COMPUTER SYSTEM

ORGANIZATION

Understanding fundamental of computer

SYLLABUS
 Chapter 1: Computer Systems and
Organization
● Basic Computer Organisation: Introduction to computer
system, hardware, software, input device, output device, CPU,
memory (primary, cache and secondary), units of memory (Bit,
Byte, KB, MB,
GB, TB, PB)
● Types of software: system software (operating systems,
system utilities, device drivers),programming tools and language
translators (assembler, compiler & interpreter), application
software
● Operating system (OS): functions of operating system, OS user
interface
● Boolean logic: NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, truth table, De
Morgan’s laws and logic circuits
● Number system: Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal
number system; conversion between number systems.
● Encoding schemes: ASCII, ISCII and UNICODE (UTF8, UTF32)
What is
Computer?
 A computer is an electronic device that can
perform a variety of operations in accordance
with set of instructions called program.
 A computer can be defined as an electronic
device which accepts input from the user,
process the input and produce the desired
output.
Basic Computer Components
Introductio
n
Hardware : The physical electronic
components of a computer are called hardware.
Eg: Keyboard, CPU, Monitor, Printer etc.,

Software : Program that govern the working of

a computer.
 computer performs basically five major
functions
irrespective of its size and make.
 It accepts data or instructions called as input
 It stores data
 It processes data as required by the user
 It controls operations of a computer
 It gives results in the form of output I-P-O
Cycle

INPU PROCES OUTPU

T S T
Block Diagram of Computer
 A computer receives data and instructions through
"Input Devices" which get processed in Central
Processing Unit, "CPU" and the result is shown through
"Output Devices".
 The "Main/primary Memory" and "Secondary/
Auxiliary Memory" are used to store data inside the
computer. These are the basic components that each
computer possess.
 Each of these components exists in various types and
 CP
U
 Stands for Central Processing Unit
 Also known as the Brain of Computer.
 It convert the Input into Output
 CPU perform its operation with the help of its 2
subunits :-
 ALU : Arithmetic and Logic Unit

 CU : Control Unit
AL
U
 ALU Perform all the arithmetical and logical
operations.
 Arithmetic operations like +, -, *, /
 Comparison or decision making like: >, <, =,
>=, <=, <>
 C
U
 Control and guides the interpretation of all the
data and information.
 It coordinates the different units attached to computer
system.
 It takes input from Input device and store it in main
memory, then it send the data to ALU if any
arithmetic operation is required after this it transfer
the output to output devices.
Memory of
Computer
 Memory refers to the place where data is
stored temporarily or permanently.
 Input must goes to Memory Unit then only any
action on it can be performed.
 Each memory location has a unique address
 Computer Memory is basically of 2 types:
 Primary Memory

 Primary or main memory stores information

(data and instruction)

 Secondary Memory

 Stores the data permanently for future

Unit of
Memory
The elementary unit of memory is a bit
(binary digit) Zero(0) &
One(1)

GROUP OF KNOWN AS
4 BIT NIBBLE
8 BIT BYTE
1024 BYTES 1 KILO BYTE(KB)
1024 KB 1 MEGA BYTE(MB)
1024 MB 1 GIGA BYTE(GB)
1024 GB 1 TERA BYTE(TB)
1024 TB 1 PETA BYTE(PB)
 Primary
Memory
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 It is the working memory, right from the booting of
computer till the computer is shutdown this
memory is in use to store all the operation done by
the computer
 is used for primary storage in computers to hold
active information of data and instructions.
 It holds data temporarily i.e. Volatile Memory
 Data is lost if Power Off
The RAM chips in computer can be of two basic
type
1. Dynamic RAM: DRAM chips have access
times ranging from below 20 to 70 nano
seconds.
2. Static RAM: It retains data bits in its
memory as long as power is being supplied.
It offers faster access times about 10 nano
seconds than DRAM.

The amount of time taken to produce data

required from memory from the start of access
 Primary
Memory
 Read Only Memory (ROM)
 ROM (Read Only Memory), is a type of

computer storage containing non-volatile, permanent

data that, normally, can only be read, not written to.
 ROM contains the programming that allows a

computer to start up or regenerate each time it is

turned on.
 It is also known as FIRMWARE

 Its data is stored permanently on it so it is non-

volatile device.
 Difference between RAM and ROM
19

RAM ROM
1.Stands for Random 1. Stands for Read Only
Access Memory. Memory.
2. Keeps operating system, 2.Contains programs use
application program, data for booting up computer.
in use.
3. Data can be modified 3. Data cannot be
(changed and erased). modified (read-only).
4. Volatile (loses data when 4. Non-volatile (data
computer is turned off). retains when computer is
turned off).
 Types of ROM

1. Programmable ROM or PROM

2. Erasable Programmable ROM or EPROM
3. Electrically erasable programmable ROM or
EEPROM
4. Flash EEPROM
5. Mask ROM
PROM
• One Time Programmable (OTP)
• Information is burnt using special equipment
called ROM burner.
EPROM
• User can program the memory chip using UV
radiation and erase it many times as needed.
EEPROM
• Electrically Erasable PROM
• Selective bytes can be erased.
Flash EEPROM
• Very fast
• Contents can be erase fully
Mask ROM
• MROMs were the first ROMs to be developed
and were hard wired, contain a pre-
programmed set of instructions or data.
 Secondary Storage
Devices
 If we want to save data for future reference and
retrieval then it needs to be saved in memory other
than primary memory, which is called secondary
memory, or auxiliary memory.
 Normally hard disk of computer is used as
secondary memory but this is not portable so there are
many other secondary storage media in use.
 Example:
 Hard Disk
 CD/DVD
 Pen Drive
 Floppy, etc.
Secondary Storage
Devices
HARD DISK :
 A hard disk drive (HDD; also hard drive, hard
disk, or disk drive) is a device for storing and
retrieving digital information, primarily computer data.
 It consists of one or more rigid (hence "hard") rapidly
rotating discs (often referred to as platters), coated with
magnetic material and with magnetic heads arranged to
write data to the surfaces and read it from them.
 Generally hard disks are sealed units fixed in the cabinet. It
is also known as fixed disk
Secondary Storage
Devices
FLOPPY DISK : It is a data storage medium that is made up
of a disk of thin, flexible magnetic material enclosed in a
cover. Its capacity is 1.44 MB.

COMPACTDISK(CD): Capacity of standard 120mm CD is

700MB. It is a thin optical disk which is commonly used
to store audio and video data.
.
TYPES OF COMPACT DISK

1. CD-R (Compact Disk Recordable)

2. CD-RW (Compact Disk Rewritable)
Secondary Storage
Devices
DIGITALVIDEODISK(DVD):
 This is an optical disc storage device. It can be recorded

on single side or on double side. Its capacity may range

from 4.7 GB to 8.5 GB.

Types of DVD
DVD-R
DVD-RW
PEN DRIVE :This is small, portable memory, which can be
plugged into a computer with USB Port. They have capacity
lesser than hard disk but much larger than a floppy or CD.
They are more reliable also. They are also called flash
memory.
BLUERAYDISK
 Optical storage media mainly using for high definition data

storage
 It uses blue violet laser to read and write data
 Capacity :128 GB
Input
Devices
 These are the devices used to give input
to computer for processing.
 Input may be in form of text, images, audio, etc.
 Input Devices example:
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Scanner Etc.
 KEYBOAR
D
Function
Numeric
Keys
Keys
Control Key

Alt KeyEnter Key

• This is the most common input device which uses an arrangement of

buttons or keys. In a keyboard each press of a key typically corresponds
to a single written symbol.

• However some symbols require pressing and holding several keys

simultaneously or in sequence.
• While most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or characters, other
keys or simultaneous key presses can produce actions or computer
commands.
 MOUS
E

Wired Wireless
Mechanical Optical
• A mouse isMouse
a pointing device that functionsMouse
by detecting two-dimensional
motion relative to its supporting surface.
• The mouse's motion typically translates into the motion of a cursor on a
display, which allows for fine control of a Graphical User Interface.
• A mouse primarily comprises of three parts: the buttons, the handling
area, and the rolling object.
• Using left button of mouse different operations like selection, dragging,
moving and pasting can be done.
• With the right button we can open a context menu for an item, if it is
applicable.
SCANNE
R
Scanner is a device that optically scans images,
printed text, handwriting, or an object, and
converts it to digital image.

JOYSTICK
• A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that
pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the
device it is controlling.
• Many people use joysticks for computer games.
• Joysticks are often used to control video games, and
usually have one or more push-buttons whose state can
also be read by the computer
TOUCH
SCREEN
A touch screen is a computer display screen that is also an input device.
The screens are sensitive to pressure; a user interacts with the computer
by touching pictures or words on the screen.

MICROPHONE
It is used to input audio data into the computer. They are mainly used
for sound recording.
OUTPUT
DEVICE
 Output device is used to display the output to user
either in soft copy or hard copy.
 Soft copy output appears on monitor whereas
hard copy output appears on paper by printer.
 Various output devices are:
 Monitor
 Printer
 Speaker
 Projector etc.
Monito
r
 Also known as Visual Display Unit (VDU)
 It is the primary output device where we see the
output. It looks like TV.
 Its display may be CRT, LCD or LED
 C R T – Cathode ray tube
 LC D – Liquid Crystal Display
 L E D – Light Emitting Diode
Printe
r
 Printer produces output on paper.
 There are various types of printer available in
market like:
 Dot Matrix Printer : uses ribbon and hammer
technology. Its quality is not very good. Output is
printer by making object using small dots.
Printe
r
 Inkjet/Deskjet Printer: It is a type of computer
printer that creates a digital image by propelling
droplets of ink onto paper.
 Laser Printer : These printers use laser technology
to produce printed documents. These are very fast
printers and are used for high quality prints.
BIO
S

The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) is
also commonly known as the System BIOS.
 The BIOS is boot firmware, a small program that controls
various electronic devices attached to the main computer
system.
 It is designed to be the first set of instructions run by a
Computer when powered on.
 The initial function of the BIOS is to initialize system
devices such as the RAM, hard disk, CD/DVD drive, video
display card, and other hardware.
 SYSTEM BUS

• Electronic pathway
• Data carrying part- Data bus
• Control instruction carrying part- Control bus
• Memory address carrying part- Address bus
• Connects I/O devices-I/O bus