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interaction with us

The document discusses the interactions of ultrasound waves with matter, including reflection, refraction, attenuation, absorption, and scattering, which depend on the acoustic properties of tissues. It explains acoustic impedance and its significance in medical ultrasound, as well as the resolution types (axial, lateral, spatial, and contrast) that affect image quality. Additionally, it highlights the applications of ultrasound in visualizing tissues and guiding procedures, emphasizing the relationship between frequency and resolution.

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parulsindhwani610
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0 views

interaction with us

The document discusses the interactions of ultrasound waves with matter, including reflection, refraction, attenuation, absorption, and scattering, which depend on the acoustic properties of tissues. It explains acoustic impedance and its significance in medical ultrasound, as well as the resolution types (axial, lateral, spatial, and contrast) that affect image quality. Additionally, it highlights the applications of ultrasound in visualizing tissues and guiding procedures, emphasizing the relationship between frequency and resolution.

Uploaded by

parulsindhwani610
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ULTRASOUND

BY : MEHAK
Interaction with Ultrasound
When an ultrasound wave reaches an
interface between two material , ultrasound
undergoes in some kind of interaction .
1. REFLECTION
2. REFRACTION
3. ATTENUATION
INTERACTION OF ULTRASOUND WITH MATTER
Ultrasound undergoes reflection,
refraction, scattering and
absorption in matter, depends upon
the acoustic properties of matter.
Acoustic impedance (Z)
Acoustic impedance is a physical property of
the tissue. It describes how much resistance
an ultrasound beam encounters as it passes
through a tissue.
It depends on the density of the tissue (d in
kg/m3) and the speed of the sound waves
transmitted through the tissue medium .(c in
m/s).
So, if the density of a tissue increases,
impedance increases. Similarly, if the speed
of sound increases then impedance also
increases.
The effect of acoustic impedance in medical
ultrasound becomes noticeable at borders between
different tissue types .
The ability of an ultrasound wave to transfer from
one tissue type to another tissue depends on the
difference in Z of the two tissues. If the difference
is large , then the tissue is reflected.
1. REFLECTION: It is the most important type
of interaction in ultrasonography. When
sound waves interact with tissue interface/
boundary, they are reflected back in the
same direction and the same angle.
2. ATTENUATION: Attenuation is the loss of
acoustic energy with distance, and it is
exponential in nature. It refers both
absorption and scattering of ultrasound. In
absorption, energy is converted to heat due
to frictional and viscous forces. Higher the
frequency, greater the attenuation.
ABSORPTION: When the frequency of the
sound waves is high or the organ next to
interface is denser, it is completely absorbed
and no fraction is reflected. It is not useful.
SCATTERING: When the organ is not a
specular reflector, the incident sound waves
are scattered in different directions and
nothing is received by the transducer.
3.Refraction: When the organ is round or
curved, sound waves enter the tissue
interface but are bent. It causes artifacts
and organ is displayed at different
locations.
Depth of an echo producing structure is
determined from the time between the pulse
emission and the echo return.
The amplitude of the echo is encoded as a
gray scale, to form a 2D image. It is also used
to carry out anatomic distance, volume
measurements, motion studies, blood velocity
measurements and 3D-imaging. Its contrast in
soft tissue is equal to that of X-rays.
High resolution, real-time imaging, 3D data
acquisition and power Doppler are its
additional strength. Contrast agents can be
used for better delineation of the anatomy.
Measurement of tissue perfusion, precise
drug delivery mechanisms, and
determination of elastic properties of the
tissues are also possible.
Goal of an Ultrasound System
The ultimate goal of any ultrasound system is to
make like tissues look the same and unlike tissues
look different
Axial and lateral resolution
Types of Resolution
Axial Resolution:
specifies how close together two objects
can be along the axis of the beam, yet
still be detected as two separate objects
frequency (wavelength) affects axial
resolution – frequency resolution
Lateral Resolution:
the ability to resolve two adjacent
objects that are perpendicular to the
beam axis as separate objects
beamwidth affects lateral resolution
Spatial Resolution:
also called Detail Resolution

the combination of AXIAL and LATERAL


resolution - how closely two reflectors
can be to one another while they can
be identified as different reflectors.
Contrast Resolution:
the ability to resolve two adjacent
objects of similar intensity/reflective
properties as separate objects.
Ultrasound Applications

Visualisation Tool:
Nerves, soft tissue masses
Vessels - assessment of position, and
size
Ultrasound Guided Procedures in real
time – dynamic imaging; central
venous access, nerve blocks
Frequency vs. Resolution
The frequency also affects the QUALITY of the
ultrasound image
The HIGHER the frequency, the BETTER the
resolution
The LOWER the frequency, the LESS the
resolution
Ultrasound penetration depth depends on the frequency of
the probe used .
Higher frequency probes
Lower frequency probes
What determines how far ultrasound waves can
travel?

The FREQUENCY of the transducer


The HIGHER the frequency, the
LESS it can penetrate
The LOWER the frequency, the
DEEPER it can penetrate
Attenuation is directly related to
frequency

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