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Lecture 17

The document discusses the equation of state, focusing on the relationships between pressure, temperature, and specific volume of substances, particularly gases. It introduces concepts such as molar mass, gas constants, the ideal gas law, and the compressibility factor, which accounts for deviations from ideal gas behavior. Additionally, it covers the principle of corresponding states and provides an example problem related to butane in a piston-cylinder assembly.

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Mujtaba Hasan
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2 views

Lecture 17

The document discusses the equation of state, focusing on the relationships between pressure, temperature, and specific volume of substances, particularly gases. It introduces concepts such as molar mass, gas constants, the ideal gas law, and the compressibility factor, which accounts for deviations from ideal gas behavior. Additionally, it covers the principle of corresponding states and provides an example problem related to butane in a piston-cylinder assembly.

Uploaded by

Mujtaba Hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ME 231

Thermodynamics-I

Lecture 17
Fall 2015
Equation of State
Any equation that relates the pressure, temperature, and specific
volume of a substance is called an equation of state.

Ru = 8.31434 kJ/kmol-K

The mass of one mole of a substance in grams.


Or
The mass of one kmol of a substance in kilograms. 2
Molar Mass and Gas Constant
Take air as an example: kg g
M air28.97 kmol 28.97 gmol in SI units
lbm
Mair 28.97 lbmol
in USCS units

Example
Determine the particular gas constant for air and hydrogen.
kJ
8.1417
R kmol  K 0.287 kJ
R air  Mu  kg kg  K
28.97
kmol

kJ
8.1417
kmol  K 4.124 kJ
R hydrogen  kg kg  K
2.016
kmol

3
Forms of Ideal Gas Law
PV mRT
Pv  RT
PV  NRuT
P v  RuT, v V/N
P1V1 P2V2

T1 T2
• An ideal gas is an imaginary substance that obeys the relation
Pv=RT
• Ideal-gas relation given closely approximates the P-v-T behavior
of real gases at low densities.
• Dense gases such as water vapor, however, should not be
treated as ideal gases.
4
Is Water Vapor an Ideal Gas?

𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓=[(𝒗 ¿𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆−𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍)/𝒗𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆]×𝟏𝟎𝟎¿

5
Measure of Deviation from Ideal Gas Behavior
Good approximation for P-v-T behaviors of real gases at low
densities (low pressure and high temperature).
Air, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, helium, argon, neon, carbon
dioxide, …. ( < 1% error).

Compressibility Factor

The deviation from ideal-gas behavior can be properly accounted


for by using the compressibility factor Z.

Z represents the volume ratio or compressibility. 6


Compressibility Factor

Pv = ZRT or
P v = ZRuT, where v is volume per unit mole.
Z is known as the compressibility factor.
Real gases, Z < 1 or Z > 1.

Compressibility Factor

It accounts mainly for two things


• Molecular structure
• Intermolecular attractive forces

7
Principle of Corresponding States
The compressibility factor Z is approximately the same for all gases
at the same reduced temperature and reduced pressure.

Z = Z(PR,TR) for all gases

Reduced Pressure and Temperature


P T
PR  ; TR 
Pcr Tcr

where:
PR and TR are reduced values.
Pcr and Tcr are critical properties. 8
Generalized compressibility Chart

9
Pseudo-Reduced Specific Volume
When either P or T is unknown, Z can be determined from the
compressibility chart with the help of the pseudo-reduced
specific volume.
not vcr !

10
Generalized compressibility Chart with VR

11
Problem 3.97
Five kg of butane (C4H10) in a piston–cylinder assembly undergoes
a process from p1= 5 MPa, T1=500 K to p2 =3 MPa, T2 =450 K,
during which the relationship between pressure and specific
volume is pvn =constant. Determine the work, in kJ.

12
Fig. A-1 (PR<=1.0)

13
Fig. A2 (PR<=10.0)

1.17

1.31 14

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