Precalculus

Seventh Edition

Chapter 4
Trigonometric
Functions

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Section 4.6 Graphs of Other
Trigonometric Functions

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Objectives
1. Understand the graph of y tan x.
2. Graph variations of y tan x.
3. Understand the graph of y cot x.

4. Graph variations of y cot x.

5. Understand the graphs of y csc x and y sec x.

6. Graph variations of y csc x and y sec x.

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The Graph of y = tangent of x

Period: 
The tangent function is an odd function.
tan(  x)  tan x.

The tangent function is undefined at


x .
2
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The Tangent Curve: The Graph of y =
tangent of x and Its Characteristics (1 of 2)
Characteristics

• Period: 

• Domain: All real numbers except odd multiples of
2
• Range: All real numbers

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The Tangent Curve: The Graph of y =
tangent of x and Its Characteristics (2 of 2)

• Vertical asymptotes at odd multiples of
2
• An x-intercept occurs midway between each pair of consecutive
asymptotes.
• Odd function with origin symmetry
1 3
• Points on the graph and of the way between
4 4
consecutive asymptotes have y-coordinates of  1 and 1, respectively.

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Graphing Variations of y = tangent of x (1 of 2)
Graphing y = A tan ( Bx  C ), B > 0

1. Find two consecutive asymptotes by finding an interval containing one period:

 
  Bx  C  .
2 2
A pair of consecutive asymptotes occurs at
 
Bx  C  and Bx  c  .
2 2
2. Identify an x-intercept, midway between the consecutive asymptotes.
3. Find the points on the graph 1 3
and of the way between the
4 4
consecutive asymptotes. These points have y-coordinates of  A and A,
respectively.
4. Use steps 1–3 to graph one full period of the function. Add additional cycles
to the left or right as needed.
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Graphing Variations of y = tangent of x (2 of 2)
Graphing y = A tan ( Bx  C ), B > 0

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Example 1: Graphing a Tangent
Function (1 of 4)
 3
Graph y 3 tan 2 x for  x .
4 4
A = 3, B = 2, C = 0
Step 1 Find two consecutive asymptotes.
     
  Bx  C    2x   x
2 2 2 2 4 4
  
An interval containing one period is   ,  .
 4 4
 
Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at x  and .
4 4

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Example 1: Graphing a Tangent
Function (2 of 4)
Step 2 Identify an x-intercept, midway between the
consecutive asymptotes. x = 0 is midway between
 
 and . The graph passes through (0, 0).
4 4

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Example 1: Graphing a Tangent
Function (3 of 4)
1 3
Step 3 Find points on the graph and of the way between
4 4
the consecutive asymptotes. These points have y-coordinates
of – A and A.

 3 3tan2x 3 3 tan2x
 1  tan2x 1  tan2x
   
2 x    2 x  
 4  4
 
x  x
8 8
    
The graph passes through   ,  3  and  , 3  .
 8  8 
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Example 1: Graphing a Tangent
Function (4 of 4)
Step 4 Use steps 1-3 to graph one full period of
the function.

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The Cotangent Curve: The Graph of y =
Cotangent of x and Its Characteristics (1 of 2)
• Period: 
• Domain: All real numbers except integral multiples of 
• Range: all real numbers

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The Cotangent Curve: The Graph of y =
Cotangent of x and Its Characteristics (2 of 2)
• Vertical asymptotes at integral multiples of 
• An x-intercept occurs midway between each pair of
consecutive asymptotes.
• Odd function with origin symmetry

• Points on the graph 1 3

and
4 4
of the way between consecutive
asymptotes have y-coordinates of
1 and  1, respectively.

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Graphing Variations of y = Cotangent of x (1 of 2)
Graphing y = A cot ( Bx  C ), B > 0
1. Find two consecutive asymptotes by finding an interval containing
one full period:
0  Bx  C   .
A pair of consecutive asymptotes occurs at
Bx  C 0 and Bx  C  .

2. Identify an x-intercept, midway between the consecutive asymptotes.

1 3
3. Find the points on the graph and of the way between the
4 4
consecutive asymptotes. These points have y-coordinates of
A and  A, respectively.
4. Use steps 1–3 to graph one full period of the function. Add
additional cycles to the left or right as needed.
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Graphing Variations of y = Cotangent of x (2 of 2)
Graphing y = A cot ( Bx  C ), B > 0

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Example 3: Graphing a Cotangent
Function (1 of 4)
1 
Graph cot x.
2 2
1 
A  , B  , C 0
2 2
Step 1 Find two consecutive asymptotes.


0  Bx  C  π 0 x  0x2
2
An interval containing one period is (0, 2). Thus, two
consecutive asymptotes occur at x = 0 and x = 2.

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Example 3: Graphing a Cotangent
Function (2 of 4)
Step 2 Identify an x-intercept midway between the
consecutive asymptotes.
x = 1 is midway between x = 0 and x = 2.
The graph passes through (1, 0).

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Example 3: Graphing a Cotangent
Function (3 of 4)
1 3
Step 3 Find points on the graph and of the way
4 4
between consecutive asymptotes. These points have

y-coordinates of A and  A.

1 1   3  3
  cot x  1 cot x  x x
2 2 2 2 4 2 2
1 1     1
 cot x 1 cot x  x x
2 2 2 2 4 2 2
 3 1 1 1
The graph passes through  ,   and  , .
 2 2  2 2
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Example 3: Graphing a Cotangent
Function (4 of 4)
Step 4 Use steps 1-3 to graph one full period of
the function.

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The Graphs of y = Cosecant of x and y =
Secant of x
We obtain the graphs of the cosecant and the secant curves by using
the reciprocal identities

1 1
cscx  and secx  .
sinx cosx

We obtain the graph of y csc x by taking reciprocals of the y-values

in the graph of y sin x. Vertical asymptotes of y csc x
occur at the x-intercepts of y sin x.

We obtain the graph of y sec x by taking reciprocals of the y-values

in the graph of y cos x. Vertical asymptotes of y sec x
occur at the x-intercepts of y cos x.

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The Cosecant Curve: The Graph of y =
Cosecant of x and Its Characteristics (1 of 2)
• Period: 2
• Domain: All real numbers except integral multiples of 
• Range: All real numbers y such that
y  1 or y 1:  ,  1  1,  

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The Cosecant Curve: The Graph of y =
Cosecant of x and Its Characteristics (2 of 2)
• Vertical asymptotes at integral multiples of 
• Odd functions, csc ( x)  csc x, with origin symmetry

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The Secant Curve: The Graph of y =
Secant of x and Its Characteristics (1 of 2)
• Period: 2

• Domain: All real numbers except integral multiples of
2
• Range: All real numbers y such that y  1 or y 1:
 ,  1  1,  

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The Secant Curve: The Graph of y =
Secant of x and Its Characteristics (2 of 2)

• Vertical asymptotes at odd multiples of
2
• Even functions, sec ( x) sec x, with y-axis symmetry

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Example 4: Using a Sine Curve to Obtain
a Cosecant Curve (1 of 2)
 
Use the graph of y sin  x   to obtain the graph of
 4
 
y csc  x   .
 4

The x-intercepts of the

sine graph correspond to
the vertical asymptotes of
the cosecant graph.

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Example 4: Using a Sine Curve to Obtain
a Cosecant Curve (2 of 2)
Using the asymptotes as guides, we sketch the graph of
 
y csc  x   .
 4

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Example 5: Graphing a Secant Function (1 of 4)
3 3
Graph y  2 sec 2 x for  x .
4 4
We begin by graphing the reciprocal function, y 2 cos 2 x.
This equation is of the form y  A cos Bx, with A 2 and B 2.

amplitude: | A  2 |2
2 2
period:  
B 2
We will use quarter-periods to find x-values for the five key
points.

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Example 5: Graphing a Secant Function (2 of 4)
  3
The x-values for the five key points are: 0, , , and  .
4 2 4

Evaluating the function y 2 cos 2 x at each of these values

of x, the key points are:

     3 
(0, 2),  , 0  ,  ,  2  ,  , 0  ,  , 2 
4  2   4 

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Example 5: Graphing a Secant Function (3 of 4)
The key points for our graph of y 2 cos 2 x are:

     3 
(0, 2),  , 0  ,  ,  2  ,  , 0  ,  , 2 .
4  2   4 

We draw vertical asymptotes

through the x-intercepts to use
as guides for the graph of
y 2 sec 2 x.

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Example 5: Graphing a Secant Function (4 of 4)
3 3
Graph y 2 sec 2 x for  x .
4 4

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The Six Curves of Trigonometry (1 of 6)
Domain: all real numbers:  ,  

Range:   1, 1
Period: 2

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The Six Curves of Trigonometry (2 of 6)
Domain: all real numbers:  ,  

Range:   1, 1
Period: 2

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The Six Curves of Trigonometry (3 of 6)
Domain: all real numbers

except odd multiples of
2
Range: all real numbers
Period : 

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The Six Curves of Trigonometry (4 of 6)
Domain: all real numbers
except integral multiples of 
Range: all real numbers
Period : 

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The Six Curves of Trigonometry (5 of 6)
Domain: all real numbers
except integral multiples of 
Range:  ,  1  1, 
Period : 2

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The Six Curves of Trigonometry (6 of 6)
Domain: all real numbers

except odd multiples of
2
Range:  ,  1  1, 
Period : 2

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