

1. Control of soil erosion.
2. Proper dumping of unwanted materials.
3. Production of natural fertilizers.
4. Proper hygienic condition.
5. Public awareness.
6. Recycling and reuse of wastes.
7. Ban on toxic chemicals.

19. What is marine pollution?

The discharge of waste substances into the sea resulting in harm to living resources,
hazards to human health, hindrance to fishery and important of quality for use of sea water.

20. What are all the factors affecting coral reefs?

1. The sediment from deforestation carried by the runoffs.
2. The agricultural and industrial chemicals reaching through river discharges.
3. The boat anchors and the careless divers.
4. Rising ocean temperatures.

21. Name the sources and effects of marine pollution.

SI.NO. Sources Effects
1 Dumping the wastes Marine birds ingest plastic which
causes gastro-intestinal disorders.

2. Oil Damage to marine fauna and flora,

retard the rate of O2 uptake by water.

22. What are all the methods of oil removing in marine?

1. Physical methods
2. Chemical methods
i) Dispersion. ii) Emulsification. iii) Using chemical additives.

23. Define noise pollution.

Noise pollution is defined as, “the unwanted, unpleasant or disagreeable sound that
causes discomfort for all living beings.

24. When does a sound causes noise pollution?

The sound intensity is measured in decibel (dB), which is tenth part of the longest unit
Bel. One dB is equal to the faintest sound, a human ear can hear. If the intensity of the sound
exceeds 1 dB, noise pollution occurs.
25. When a sound causes noise pollution.
Noise beyond 120 dB causes noise pollution.

26. Give any four methods to control noise pollution.

1. Source control. 2. Transmission path intervention.
3. Receptor control. 4. Oiling.

27. What are all the ambient noise levels?

Zone Day-time Night-time
Silent zone 50 40
Residential zone 55 45
Commercial zone 65 55
Industrial zone 70 70

28. Define thermal pollution.

Thermal pollution is defined as the addition of excess of undesirable heat to water that
makes it harmful to man, animal or aquatic life or otherwise causes significant departures
from the normal activities of aquatic communities in water.

29. What are all the sources of thermal pollution?

1. Nuclear power plants.
2. Coal-fired power plants.
3. Industrial effluents.
4. Domestic sewage.
5. Hydro-electric power.

30. What are all the effects of thermal pollution?

1. Reduction in dissolved oxygen.
2. Increase in toxicity.
3. Interference with biological activities.
4. Interference with reproduction.
5. Direct mortality.
6. Food storage for fish.

31. What are all the control measures of thermal pollution?

1. Cooling towers.
i) Wet cooling tower.
ii) Dry cooling tower.
2. Cooling ponds.
3. Spray ponds.
4. Artificial lakes.
32. What are the various sources of radioactive pollution?
1. Natural sources:
a) The very important natural source is space, which emit cosmic rays.
b) Soil, rocks, air, water, food, radioactive radon-222 etc., also contain one or more
radioactive substances.
2. Man-made sources:
Man-made sources are nuclear power plants, X-rays, nuclear accidents, nuclear
bombs, diagnostic kits, etc., where radioactive substances are used.
33. How nuclear hazards can be disposed safely?
Nuclear hazards are disposed safely by dumping them in a big concrete tank and
throwing it in a deep sea.

34. Mention some important control measures of nuclear hazards.

1. Nuclear devices should never be exploded in air. If these activities are extremely
necessary then they should be exploded underground.
2. In nuclear reactors, closed-cycle coolant system with gaseous coolants may be used to
prevent extraneous activation products.

3. Containments may also be employed to decrease the radioactive emissions. It can be

achieved by using tightly sealed boxes and closed cycle system.
4. Production of radioisotopes should be minimized, as once produced they cannot be
harmless by any means except the passage of time.
5.Minimum number of nuclear installations should be commissioned.

35. What are the types of solid wastes?

1. Municipal wastes.
2. Industrial wastes.
3. Hazardous Wastes.

36. Define hazardous wastes.

Wastes like toxic chemicals, radioactive (or) biological substances which contribute
to an increase in mortality (death rate) or in serious irreversible illness to human health
and environment are called hazardous wastes.

37. Differentiate between recycling and reuse.

(i) Reuse of waste materials:
a) The refillable containers, which are discarded after use, can be reused.
b) Rubber rings can be made from the discarded cycle tubes, which reduces the waste
generation during manufacturing of rubber bands.
(ii) Recycling of materials:
Recycling is the reprocessing of the discarded materials into new useful products.
Examples:
a) Old aluminium cans and glass bottles are melted and recast into new cans and
bottles.
b) Preparation of cellulose insulation from paper.

38. What are all the methods of removal of solid wastes?

a) Landfill.
b) Incineration.
c) Composting.

39. State the role and responsibility of an individual in the prevention of pollution.
1. Plant more trees.
2. Help more in pollution prevention than pollution control.
3. Use water, energy and other resources efficiently.
4. Purchase recyclable, recycled and environmentally safe products.
5. Use CFC free refrigerators.
6. Use natural gas than coal. 7. Reduce deforestation
40. What are the roles of women in environmental protection?
1. In rural areas, women plant trees and grass, grow vegetables with the drip-irrigation
method in order to save water.
2. In urban areas, they go shopping using cloth bags to reduce white pollution.
3. Women refuse to use disposal products to save energy and resources.
4. Women choose green products instead of poor quality that harm the environment.
5. Women reduce the amount of trash they dispose off so as to recycle natural resources.

41. Define Disaster.

Disaster is a geological process and is defined as an event, concentrated in time and
space, in which a society, or sub-division of a society undergoes severe danger and causes
loss of its members and physical property.

42. Give some important disasters.

1. Floods.
2. Cyclones.
3. Landslides.
4. Earth-quakes.
5. Tsunami.

43. Define floods.

Whenever the magnitude of water flow exceeds the carrying capacity of the channel
within its banks, the excess of water over flow on the surroundings cause floods.

44. Explain cyclone management.

1. Satellite images are used by meteorological departments for forecasting the weather
conditions, which reveal the strength and intensity of the storm.
2. Radar system is used to detect the cyclone and is being used for cyclone warning.
3. For observing the exact location of cyclone, every half an hour satellite pictures are
analysed.
4. It is difficult to stop the formation of cyclones, but the effect of which is minimised by
planting more trees on the coastal belt, construction of dams, dykes, embankments, wind
breaks.

45. Define: Landslides.

The movement of earthy materials like coherent rock, mud, soil and debris from higher
region to lower region due to gravitational pull is called landslides.

46. How does earthquake occurs?

The earth‟s crust has several tectonic plates of solid rock. These plants move slowly
along their boundaries. When friction prevents these plates from slipping, stress develops and
results in sudden fractures along the fault lines within the plates. This causes earthquakes and
the violent vibrations in the earth.
47. Explain severity of an earthquake.
The severity of an earthquake is generally measured by its magnitude on richter scale as
shown in the table.
Richter Scale Severity of earthquake
Less than 4 Insignificant
4 – 4.9 Minor
5 – 5.9 Damaging
6 - 6.9 Destructive
7 - 7.9 Major
More than 8 Great

48. Define the term Tsunami.

A tsunami is large waves that are generated in a water body when the sea floor is
deformed by seismic activity. This activity displaces the overlaying water in the ocean.

49. What is the relation between earthquakes and tsunamis?

Tsunami is generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the
overlying water. Technoic earthquakes are associated with the earth‟s crystal deformation.
When the earthquake occurs beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is displaced
from its equilibrium position. Waves are generated, when the displaced water mass regains
its equilibrium.

PART B
1.Mention the sources and effects of various air pollutants.
2. Describe the method of control of air pollution.
3.Briefly describe the sources effects and control of noise pollution.
4. Enumerate with example the major sources of surface and ground water pollution.
5. Wrtie short notes on a) Minimata disease b) blue baby syndrome c) itai-itai disease.
6. Explain the method of sewage water treatment.
7. What are the major sources of soil pollution?
8. What are the measures to be taken to prevent soil pollution?
9. Explain in detail the Solid waste management techniques.
10. Write notes on (i) Floods (ii) Landslides (iii) Cyclones.
11. Explain any two case studies on Nuclear pollution.
12. What are the sources, effects & control measures of Marine pollution?
13. Explain the various types of Radio-active radiations.
14. Explain the causes,effects & control measures of Water pollution.
15.What are the effects of improper municipal solid waste management? State
the measures recommended for proper management of the solid waste.
16.Explain the methods of disposal of municipal solid waste.
17.Write notes on disposal of radio-active wastes.
18.Compare the nuclear power with coal power.
19.What are the causes of soil erosion and methods of preventing it.
20.Discuss the aspects of prevention & control of noise.
 UNIT – IV
SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

1. Define the term sustainable development.

Sustainable development is defined as, “meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.

2. What are the important aspects of sustainable development?

1) Inter-generational equity:
It states that the technological development of rich countries should support the economic
growth of the poor countries and help in narrowing the wealth gap and lead to sustainability.
2) Intra-generational equity:
It states that technological development of rich countries should support the economic
growth of the poor countries and help in narrowing the wealth gap and lead to sustainability.

3. Write the significance for sustainable development.

1. Developing appropriate technology. 2. Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle (3-R) approach.
3. Providing environmental education and awareness. 4. Consumption of Renewable Resources.
5. Population control. 6. Conservation of non renewable resources.

4. What is mean by urbanization?

Urbanization is the movement of human population from rural areas to urban areas for
the want of better education, communication, health, employment, etc.,

5. Define water conservation.

The process of saving water for future utilization is known as water conservation.

6. Explain the need for water conservation.

1. Though the resources of water are more, the quality and reliability are not high due to
changes in environmental factors.
2. Better lifestyles require more fresh water.
3. As the population increase, the requirement of water is also more.
4. Due to deforestation, the annual rainfall is also decreasing.
5. Over exploitation of ground water, leads to drought.
6. Agricultural and industrial activities require more fresh water.

7. What are the strategies of water conservation?

1. Reducing evaporation losses. 2. Reducing irrigation losses. 3. Re-use of water.
4. Preventing wastage of water. 5. Decreasing run-off losses. 6. Avoid discharge of sewage.

8. What is mean by Rainwater harvesting?

Rainwater harvesting is a technique of capturing and storing of rainwater for further utilization.

9. What are the advantages of rain water harvesting?

1. Reduction in the use of current for pumping water.
2. Mitigating the effects of droughts and achieving drought proofing.
3. Increasing the availability of water from well.
4. Rise in ground water levels. 5. Future generation is assured of water.
6. Minimizing the soil erosion and flood hazards.
7. Upgrading the social and environmental status.
10. Define watershed.
Watershed is defined as the land area from which water drains under the influence of
gravity into a stream, lake, reservoir or other body of surface water.
11. Define watershed management
The management of rainfall and resultant runoff is called watershed management.

12. Explain the factors affecting watershed.

1. The watersheds are found to be degraded due to uncontrolled, unplanned and
unscientific land use activities.
2. Overgrazing, deforestation, mining, construction activities also affect and degrade
various watersheds. 3. Droughtly climates also affect the watershed.

13. Write the watershed management techniques.

1. Trenches (Pits). 2. Earthern dam (or) Stone embankment.
3. Farm pond. 4. Underground barriers (Dykes).

14. What are the components of integrated watershed management.

1. Water harvesting. 2. Afforestation and Agroforestry. 3. Reducing soil srosion.
4. Scientific mining and quarrying. 5. Public participation. 6. Minimising livestock population.

15. What are the causes of displacement of people?

1. Due to developmental activities. 2. Due to Disaster. 3. Due to conservation initiatives.

16. Define Resettlement.

Resettlement is simple relocation or displacement of human population. This process
does not focus on their future welfare.

17. Define the term environmental ethics.

“Environmental ethics refers to the issues, principles and guidelines relating to human
interactions with their environment”.

18. Write the function of environment.

1. It is the life supporting medium for all organisms.
2. It provides food, air, water, and other important natural resources to the human beings.
3. It disintegrates all the waste materials discharged by the modern society.
4. It moderates the climatic conditions of the soil.
5. A healthy economy depends on a healthy environment.

19. What are all the environmental problems?

1. Deforestation activities.
2. Population growth and urbanisation.
3. Pollution due to discharge of effluent and smoke discharge from the industries.
4. Water scarcity.
5. Land degradation and degradation of soil fertility.

20. Define Climate.

Climate is the average weather of an area. It is the general weather conditions, seasonal
variations of a region. The average of such conditions over a long period is called climate.
21. What are the important causes of climate change?
1. Presence of green house gases in the atmosphere increases the global temperature.
2. Depletion of ozone layer also increases the global temperature.

22. What is green house effect?

The green house effect may be defined as, “the progressive warming up of the earth‟s
surface due to blanketing effect of man made CO2 in the atmosphere.

23. Give some examples of green house gases.

CO2, CH4, N2O and chlorofluoro carbons (CFCs).

24. Explain the term “Global Warming”.

The increased inputs of CO2 and other green house gases into the atmosphere from
human activities will enhance the earth‟s natural green house effect of raising the average
global temperature of the atmosphere near the earth‟s surface. This enhanced green house
effect is called global warming

25. What are the causes and effects of global warming?

Causes:
Increased inputs of CO2 and other green house gases into the atmosphere from human
activities.
Effects:
1. Sea level increases. 2. Negative effect on crop production and forest growth.
3. Water resources decreases. 4. Drought nature increases.

26. What is meant by CDM?

CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) is an arrangement under the Kyoto protocol
allowing industrialised countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment to invest
in projects that reduce emissions in developing countries. It aims to develop sustainable
development in all countries by reducing CO2 and HFC (Hydro Fluro Carbon) emissions.

27. What is meant by green house gases?

Green house gases are gases (CO2, CH4, N2O and CFCs) present in atmosphere, which
absorb heat and do not radiate, cause increase in atmospheric and global temperature. It is
similar to the warming effect observed in the green house made of green glass.

28. Define air pollutant according to “air prevention and control of pollution act”.
The presence of any solid, liquid or gaseous substance in the atmosphere in such
concentration as may be harmful to human beings (or) living creatures or plants or
environments.

29. What is acid rain

The presence of excessive acids in rain water is known as acid rain.

30. What is acid precipitation?

It includes acid rain, acid fog, acid snow and other form of precipitation that is more
acidic than normal. The presence of SO2 and NO2 gases in the atmosphere decreases the pH of
the water during the rainfall. This type of precipitation of water is called acid deposition.
31. Mention the causes and effects of acid rain.
The gases, nitrous oxide, sulphur dioxide, due to burning of coal and oil, in the
atmosphere, react with water to form acids.
SO2 + H2O H2SO4
NO2 + H2O HNO3
Effects:
1. Acid rain corrodes houses, monuments, statues, bridges and fences.
2. Acid rain and dry deposition of acidic particles contribute to the corrosion of
metals, and the deterioration of paint and stone.
3. Dry deposition of acidic compounds can also dirty buildings and other structures,
leading to increased maintenance costs.

32. How the ozone is formed?

Ozone is formed in the stratosphere by photochemical reaction,
O2 + hvO+ O
The atomic oxygen rapidly reacts with molecular oxygen to form ozone.
O+ O2 + M O3 + M
Where, M = Third body such as nitrogen.
Ozone thus formed distributes itself in the stratosphere and absorbs harmful UV radiations.

33. How does ozone layer depletion take place? Write its consequences.
Depletion of ozone occurs due to the presence of CO2, CFC in the atmosphere.
Cl + O3ClO + O2
ClO + OCl + O2
Consequences:
1. Damage genetic materials in the skin cells, which cause skin cancer.
2. Affect the aquatic forms (fish). 3. Global warming.
4. Degradation of paints, plastics, etc.,

34. What are the causes and effects of ozone layer depletion?
Causes:
1. Chlorofluoro carbon. 2. Hydro Chlorofluoro carbon (HCFC).3. BromoFluoro carbon(BFC).
Effects:
i) UV rays destroys the melamine pigment in human skin.
ii) It also effect the aquatic forms.
iii) It degrade paints, plastics and other polymeric materials.
iv) Increases the average temperature of the earth.

35. How CFC‟s are accumulated in atmosphere.

CFC‟s are accumulated in atmosphere through
i) Aerosol propellants. ii) Cleaning solvents. iii) Refrigerants (Freon).
iv) Foam plastic blowing agent.

36. What is a Dobson unit?

The amount of atmospheric ozone is measured by „Dobson spectrometer‟ and is
expressed in Dobson units (DU). 1 DU is equivalent to a 0.01 mm thickness of pure ozone at
the density it posses if it brought to the ground level (1 atm) pressure.
37. What are all the types of nuclear accidents?
1. Nuclear test. 2. Nuclear power plant accidents. 3. Accident during transport.
4. Improper disposal of radioactive waste. 5. Core melt down.

38. What are all the causes of waste land formation?

1. Due to soil erosion, deforestation, overgrazing water logging, salinity.
2. The increasing demand for fire-wood and excessive use of pesticides.
3. Developmental activities like construction of dams and power projects have
Caused considerable damage to land due to water logging.
4. Over-exploitation of natural resources.
5. By the sewage and industrial wastes.
6. Mining activities destroy the forest and cultivable land.

39. Write the methods of waste land reclamation.

1. Drainage. 2. Leaching. 3. Irrigation practices. 4. Green-manures and bio fertilizers.
5. Application of Gypsum. 6. Afforestation programmes. 7. Social forestry programmes.

40. Give the four seller and buyer rights?

Seller Rights:
1. The right to introduce any product.
2. The right to charge any price.
3. The right to spend any amount to promote their product.
4. The right to use incentives to promote their products.
Buyer rights:
1. The right to buy or not to buy.
2. The right to expect a product to be safe.
3. The right to expect the product to perform as claimed

41. Write some important protection Acts.

1. Water Act 1974, 1978. 2. Water amendment Act, 1987. 3. Air Act, 1981 amended in
1987. 4. Wildlife Act, 1972. 5. Forest Act, 1980 and 6. Environment Act, 1972.

42. What is meant by environmental audit.

Environmental audits are intended to quantify environmental performance and environmental
position. In this way they perform analogous function to financial audits. It also aims to define
what needs to be done to improve on indicators of such performance and position.

43. What is meant by ISO 14000?

ISO 14000 is the environmental management standards which exist to help organizations
minimize how their operations negatively affect the environment and comply with applicable
laws and regulations.

44. State a few drawbacks of pollution related acts.

1. The penalties in the act is very small when compared to the damage caused by the
big industries due to pollution.
2. A person cannot directly file a petition in the court.
3. Litigation, related to environment is expensive, since it involves technical knowledge.
4. For small unit is very expensive to install Effluent Treatment – Plant.
5. The position of chairman of the boards is occupied by political appointee. Hence it
is difficult to implement the act without political interference.
PART – B
1. Bring out the activities of NGO‟s on environmental protection.
2. Discuss about the Forest Act, 1980 and its amendment –1992.
3. Describe about Water Act – 1974.
4. Describe the important waste land reclamation practices.
5. Describe environmental ethics in detail.
6. Discuss the modern techniques of rain water harvesting.
7. Discuss the water shed management practices.
8. Discuss in detail about the water conservation methods.
9. Discuss the agenda for sustainable development.
10. Write in detail about global warming.
11. Explain the mechanism of Ozone layer depletion.
12. Write briefly on community participation in environment management programmes.
13. Discuss briefly of the Indian environmental Acts.
14. Write short notes on a) environmental ethics b) waste land reclamation.
15. State the important provisions in Environment protection Act , Air Act Water Act.
16. Explain the role of NGOs in Environmental management

UNIT – V
HUMAN POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT
1. Define population.
Population is defined as a group of individuals belonging to the same species, which live
in a given area at a given time.

2. What is mean by population density?

It is expressed as the number of individuals of the population per unit area or per unit volume.

3. Write the parameters affecting population size.

1. Birth rate or Natality. 2. Death rate or Mortality. 3. Immigration. 4. Emigration.

4. Define immigration and emigration.

Immigration:
It denotes the arrival of individuals from neighbouring population.
Emigration:
It denotes the dispersal of individuals from the original population to new areas.

5. What are the reasons behind the increased population growth in the less developed nations
compared with developed nations.
1. The rapid population growth is due to decrease in death rate and increase in birth rate.
2. The availability of antibiotics, immunisation, increased food production, clean
water and air decreases the famine-related deaths and infant mortality.
3. In agricultural based countries, childrens are required to help parents in the fields
that is why population increases in the developing countries.

6. Define doubling time with reference to population growth.

It is the time required for a population to double its size at a constant annual rate. It is
calculated as follows , Td (Doubling time) = 70/r Where, r = annual growth rate.
If a nation has 2% annual growth, its population will double in next 35 years.
7. What are the environmental issues of population growth?
1. Increasing demands for food and natural resources.
2. Inadequate housing and health services.
3. Loss of agricultural lands.
4. Unemployment and socio-political unrest.
5. Environmental pollution.

8. What is population explosion?

The enormous increase in population, due to low death rate (mortality) and high birth rate
(natality), is termed as population explosion. The human population is not increasing at a
uniform rate in all parts of the world.

9. What are the causes of population explosion?

1. Invention of modern medical facilities reduces the death rate (mortality) and increases
the birth rate (natality), which leads to population explosion.
2. Increase of life expectancy is another important reason for the population explosion.

10. What are the objectives of family welfare programme.

1. Solving down the population explosion by reducing the fertility.
2. Pressure on the environment, due to over exploitation of natural resources, is reduced.

11. Write about stabilization ratio.

The ratio is derived by dividing crude birth rate by crude death rate.
The stabilization ratio of the developed countries is 1
The stabilization ratio of the developing countries is nearing 3.

12. What are all the factors influencing human health.

i) Nutritional factors. ii) Biological factors. iii) Chemical factors iv) Psychological factors.

13. What is meant by NIMBY syndrome?

NIMBY means Not In My Back Yard, which describes the opposition of residents to the
nearby location of something they consider undesirable, even if it is clearly a benefit for many.

14. Define human rights?

Human rights are the fundamental rights, which are possessed by all human beings
irrespective of their caste, nationality, sex and language.

15. Write some universal declared human rights.

1. Human right to freedom.
2. Human right to property.
3. Human right to equality.
4. Human right against exploitation.
5. Human right to food and environment.
6. Human right to good health.

16. What is mean by education?

Education is nothing but learning, through which knowledge about the particular thing
can be acquired.
17. What are the types education?
1. Formal education. 2. Value education. 3. Value-based environmental education.

18. What are the methods to imparting value education?

1. Telling. 2. Modelling. 3. Role playing. 4. Problem solving.
5. Studying biographies of great man.

19. Write the types of values.

1. Universal values. 2. Cultural values. 3. Individual values. 4. Global values.
5. Spiritual values.

20. Define population equilibrium.

A state of balance between birth rate and death rate in a population is known as
population equilibrium.

21. Write the expansion for HIV and AIDS.

HIV: Human Immuno deficiency Virus.
AIDS: Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

22. Differentiate between HIV and AIDS.

HIV AIDS
Human immuno deficiency virus. Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome.
It is a virus. It is a disease.

23. How does HIV functions in human body.

White Blood cell (WBC), responsible in the formation of antibodies, are called T-helper
cells. T-helper cells are the key infection fighters in the immune system. The HIV enters into
the human body and destroys the T-cells, as a result of which various types of infection
diseases occur. Even cancer can easily develop in the HIV infected persons.

24. What are the factors which do not influence transmission of HIV?
Tears, food and air, cough, handshake, mosquito, flies, insect bites, urine, saliva during
normal kissing, sharing of utensils, cloths, toilet, bathroom etc.,

25. Mention some ill effect of HIV/AIDS on the environment.

1. Large number of death occurs, which affect environment and natural resources.
2. Due to large number of deaths, there is loss of labour and level of production
decreses.
3. More water is required for maintaining hygiene in AIDS affected locality.
4. The people affected by HIV, cannot perform work well due to lack of energy and
frequent fever and sweating.
26. What are the major precautions to avoid AIDS?
1. Avoid indiscriminate sex and encourage the use of condoms and also avoid the use
if sharing razors, needles and syringes.
2. Prevention of blood borne HIV transmission.
3. Aids awareness programmes should be encouraged.
4. Counselling services should be provided.
27. Write the various schemes of women welfare.
1. The National Network for Women And Mining (NNWM).
2. United Nation Decade for Women.
3. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against
Women (CEDAW).
4. Non-Government Organizations (NGO‟s).
5. Ministry for Women And Child Development.

28. Write the reason for child labour.

1. Poverty: Poverty is the main reason to force these children to work in unhealthy
conditions.
2. Want of Money: Parents require money for their family, so they are in a position to
send their children for work.

29. Write the various schemes of child welfare.

1. UN Conventions on Rights of Child (or) International Law.
2. World summit on children.
3. Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD).

30. State the role of information technology in Environment.

Information technology plays a vital role in the field of environmental education.
Information technology means collection, processing storage and dissemination of
information. A number of software have been developed so study about the environment.

31. What are the software‟s used in Environmental Education?

1. Remote sensing. 2. Database. 3. Geographical Information System (GIS).
4. Satellite data. 5. World Wide Web.

PART – B
1. Explain the population characteristics & variations among nations.
2. What is meant by population explosion? Discuss the Indian Scenario.
3. What is meant by population stabilization? Discuss the family welfare and family
planning in Indian context.
4. Discuss the influence of environmental parameters and pollution on human health.
5. What is Universal declaration of Human rights? What is its importance in achieving the
goals of equity, justice & sustainability.
6. Discuss the salient features of Draft declaration of Human Rights on environment.
7. What are the objectives & elements of Value-education? How can the same be achieved?
8. Briefly discuss HIV/AIDS, mode of its spread and its effect on environment.
9. Discuss various issues & measures for Women & Child Welfare at International &
National level.
10. What is the role of NMIS, ENVIS & GIS in dissemination of environmental information
and environmental management?
11. Explain the role of Information Technology in environment & Human health.
12. Discuss the environmental and social impacts of growing population.
13. Write briefly on the effect of increasing affluence on environment.
14. Write briefly on implementation of family planning programme.
15. Write a note on AIDS in developing countries.
16. Discuss the factors influencing the family size.