E1 and T1 - SDH and PDH - DWDM - CDMA - Clocking

--- E1 and T1 --- SDH and PDH --- DWDM --- CDMA --- Clocking
T1/E1 Overview
Digital Telephony Digital voice Basic Time Division Multiplexing T1 and E1 Applications
Digital Telephony
Advantages of digital telephony are:

More efficient because multiple voice channels are multiplexed and transmitted over a common transmission path. More economical when compared to the number of equivalent analog lines that would be required.
More reliable in that repeaters maintain the integrity of the digital signals over long distances.
Digital Voice
Product of Analog to digital conversion.

Involves sampling, quantization and bit encoding.
Basic Time Division Multiplexing
PCM
Sampling Quantization Bit encoding Adaptive Differential PCM
T1/E1 Technology
T1/E1 Multiplexing T1/E1 Framing T1/E1 Signaling
Industrial Standards For T1
AT&T Publication 43801 AT&T Publication 54016 AT&T Publication 62411 ANSI T1.403-1989 Bell core TR-TSY-000194
Industrial Standards For E1
ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T
Recommendation Recommendation Recommendation Recommendation Recommendation Recommendation Recommendation
G.703 G.704 G.706 G.711 G.732 G.823 I.431
Summary
DWDM
Increase the bit rate Nonlinear effects that can affect waveform quality.
Increase the number of wavelengths

Several wavelengths, or light colors, can simultaneously multiplex signals of 2.5 to 40 Gbps each over a strand of
fiber.
Sonet and TDM
TDM interfaces
WDM interfaces
Process Of DWDM
OC-48c/STM-16c interface operating at the 1310-nm wavelength. Conversion of incoming optical signals into the precise ITU-standard wavelengths to be multiplexed, transponders are currently a key determinant of the openness of DWDM systems.
Transponder converts the client optical signal from back to an electrical signal. This electrical signal is then used to drive the WDM laser. Each transponder within the system converts its client's signal to a slightly different wavelength. The wavelengths from all of the transponders in the system are then optically multiplexed. In the receive direction of the DWDM system, the reverse process takes place. Individual wavelengths are filtered from the multiplexed fiber and fed to individual transponders, which convert the signal to electrical and drive a standard interface to the client.
Access Schemes:
FDMA:
Each pair of communicators is allocated part of the spectrum for all of the time.
TDMA:
Each pair of communicators is allocated all (or at least a large part) of the spectrum for part of the time.
CDMA
Every communicator will be allocated the entire spectrum all of the time.
Coding
CDMA uses unique spreading codes to spread the baseband data before transmission. The receiver then uses a correlator to despread the wanted signal, which is passed through a lowpass filter. The rate of a spreading code is referred to as chip rate rather than bit rate.
The Spreading Process
CDMA uses Direct Sequence spreading by combining the baseband information to high chip rate binary code. The Spreading Factor is the ratio of the chips (3.84Mchips/s) to baseband information rate. Spreading factors vary from 4 to 512.
Clocking
A
reference source of timing information

Free run clocking occurs when local oscillator is lost with external synchronization reference.
Synchronization Techniques
Loop Clock Settings
Local Clock Settings
Clocking Levels
Stratum 1
Completely autonomous timing source, Stratum 1 timing is an atomic standard or reference oscillator Example: Primary Reference Source (PRS) as defined in ANSI T1.101.
Stratum 2:
Tracks an input and holds to the last best estimate of the input reference frequency The drift of a Stratum 2 with no input reference is required to be less than 1.6 x 10-8 per year.
Stratum 3:
Stratum Level 3 is defined as a clock system that tracks an input as in Stratum 2, but over a wider range.
A Stratum Level 3 clock system requires a minimum adjustment range of 4.6 x 10-6.
Stratum 4:
Stratum Level 4 is defined as a clock system that tracks an input, except that the adjustment and drift range is 3.2 x 10-5. Stratum 4 clock has no holdover capability so in the absence of a reference it free runs within the adjustment range limits.

E1 and T1 - SDH and PDH - DWDM - CDMA - Clocking

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--- E1 and T1 --- SDH and PDH --- DWDM --- CDMA --- Clocking

Advantages of digital telephony are:

Product of Analog to digital conversion.

Basic Time Division Multiplexing

Sampling Quantization Bit encoding Adaptive Differential PCM

T1/E1 Multiplexing T1/E1 Framing T1/E1 Signaling

Industrial Standards For T1

Industrial Standards For E1

ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T

Recommendation Recommendation Recommendation Recommendation Recommendation Recommendation Recommendation

G.703 G.704 G.706 G.711 G.732 G.823 I.431

Increase the number of wavelengths

Sonet and TDM

The Spreading Process

reference source of timing information

Loop Clock Settings

Local Clock Settings

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