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Optics Applied Physics

The document covers the fundamental concepts of optics, including the properties of light, reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, and polarization. It explains how light travels in waves, its speed, and how we perceive objects through light reflection. Additionally, it discusses various optical phenomena such as total internal reflection and the behavior of light in different mediums.

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4 views

Optics Applied Physics

The document covers the fundamental concepts of optics, including the properties of light, reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, and polarization. It explains how light travels in waves, its speed, and how we perceive objects through light reflection. Additionally, it discusses various optical phenomena such as total internal reflection and the behavior of light in different mediums.

Uploaded by

kurovi.akmal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Applied Physics

BSCS BSIT 1st Semester


BSSE BSDS 3rd Semester

Optics
Presented By
Dr. Arifa Mirza
Faculty of Computing & Information Technology
What Is Light?
1) Properties of light
2) Reflection - Mirrors
3) Refraction - Lenses
Properties of Light
Light travels in waves: A wave is a
disturbance that transfers energy from
place to place.
Light travels in straight lines

Laser
Light travels much faster than sound. For example:

1) Thunder and
lightning start at the
same time, but we
will see the lightning
first.
Light travels VERY FAST – about 300,000 kilometers
per second or 186,000 miles per second.

At this speed light


could travel the
equivalent of 8
times around the
world in one second!
We see things because they reflect light
into our eyes! ALL objects we see either
create light or reflect light!!

Homework
Properties of Light summary

1) Light travels in straight lines and is a form of energy


2) Light travels much faster (a million times faster!) than sound
3) We see things because they reflect light into our eyes
4) Light is a form of energy called Electromagnetic Radiation
5) Visible light is only a small part of the electromagnetic
spectrum; the other parts are invisible to the human eye but
not necessarily the eyes of other animals.
Reflection and Refraction of light
waves
Reflection of light waves
Reflection
For light,
angle of incidence i = angle of reflection r
angles measured with respect to a ‘normal’

Waves and particles are reflected in


exactly the same way.
Reflection and Mirrors
The Law of Reflection

Angle of incidence = Angle of


reflection
Regular vs. Diffuse Reflection
Smooth, shiny surfaces
have a regular reflection

Rough, dull surfaces


have a diffuse
reflection.

Diffuse reflection is
when light is scattered
in different directions
Refraction
Refraction is the bending of light (it also happens with sound,
water and other waves) as it passes from
one transparent substance into another.
Refraction of light waves
•Refraction is when waves speed up or slow
down due to travelling in a different medium
•A medium is something that light waves will
travel through
•Light rays are slowed down by the water
•Causes the ruler to look bent at the surface
• The mediums in this example are water and
air
Light hitting
Light hitting at an
straight on is
angle is bent
not bent
The Law of Refraction
Total internal reflection
Optics Lab
Light interference
Light interference
• It is the phenomenon in which two waves superpose to form
the resultant wave of the lower, higher or same amplitude. The
most commonly seen interference is the optical interference or light
interference. This is because light waves are randomly generated
every which way by most sources. This means that light waves
coming out of a source do not have a constant amplitude,
frequency or phase.
• The most common example of interference of light is the soap
bubble which reflects wide colours when illuminated by a light
source.
• Example, incandescent bulbs generate a wide range of frequencies
of light, including all colours of the rainbow. Moreover, the light
coming out of the bulb is randomly generated every moment in all
directions. This means that the starting point of the wave generated
may be a maximum, a minimum or any point in between. There is
no way of predicting which phase the wave will start. Such a source
is said to be incoherent.
Diffraction
Diffraction refers to various phenomena that occur when
a wave encounters an obstacle or opening. It is defined as the bending of
waves around the corners of an obstacle or through an aperture into the
region of geometrical shadow of the obstacle/aperture. The diffracting
object or aperture effectively becomes a secondary source of
the propagating wave.
Two source interference
Double Slit interference
Interference from thin films
Diffraction and the wave theory
Diffraction refers to various phenomena that occur when
a wave encounters an obstacle or opening. It is defined as the bending of
waves around the corners of an obstacle or through an aperture into the
region of geometrical shadow of the obstacle/aperture. The diffracting
object or aperture effectively becomes a secondary source of
the propagating wave.
Single-Slit Diffraction
Diffraction of light is defined as the
bending of light around corners such that
it spreads out and illuminates areas
where a shadow is expected.

In the single-slit diffraction experiment, we can observe the


bending phenomenon of light or diffraction that causes light
from a coherent source to interfere with itself and produce a
distinctive pattern on the screen called the diffraction pattern.
Diffraction is evident when the sources are small enough that
they are relatively the size of the wavelength of light.
What is phase difference?
Phase difference is defined as the difference between any two waves or the
particles having the same frequency and starting from the same point. It is
expressed in degrees or radians.

What is the condition for constructive interference?


The condition for constructive interference is that the path difference should be
equal to an integral multiple of the wavelength.

What is the condition for destructive interference?


The condition for destructive interference is that the path difference should be
equal to odd integral multiple of half wavelength.
Polarization of electromagnetic waves
An electromagnetic wave such as light consists of a coupled oscillating electric
field and magnetic field which are always perpendicular to each other; by convention,
the "polarization" of electromagnetic waves refers to the direction of the electric field.
In linear polarization, the fields oscillate in a single direction. In circular or elliptical
polarization, the fields rotate at a constant rate in a plane as the wave travels.
Polarization is a property applying to transverse waves that specifies the geometrical
orientation of the oscillations. In a transverse wave, the direction of the oscillation is
perpendicular to the direction of motion of the wave.
In contrast, in longitudinal waves, such as sound waves in a liquid or gas, the
displacement of the particles in the oscillation is always in the direction of propagation,
so these waves do not exhibit polarization. Transverse waves that exhibit polarization
include electromagnetic waves such as light and radio waves, gravitational waves, and
transverse sound waves in solids.
Polarizing sheets
A polarizer is an optical filter that lets light waves of a specific polarization pass
through while blocking light waves of other polarizations.

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