EARTH MATERIALS
AND PROCESSES
objectives
Identify
the Classify Understan
different rocks into d the
physical igneous, formation
and sedimentar of the
chemical y and rock.
properties metamorp (Rock
of hic. Cycle)
minerals
Discussion 1 Minerals
s 2 Igneous Rocks
3 Sedimentary Rocks
4 Metamorphic Rocks
5 Rock Cycle
A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic,
homogeneous solid with a definite chemical
composition, and an ordered crystalline
structure
qualities of minerals
NATURAL
HOMOGEN
LY
INTERNAL OUS
OCCURRI DEFINITE
CRYSTALLI SOLID
NG CHEMICAL
NE
COMPOSIT MINERAL
STRUCTUR
ION IS
E
INORGANI
C
qualities of minerals
NATURAL
HOMOGEN
LY
INTERNAL OUS
OCCURRI DEFINITE
CRYSTALLI SOLID
NG CHEMICAL
NE
COMPOSIT MINERAL
STRUCTUR
ION IS
E
INORGANI
C
qualities of minerals
NATURAL
HOMOGEN
LY
INTERNAL OUS
OCCURRI DEFINITE
CRYSTALLI SOLID
NG CHEMICAL
NE
COMPOSIT MINERAL
STRUCTUR
ION IS
E
INORGANI
C
qualities of minerals
NATURAL
HOMOGEN
LY
INTERNAL OUS
OCCURRI DEFINITE
CRYSTALLI SOLID
NG CHEMICAL
NE
COMPOSIT MINERAL
STRUCTUR
ION IS
E
INORGANI
C
qualities of minerals
NATURAL
HOMOGEN
LY
INTERNAL OUS
OCCURRI DEFINITE
CRYSTALLI SOLID
NG CHEMICAL
NE
COMPOSIT MINERAL
STRUCTUR
ION IS
E
INORGANI
C
Any materials which passes
most of the criteria (but not all)
we have set can be considered
a Mineraloids
Identifying
minerals
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
crystal habit is
the
characteristic
shape in which a
mineral grows
and is a
projection of the
mineral’s crystal
structure.
COLOR
Is the
perceived
wavelength of
light that
bounced off
from the
material and is
STREAK
is the color of
the powdered
mineral
luster is the
appearance
of a mineral’s
surface and is
dependent on
how it
reflects light.
hardness
the ability
of the
minerals to
resists
scratching
breakage the
way in which
a minerals
will tend to
break
• A solid substance that can be found on
Earth’s surface
• Rocks are the products of natural
processes on Earth.
• .A rock can also be a combination of
minerals and once living materials
Extrusive Rock
Igneous
Rocks
Igneous rocks form from
the cooling and hardening
of molten magma. intrusive Rock
THESE ROCK CAN BE ALSO
IDENTIFY THROUGH THEIR
TEXTURE AND
COMPOSISTION
intrusive Rock
Extrusive Rock
• MAGMA FORMED • LAVA
• INSIDE FROM • EARTH
THE WHERE SURFACE
EARTH THEY • QUICK
• SLOWLY FORMED • SMALL
• LARGE RATE OF • FINE/
• COARSE COOLING GLASSY
SIZE OF
VOLCANIC
igneous rock
obsidian ROCK
igneous rock
GRANITE ROCK
sedimentary
rocks
Erosion
the process of carrying away, transport
or displacement of sediment by the
is formed from the action of wind, water or gravity
deposition
accumulation and the laying down of sediment carried
compression of by agents
compaction
sediments over time. is when sediment is pushed together by
These sediments can the weight of water and other sediment
pushing down on it.
include fragments of cementation
a process where sediment is chemically
other rocks, minerals, glued together the pore space between
compressed sediment by clay, mud or by
organic matter, and minerals like silica
remains of plants and
sedimentary
rocks Formed from layers of sediment
that is packs together
Sedimentary rocks form
by the compaction and present of fossil or remains
of ancient organism
cementing together of
sediments. often found in horizontal layer
or strata making them easy to
These rocks can be recognizable in geologic
formed from erosion and formation
The softest type of rock.
weathering of other
rocks.
example
s
Sedimentary
rocks
A process called LITHIFICATION is
where harden sediments become
sedimentary rocks.
slowly convert to fewer,
metamorphi larger crystals of the same
mineral without melting the
c Rocks rock.
• are rocks that have been
altered, changed, or •Neomorphism is the process
transformed in the solid whereby minerals not only
state due to changes in recrystallize but also form
pressure and heat , and different minerals from the
• chemical actions of hot same chemical elements
[Link] are
recrystallization, •Metasomatism is the
neomorphism, and addition or loss of elements
metasomatism new minerals form with only
metamorphi •Contact metamorphism
c Rocks is a type of metamorphism
• are rocks that have been where rock minerals and
altered, changed, or texture are changed, mainly
transformed in the solid by heat, due to contact with
state due to changes in magma.
pressure and heat , and
• chemical actions of hot •REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
[Link] are occurs over large areas of
recrystallization, the Earth's crust, typically
neomorphism, and associated with high
metasomatism pressures (due to tectonic
Rock Cycle
The rock cycle is a
basic concept in
geology that
describes transitions
through geologic
time among the
three main rock
types: sedimentary,
metamorphic, and
Importance of
Rocks
The rock cycle is a
basic concept in
geology that
describes transitions
through geologic
time among the
three main rock
types: sedimentary,
metamorphic, and
Sometimes rocks from
space land on Earth
these are called
meteorites.
