Programming Language I

First 2022/2023
 Computation

(input) data Code (output)

data

• Input: from keyboard, files, other input devices, other

programs, other parts of a program
• Computation: what our program will do with the input
to produce the output.
• Output: to screen, files, other output devices, other
programs, other parts of a program
The Language of a Computer (cont’d.)
 The Language of a Computer (cont'd.)

• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information

Interchange)
– 128 characters
– A is encoded as 1000001 (66th character)
– 3 is encoded as 0110011
ASCII
 C++

C, C++, Java, and C# are very similar. C++

evolved from C. Java was modeled after C++.
C# is a subset of C++ with some features
similar to Java. If you know one of these
languages, it is easy to learn the others.
Processing a C++ Program (cont'd.)
• To execute a C++ program:
– Use an editor to create a source program in
C++
– Preprocessor directives begin with # and are
processed by a the preprocessor
– Use the compiler to:
• Indicates something that must be fixed
before the code can be compiled.
• Translate into machine language (object
program)
 Processing a C++ Program (cont'd.)

• To execute a C++ program (cont'd.):

– Linker:
• Combines object program with other programs provided by the SDK to
create executable code
– Loader:
• Loads executable program into main memory
– The last step is to execute the program
Processing a C++ Program (cont'd.)
 Source code (developed by the programmer)
Create/Modify Source Code
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

Creating, int main()

{
// Display Welcome to C++ to the console
Saved on the disk

Compiling,
cout << "Welcome to C++!" << endl; Source Code
return 0;
}

and Running Compiler

If compilation errors

Programs stored on the disk

An object file (e.g., Welcome.obj) is created.

Machine Code
program

Linker

stored on the disk

An executable file (e.g., Welcome.exe) is created.

Executable Code

Run Executable Code

e.g., Welcome

Result

If runtime errors or incorrect result

 Processing a C++ Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "My first C++ program." <<
endl;
return 0;
}

Sample Run:
My first C++ program.
 Hello World
// Hello World program comment

#include <iostream.h> Allows access to

an I/O library
int main() {
Starts definition of special
function main()
cout << "Hello World\n";
output (print) a
return 0; string
}
Program returns a
status code (0 means
OK)
Basic Elements of C++
 Comments

• Comments contain text that is not converted to machine

language (it's just there for humans).
• Everything after "//" is ignored by the compiler.
• Everything between "/*" and "*/" is ignored.
 Comment Example
Two types:
– Single line
// This is a C++ program. It prints the
sentence:
// Welcome to C++ Programming.
– Multiple line
/*
This is a C++ program. It prints the
sentence:
Welcome to C++ Programming.
*/
 C++ Preprocessor

• C++ Compilers automatically invoke a preprocessor that

takes care of #include statements and some other special
directives.
• You don't need to do anything special to run the
preprocessor - it happens automatically.
 Some common includes

• Basic I/O: iostream, iostream.h

• I/O manipulation: iomanip, iomanip.h

• Standard Library: stdlib.h

 Variables
• The program now uses variables:
int integer1, integer2, sum;
• Variables are just names for locations in
memory.
• In C++ all variables must have a type.
• In C++ all variables must be declared
before they can be used.
 Variables (cont.)

• C++ variables are declared like this:

type var_name;

• type indicates what kind of variable.

• C++ built in types include:
int char float double bool
 Variable Names

• C++ variable names:

– made up of letters, digits and underscore.
– Must start with a non-digit.
– Case sensitive
• first is not the same name as First
• Can be any length
• Good variable names tell the reader what the variable is
used for!
 Names
• A name in a C++ program
– Starts with a letter, contains letters, digits, and
underscores (only)
• x, number_of_elements, Fourier_transform, z2
• Not names:
– 12x
– time!to!market
– main line

– Users can't define names that are taken as keywords

• E.g.:
– int
– if
– while
– double
 Reserved Words (Keywords)
• C++ keywords
– Cannot be used as variable names

Examples of C++ Keywords

int double float char const
case continue break bool static_cast
if else switch default return
short long do while for
Allocating Memory with Constants and Variables

• Named constant: memory location whose content can’t

change during execution
• The syntax to declare a named constant is:
• In C++, const is a reserved word
 Allocating Memory with Constants and Variables
(cont'd.)
• Variable: memory location whose content may change
during execution
• The syntax to declare a named constant is:
Assignment Statement
 Declaring & Initializing Variables

• Variables can be initialized when declared:

int first=13, second=10;
char ch=' ';
double x=12.6;
• All variables must be initialized before they are used
 Input (Read) Statement

• cin is used with >> to gather input

• The stream extraction operator is >>

• For example, if miles is a double variable
cin >> miles;
– The computer will get a value of type double
and places it in the variable miles.
 Input (Read) Statement (cont'd.)
• Using more than one variable in cin
allows more than one value to be read at a
time
• For example, if feet and inches are
variables of type int, a statement such
as:
cin >> feet >> inches;
– Inputs two integers from the keyboard
– Places them in variables feet and inches
respectively
Input (Read) Statement (cont'd.)
 Variable Initialization

• There are two ways to initialize a variable:

int feet;
– By using the assignment statement
feet = 35;
– By using a read statement
cin >> feet;
Increment and Decrement Operators
• Increment operator: increment variable by 1
– Pre-increment: ++variable
– Post-increment: variable++
• Decrement operator: decrement variable by 1
– Pre-decrement: --variable
– Post-decrement: variable—
• What is the difference between the following?
x = 5; x = 5;
y = ++x; y = x++;
 More on Assignment Statements

• C++ has special assignment statements called compound

assignments
+=, -=, *=, /=, and %=
• Example:
x *= y;
 Assignment and increment

a:
// changing the value of a variable
int a = 7; // a variable of type int called a 7

// initialized to the integer value 7

a = 9; // assignment: now change a's value to 9
9
18
a = a+a; // assignment: now double a's value

20
a += 2; // increment a's value by 2

21
++a; // increment a's value (by 1)
 Output
• The syntax of cout and << is:

– Called an output statement

• The stream insertion operator is <<
• Expression evaluated and its value is
printed at the current cursor position on
the screen
 Output (cont'd.)

• A manipulator is used to format the output

– Example: endl causes insertion point to move to beginning of
next line
• Example:
 Output (cont'd.)
• The new line character is '\n'
– May appear anywhere in the string
cout << "Hello there.";
cout << "My name is James.";
• Output:
Hello there.My name is James.
cout << "Hello there.\n";
cout << "My name is James.";
• Output :
Hello there.
My name is James.

36
 Form and Style

• Consider two ways of declaring variables:

– Method 1
int feet, inch;
double x, y;
– Method 2
int feet,inch;double x,y;
• Both are correct; however, the second is hard to read
Output (cont'd.)
1 // Example 1
2 // Addition program that displays the sum of two numbers.
3 #include <iostream> // allows program to perform input and output
4 using namespace std;
5 // function main begins program execution
6 int main() Declare integer variables
7 {
8 // variable declarations
9 int number1; // first integer to add
10 int number2; // second integer to add
11 int sum; // sum of number1 and number2
Use stream operator with
12 standard input stream to
13 cout << "Enter first integer: "; // prompt user for data obtain user input
14 cin >> number1; // read first integer from user into number1
15
16 cout << "Enter second integer: "; // prompt user for data
17 cin >> number2; // read second integer from user into number2 Stream manipulator
18
endl outputs a newline
19 sum = number1 + number2; // add the numbers; store result in sum
20
21 cout << "Sum is " << sum << endl; // display sum; end line
22
23 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
24 Output
25 } // end function main

Enter first integer: 45

Enter second integer: 72
Sum is 117
 Another C++ Program
//
// C++
C++ Addition
Addition of
of integers
integers
#include
#include <iostream.h>
<iostream.h>

int
int main()
main() {{
int
int integer1,
integer1, integer2,
integer2, sum;
sum;

cout
cout <<
<< "Enter
"Enter first
first integer\n";
integer\n";
cin
cin >>
>> integer1;
integer1;
cout
cout <<
<< "Enter
"Enter second
second integer\n";
integer\n";
cin
cin >>
>> integer2;
integer2;
sum
sum == integer1
integer1 ++ integer2;
integer2;
cout
cout <<
<< "Sum
"Sum is
is "" <<
<< sum
sum <<
<< endl;
endl;
return
return 0;
0;
}}
 Types and literals
• Built-in types
– Boolean type • Boolean literals
• bool – true false
– Character types • Character literals
• char – 'a', 'x', '4', '\n', '$'
– Integer types • Integer literals
• Int – 0, 1, 123, -6, 245, -698

– Floating-point types • Floating point literals

• double – 1.2, 13.345, .3, -0.54
– and float
 Expressions

• C++ expressions are used to express computation.

• Expressions include operations and the operands on
which the operations are applied.
• Operands can be variables, literals or function calls.
 Precedence
Operators Precedence
() highest (applied
first)
* / %
+ -
< <= > >=
== !=
=
lowest (applied last)
 Precedence
• Precedence controls the order of
evaluation of operators.
– A high precedence means an operator is
evaluated (applied) before any lower
precedence operators.
• Operators that have the same precedence
can happen in either order, but in C++ the
one on the left is evaluated first.
Arithmetic Operators and Operator Precedence
• C++ arithmetic operators:
– + addition
– - subtraction
– * multiplication
– / division
– % modulus operator
• +, -, *, and / can be used with integral and floating-point
data types
• Operators can be unary or binary
 Order of Precedence
• All operations inside of () are evaluated
first
• *, /, and % are at the same level of
precedence and are evaluated next
• + and – have the same level of
precedence and are evaluated last
• When operators are on the same level
– Performed from left to right (associativity)
• 3 * 7 - 6 + 2 * 5 / 4 + 6 means
(((3 * 7) – 6) + ((2 * 5) / 4 )) + 6
 Expressions
• If all operands are integers
– Expression is called an integral expression
• Yields an integral result
• Example: 2 + 3 * 5
• If all operands are floating-point
– Expression is called a floating-point
expression
• Yields a floating-point result
• Example: 12.8 * 17.5 - 34.50
 Mixed Expressions
• Mixed expression:
– Has operands of different data types
– Contains integers and floating-point
• Examples of mixed expressions:
2 + 3.5
6 / 4 + 3.9
5.4 * 2 – 13.6 + 18 / 2
 Mixed Expressions (cont'd.)
• Evaluation rules:
– If operator has same types of operands
• Evaluated according to the type of the operands
– If operator has both types of operands
• Integer is changed to floating-point
• Operator is evaluated
• Result is floating-point
– Entire expression is evaluated according to precedence rules

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 Precedence Evaluation
What is the value of the expression at the bottom of the
screen?
42

32

0 32

0 4

3 30 8

( 1 + 2 ) % 3 * 4 + 5 * 6 / 7 * ( 8 % 9 ) + 10
 Type Conversion (Casting)

• Implicit type coercion: when value of one type is

automatically changed to another type
• Cast operator: provides explicit type conversion
static_cast<dataTypeName>(expression)
Type Conversion (cont'd.)
Relational and Equality Operators
• Relational and Equality operators are
used to compare values:
• Relational Operators:
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal
< Less than
<= Less than or equal
• Equality Operators:
== Equal to
!= Not Equal to
 Syntax

• Errors in syntax are found in compilation

int x; //Line 1
int y //Line 2: error
double z; //Line 3

y = w + x; //Line 4: error
 Another Program
#include <iostream.h>
Using namespace std;
int main() {

double fahr,celcius;

cout << "Enter Temperature in Fahrenheit\n";

cin >> fahr;

celcius = (fahr - 32.0)*5/9;

cout << fahr << " fahrenheit is " << celcius <<
" Celcius" << endl;

return 0;
}
 Math Operator Quiz

What are the values printed?

const int five = 5;

int i = 7;
float x = 7.0;
cout << five + i/2 << endl;
cout << five + x/2 << endl;

04/19/2025 56
 cin and the Extraction Operator >>

• The syntax of an input statement using cin and the

extraction operator >> is:

• The extraction operator >> is binary

– Left-side operand is an input stream variable
• Example: cin
– Right-side operand is a variable
 Output and Formatting Output

• Syntax of cout when used with <<

• Expression is evaluated
• Value is printed
• Manipulator is used to format the output
– Example: cout<< endl;