AN EFFICIENT STRATEGY FOR

MULTIUSER DETECTION IN CDMA

Contents
problem
Overview
Objective
Approaches
Algorithms
Flow chart
Results
conclusions
Future work



Problem Outline
In a Code-Division multiple access (CDMA) system,
a number of users communicate with a base station
simultaneously over the same frequency band.
Optimal detection in such systems is equivalent to a test of
an exponential number of hypotheses about the data
symbols of all users, which is NP-complete and hence
prohibitively complex for all but systems with very
few users. Numerous suboptimal multiuser detectors are
decorilating detector, the linear minimum mean-square
error (MMSE) detector, and the successive cancellers .

Overview
People always wanted to communicate and their demands grew
with the possibilities offered by technology. Now days,
modern technology enables mobile communications in many
situations. An important component in mobile communications
is non-cellular wireless communication system for short
distances. Wireless communication systems can be roughly
divided into two categories: cellular and non-cellular systems.
In cellular systems the area to be covered is divided into
number of cells. Non-cellular systems form another category of
wireless communication systems for which no infrastructure is
required.

Objective

Code-division multiple access (CDMA) is the basis of a family of advanced air
interfaces in current and future generation network., which enables near-optimal
multiuser detection using belief propagation (BP) with low-complexity.

The scheme is in part inspired by capacity-approaching low-density parity-check
(LDPC) codes and the success of iterative decoding techniques.

Thedegradation factor, known as the multiuser efficiency, can be determined
from a fixed-point equation. The results in this work apply to a broad class of
sparse, semi-regular CDMA systems with arbitrary input and power distribution.
,
degradation factor, known as the

DESIGN METHODOLOGY
This work investigates a new paradigm of CDMA,
called sparsely spread CDMA or simply sparse CDMA,
which recently emerged in the literature
Multi user detection based on modified BP with heuristic
Gaussian approximation was originally proposed for the
usual dense CDMA
More recently studied sparse CDMA of the regular LDPC
code type using the replica method and verified
their findings numerically.
MULTI ACESS COMMUNICATION
The term Multiple access refers in satellite communications.
Multiple Access method is a definition of how radio spectrum is
divided in to channels and how channels are allocated to many users of
the system
Access technologies are classified as two types---1) Narrowband,
2) Wideband
In a narrowband Multiple access system, the available radio spectrum
is divided into a large number of narrowband channels.
FDMA,TDMA, are come under narrowband systems. In Narrowband
FDMA, a user is assigned a particular channel, which is not shared by
other users in vicinity. Narrowband TDMA, on the other hand, allows
users to share the same radio channel but allocates a unique time slot to
each user
WIDEBAND SYSTEMS




In wideband systems, the transmission bandwidth of a single channel is much larger than
the coherence bandwidth of the channel. Code division Multiple access technique comes
under wideband systems .In Wideband Multiple access systems a large number of
transmitters are allowed to transmit on the same channel. TDMA allocates time slots to
the many transmitters on the same channel and allows only one transmitter to access the
channel at any instant of time, where as spread spectrum CDMA allows all of the
transmitters to access the channel at the same time
Types of multiple access techniques

FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS:
In FDMA, the available radio spectrum is divided into channels of fixed
bandwidth, which are then assigned to different users. FDMA is the basis
for first generation (analog) communication systems. With FDMA only one
subscriber is assigned a channel at a time FDMA is characterized by
continuous access to satellite in a given frequency band.





Frequency division multiple access
Time division multiple access
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS :
In TDMA, time is divided into intervals of regular length and then each
interval is subdivided into slots. Each user is assigned a slot number
and can transmit over the entire bandwidth during its slot with in each
interval. Second Generation systems use TDMA as the Multiple
access technique





Time Division Multiple Access

Code division multiple access
Code division multiple access system:
In a code-division Multiple-access (CDMA) communication system, a
communication channel with a given bandwidth is accessed by all the
users simultaneously. The different mobile users are distinguished at
the base station receiver by the unique spreading code .

The frequency of this carrier is the same for all users. At the receiver
separation is possible because each user spreads the spreading codes.
This technique is used for channels, which suffer frequency selective
fading or interference
Each code must be easily distinguishable from a replica of itself shifted
in time.
Each code must be easily distinguishable regardless of other codes
used on the network.

CDMA is the most suitable Multiple access transmission technology for
Mobile Communications and all the 3rd Generation. Mobile
Communication Standards suggest CDMA for the Air-Interface. The main
reason for the success of this technology is the huge increase in capacity
and coverage covered by CDMA systems when compared to other analog
FDMA,TDMA.This is the reason why one refers to Spread Spectrum
Multiple Access.



Code Division Multiple Access
CDMA CAPACITY

Resistant to narrow band interference
Resistant to multi path fading
No hard limit on number of users (soft capacity)
As number of users on a frequency increase the interference level increases
and BER increases for all users
Signal propagation characteristics
The In general, a signal transmitting in a channel experiences two types of
fading: (1) Large-scale fading; and (2) Small-scale fading.
The mechanisms behind these two fading types are diverse, but can
generally be attributed to reflection, diffraction and scattering .These three
propagation mechanisms are illustrated in figure .Other transmission
impairments in the wireless channel include free space loss, thermal noise
and atmospheric absorption.
of.
REFLECTION :



Reflection occurs when a propagating electromagnetic wave encounters a
surface that is large relative to the wavelength of the propagating wave [1].
This reflected wave as illustrated in figure may interfere constructively or
destructively at the receiver due to the change in phase shift after reflection.
Sources for reflections include the surface of the earth, buildings and walls.



DIFFRACTION
Figure that diffraction can occur at the edge of an impenetrable body or at
a surface with sharp irregularities that is large compared to the wavelength
of the radio wave. The secondary waves resulting from such edges or
surfaces are partially reflected and retransmitted with a bend of waves
around the obstacle. This allows the signal to be transmitted even when
there is no LOS path between the transmitter and the receiver.
DIFFRACTION OF A WAVE:

SCATTERING
Scattering occurs when the radio path between the transmitter and receiver
consists of large amount of objects with dimensions that are small
compared to the wavelength of the signal. Figure shows that the scattered
waves can be produced by rough surfaces or by other irregularities in the
channel such as foliage and traffic signs.
Scattering of waves

LARGE-SCALE FADING
Large-scale fading is primarily attributed to path loss when the
received signal strength decays over relatively large distances (several
hundreds or thousands of meters) between the transmitter and the
receiver.. It is otherwise known as slow fading or shadowing.
SMALL-SCALE FADING
Small-scale fading as shown in figure manifests itself as rapid
fluctuations in the voltage envelope of the received signal over a short
period of time or travel distance (a few wavelengths). It is caused by
the interference between two or more versions of the transmitted signal
arriving at the receiver with a spread of different times. These time-
shifted signals are called multipath signals, which can be represented
as taps in an impulse-response model of a channel.

Spreading Techniques in
CDMA
SPREAD SPECTRUM

Spread-spectrum radio communications, long a favorite technology, of
the military because it resists jamming and is hard for an enemy to
intercept
spread-spectrum signals, which are distributed over a range of
frequencies and then collected onto their original frequency at the
receiver

Requirements
A system is defined to be a spread spectrum system if it fulfills the
following requirements:

The signal occupies a bandwidth much in excess of the minimum
bandwidth necessary to send the information.

Spreading is accomplished by means of a spreading signal, often
called a code signal, which is independent of the data .

many benefits of spread spectrum: Interference rejection, signal
hiding, frequency band sharing (code-division Multiplexing), anti-jam
Properties.

Concept of Spread Spectrum
THE CONCEPT OF SPREAD SPECTRUM
SYSTEM

The capacity of any communications channel is defined by CE
Shannons channel capacity formula


2
log 1
S
C Bw
N
(
= +
(

Equation gives the relationship between the theoretical ability of a
channel and a given bandwidth of a channel. Channel capacity is
increased by increasing the channel bandwidth, the transmitted power,
or a combination of both.

CDMA systems can be engineered to operate at much lower SNRs to
achieve good performance.


1.44log 1
e
C S
Bw N
(
= +
(

1.44
C N
Bw
S
~
1.44
C N
Bw
S
~
1.44
C N
Bw
S
~
SPREADING SEQUENCES

As the spreading sequence generation is the first step in understanding
CDMA mobile communications, some well-known code generators are

PN Sequences
Maximal Length Sequences
Gold Codes
Kasami Sequences
Orthogonal Codes
Walsh Codes
Orthogonal Gold Codes
Multi-rate Orthogonal Gold Codes
Orthogonality Preservation between Multi-Rate Orthogonal Codes

TECHNIQUES USED FOR SPREAD SPECTRUM

Spread spectrum systems have been classified by their architecture and modulation concepts. They
are

1. Direct sequence (pseudo-noise).
2. Frequency hopping.
3. Time hopping.
4. Chirp.
5. Hybrid methods.

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) where a carrier is modulated by a digital code in which the
code bit rate is much larger than the information signal bit rate. These systems are also called
pseudonoise (PN) systems.

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) where the carrier frequency is shifted in discrete
increments in a pattern generated by a code sequence.
.
ADVANTAGES OF SPREAD SPECTRUM

Improved interference rejection
Low-density power spectra for signal hiding
High-resolution ranging
Secure communications
Antijam capability
Graceful degradation of performance as the number
of simultaneous users of an RF channel increases
Lower cost of implementation
Readily available IC components
System Architechture


code 1

User 1
code 2
User 2 code 2 user 2
code N
User N



Spreading
Spreading
Spreading
RF Channel
+
Estimator
(MAP/BP)
Decision
For the implementation of Communication system a CDMA based
Spread spectrum communication architecture is developed
The receiver is designed as a rake receiver.
Rake receivers are used in CDMA systems for two reasons, the 1st
reason is inter-symbol interference cancellation and the second reason
is to utilize the multi-path diversity .
The idea of a Rake receiver is to identify a number of different multi-
path components both in time and phase, thus utilizing the created
multi-path diversity.
For the implementatio .
MAP ALGORITHM
The MAP decoding also known as BCJR algorithm The MAP
algorithm is computationally complex and sensitive to SNR
mismatch
The MAP decoding algorithm is a recursive technique that computes
the Log-Likelihood Ratio
In this algorithm we are taken one reference error, we are estimating
another error.
If estimated error is > ref error it must be ref error or else
If estimated error is < ref error it must be estimated error
If degree is increasing the total system is complicated. so the
algorithm takes more time,
In b.p it is rectified.

.

BP ALGORITHM FOR MULTI
USER DETECTION

BP is an efficient iterative message-passing algorithm for computing the marginal
posterior distributions. Each node in the factor graph sends messages to its
neighbors during each iteration and after several iterations, inference can be
made based on the messages exchanged in the final round.
Consider the CDMA system. Let the realization of S and the amplitudes A be
denoted by s and a respectively.
In each iteration of BP, messages are first sent from symbol nodes to chip nodes;
each chip node then computes messages to send back to the symbol nodes based
on the previously received messages. These chip-to-symbol messages will then be
used to generate the new symbol-to-chip messages in the next iteration .the
shorthand represent the message from the symbol node k to chip node l. and
represent the message in the reverse direction at the t-iteration.
The iterative BP algorithm for computing the a posteriori distribution
of all symbols.


RESULT OBSERVATION

For the Evaluation of the proposed sparse code allocation and fixed
code allocation in CDMA system, Matlab modeling is developed and
evaluated with varying SNR, offered load and channel fading factor

for Sparse code allocation BER is falling compared to fixed code
allocation. As the load increases the system performance is
decreasing.

Fig Overall system BER vs.SNR for
Low load,Low SNR,Low fading
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
10
-0.9
10
-0.8
10
-0.7
10
-0.6
10
-0.5
10
-0.4
10
-0.3
SNR (dB)
B
E
R
BER v/s SNR for developed system
BP
MAP
Case1: SNR=8, Load=50, Fading=1/10000
Fig Overall system BER vs.SNR for Low
load,Low SNR,Low fading
0 5 10 15 20 25
10
-0.9
10
-0.8
10
-0.7
10
-0.6
10
-0.5
10
-0.4
10
-0.3
SNR (dB)
B
E
R
BER v/s SNR for developed system
BP
MAP
: SNR=15, Load=50, Fading=1/10000
Overall system BER vs.SNR for Low
load,Low SNR,High fading
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
10
-0.6
10
-0.5
10
-0.4
10
-0.3
SNR (dB)
B
E
R
BER v/s SNR for developed system
BP
MAP
SNR=8, Load=50, Fading=1/2500
Overall system BER vs.SNR for Low
load,high SNR,high fading
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
10
-0.8
10
-0.7
10
-0.6
10
-0.5
10
-0.4
10
-0.3
SNR (dB)
B
E
R
BER v/s SNR for developed system
BP
MAP
SNR=22, Load=50, Fading=1/2500
Overall system BER vs.SNR for Low
load,average SNR,high fading
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
10
-0.8
10
-0.7
10
-0.6
10
-0.5
10
-0.4
10
-0.3
SNR (dB)
B
E
R
BER v/s SNR for developed system
BP
MAP
SNR=15, Load=50, Fading=1/2500
CDMA have emerged as one of the best suited communication
standard in current scenario. Due to its Multiple advantages CDMA is
most preferred architecture for current and future generation
communication system
In this work an evaluation to BER at variable noise level is evaluated
for CDMA based spread spectrum communication system, and
compared with the conventional fixed code allocation method under
variable offered load and the performance were observed improved
over the conventional approach.
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