This document discusses cell division in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It explains that prokaryotes undergo binary fission to reproduce, while eukaryotes undergo mitosis for asexual reproduction or meiosis for sexual reproduction. The stages of the cell cycle, including interphase and the phases of mitosis, are described in detail. The roles of the spindle apparatus and cytokinesis in cell division are also summarized. Key controls on the cell cycle involving cyclins and CDKs are outlined.
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This document discusses cell division in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It explains that prokaryotes undergo binary fission to reproduce, while eukaryotes undergo mitosis for asexual reproduction or meiosis for sexual reproduction. The stages of the cell cycle, including interphase and the phases of mitosis, are described in detail. The roles of the spindle apparatus and cytokinesis in cell division are also summarized. Key controls on the cell cycle involving cyclins and CDKs are outlined.
This document discusses cell division in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It explains that prokaryotes undergo binary fission to reproduce, while eukaryotes undergo mitosis for asexual reproduction or meiosis for sexual reproduction. The stages of the cell cycle, including interphase and the phases of mitosis, are described in detail. The roles of the spindle apparatus and cytokinesis in cell division are also summarized. Key controls on the cell cycle involving cyclins and CDKs are outlined.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
This document discusses cell division in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It explains that prokaryotes undergo binary fission to reproduce, while eukaryotes undergo mitosis for asexual reproduction or meiosis for sexual reproduction. The stages of the cell cycle, including interphase and the phases of mitosis, are described in detail. The roles of the spindle apparatus and cytokinesis in cell division are also summarized. Key controls on the cell cycle involving cyclins and CDKs are outlined.
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Cell Division and Mitosis
Chapter 9
Prokaryotic Cell Division
Bacterial cells reproduce by Binary Fission Much simpler process than in eukaryotic organisms (why?) Begins with DNA replication (why?); each copy moves to opposite sides of cell Followed by elongation of cell, and formation of a septum (separation) between the two halves, forming two new cells Results in two cells that are identical (clones) of original cells
Binary Fission
Eukaryotic Cell Division
Two forms Mitosis
grow, replace dead or worn out cells, or to repair wounds Asexual reproduction in fungi, protists, some plants/animals
Meiosis
Sexual reproduction
DNA and Cell Division
During cell division, the genetic material DNA, needs to be copied and divided between the two new cells DNA in cells is divided into long chains called chromosomes (volumes of DNA) Chromosome DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones to organize it Nucleosome: unit of DNA wrapped around histones
Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure
Normally, chromosomes are spead out in a form called chromatin During mitosis, chromosomes fold up and condense
Eukaryotic Chromosomes Chromosomes must be replicated before cell division. -Replicated chromsomes are connected to each other at their kinetochores -cohesin complex of proteins holding replicated chromosomes together -sister chromatids: 2 copies of the chromosome within the replicated chromosome
Chromosome structure
Normally chromosomes are spread out & not identifiable (chromatin) At the start of mitosis they condense & take the form shown The replicated chromosomes stay together and are called sister chromatids Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere by proteins called cohesins The other side of the centromeres contain other proteins called kinetochore
The Cell Cycle: Interphase
When a cell is not dividing it is said to be in interphase: G1: Gap, cells are recovering from an earlier cell division and are synthesizing components cell growth and DNA synthesis S: Synthesis, DNA replication occurs G2: Gap, cells are making sure all the DNA was replicated correctly; a little more growth; the chromosomes start to undergo condensation, becoming tightly coiled; Centrioles (microtubule-organizing centers) replicate and one centriole moves to each pole.
The Cell Cycle: Cell Division
Mitosis (M Phase) Nuclear
Division Division
Cytokinesis (C phase) Cytoplasmic
The Cell Cycle
G0
Cell Cycle G1 S
interphase
Mitosis
telophase anaphase metaphase prophase
G2
The Cell Cycle
The length of time the cell cycle takes depends on the type of cell. Usually the more specialized the cell the less likely it is to divide. Red blood cells are replaced at a rate of 23 million/sec Nerve cells usually never divide, they enter G0
Maintaining Chromosome Number
chromosome (unduplicated) in cell at interphase
same chromosome (duplicated) in interphase prior to mitosis
mitosis, cytoplasmic division
chromosome (unduplicated) in daughter cell at interphase chromosome (unduplicated) in daughter cell at interphase
The Spindle Apparatus
Consists of two distinct sets of microtubules
Each
set extends from one of the cell poles Two sets overlap at spindle equator
Moves chromosomes during mitosis In both plant and animal cells, spindle fibers originate from centrosomes; in animal cells, centrosomes are centrioles
Spindle Apparatus one spindle pole
one of the condensed chromosomes spindle equator microtubules organized as a spindle apparatus one spindle pole
Mitosis
Nuclear Division Dividing up the genetic material (DNA)
Mitosis Mitosis is divided into 5 phases: 1. prophase 2. prometaphase 3. metaphase 4. anaphase 5. telophase
Mitosis Prophase: -chromosomes continue to condense -centrioles move to each pole of the cell -spindle apparatus is assembled -nuclear envelope dissolves
Mitosis Prometaphase: -chromosomes become attached to the spindle apparatus by their kinetochores -a second set of microtubules is formed from the poles to each kinetochore -microtubules begin to pull each chromosome toward the center of the cell
Mitosis Metaphase: -microtubules pull the chromosomes to align them at the center of the cell -metaphase plate: imaginary plane through the center of the cell where the chromosomes align
Mitosis Anaphase: -removal of cohesin proteins causes the centromeres to separate -microtubules pull sister chromatids toward the poles -in anaphase A the kinetochores are pulled apart -in anaphase B the poles move apart
Mitosis Telophase: -spindle apparatus disassembles -nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids -chromosomes begin to uncoil -nucleolus reappears in each new nucleus
Cytokinesis Cytoplasmic Division Usually occurs between late anaphase and end of telophase Two mechanisms
Cell
plate formation (plants) Cleavage (animals)
Cytokinesis: Animal Cell
Cleavage furrow
Figure 9.9 Page 159
Cytokinesis: Plant Cells
Cell Plate Formation
Figure 9.8 Page 158
Mitosis/Cytokinesis outcome 1 parent cell 2 identical daughter cells Chromosome number remains the same from one generation to the next
The cell cycle is controlled at three checkpoints: 1. G1/S checkpoint -the cell decides to divide 2. G2/M checkpoint -the cell makes a commitment to mitosis 3. late metaphase (spindle) checkpoint -the cell ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the spindle
Control of the Cell Cycle
cyclins proteins produced in synchrony with the cell cycle -regulate passage of the cell through cell cycle checkpoints cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) enzymes that drive the cell cycle -activated only when bound by a cyclin
Control of the Cell Cycle
At G1/S checkpoint: -G1 cyclins accumulate -G1 cyclins bind with Cdc2 to create the active G1/S Cdk -G1/S Cdk phosphorylates a number of molecules that ultimately increase the enzymes required for DNA replication
Control of the Cell Cycle
At the spindle checkpoint: -the signal for anaphase to proceed is transmitted through anaphase-promoting complex (APC) -APC activates the proteins that remove the cohesin holding sister chromatids together
Control of the Cell Cycle
Growth factors: -can influence the cell cycle -trigger intracellular signaling systems -can override cellular controls that otherwise inhibit cell division platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) triggers cells to divide during wound healing
Control of the Cell Cycle
Cancer is a failure of cell cycle control. Two kinds of genes can disturb the cell cycle when they are mutated: 1. tumor-suppressor genes 2. proto-oncogenes
Control of the Cell Cycle
Tumor-suppressor genes: -prevent the development of many cells containing mutations -for example, p53 halts cell division if damaged DNA is detected -p53 is absent or damaged in many cancerous cells
Control of the Cell Cycle
Proto-oncogenes: -some encode receptors for growth factors -some encode signal transduction proteins -become oncogenes when mutated -oncogenes can cause cancer when they are introduced into a cell
