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    Cross Sectional Anatomy of Spine

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    Avinash Gupta
    The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the spine, including: - Identification of vertebral levels and curvature of the spine. - Description of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae. - Flexibility and mobility of the spine. - Cross sectional anatomy of the spinal cord, meninges, spinal nerves, and nerve plexuses. - Anatomy of intervertebral discs, spinal cord enlargements, and innervation of the back.

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    Cross Sectional Anatomy of Spine

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    Avinash Gupta
    345 views37 pages
    The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the spine, including: - Identification of vertebral levels and curvature of the spine. - Description of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae. - Flexibility and mobility of the spine. - Cross sectional anatomy of the spinal cord, meninges, spinal nerves, and nerve plexuses. - Anatomy of intervertebral discs, spinal cord enlargements, and innervation of the back.

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    The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the spine, including: - Identification of vertebral levels and curvature of the spine. - Description of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae. - Flexibility and mobility of the spine. - Cross sectional anatomy of the spinal cord, meninges, spinal nerves, and nerve plexuses. - Anatomy of intervertebral discs, spinal cord enlargements, and innervation of the back.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    345 views37 pages

    Cross Sectional Anatomy of Spine

    Uploaded by

    Avinash Gupta
    The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the spine, including: - Identification of vertebral levels and curvature of the spine. - Description of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae. - Flexibility and mobility of the spine. - Cross sectional anatomy of the spinal cord, meninges, spinal nerves, and nerve plexuses. - Anatomy of intervertebral discs, spinal cord enlargements, and innervation of the back.

    Copyright:

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 37

    CROSS SECTIONAL ANATOMY OF SPINE

    By Vivek jr 1 15/5/12

    C7 Prom. Spinous Process

    T3- Level with Medial Scapular Spine


    T7 Inferior angle of scapula

    L2 Lowest Rib L4 Iliac Crest

    Flexibility and Mobility


    Flexion (forward bending) Extension (backward bending) Side bending (left and right) Rotation (left and right) Combination of above
    MUSCLES ASSOCIATED WITH

    Cervical vs Thoracic vs Lumbar


    Cervical vertebrae Smallest Foramen in each transverse process

    ATLAS
    C1 Atlas

    Forms the joint connecting the skull and spine


    Has no body

    AXIS (Second cervical vertebra)


    (C2) of the spine is named the axis. It forms the pivot upon which the Atlasrotates strong odontoid process which rises perpendicularly from the upper surface of the body.

    Thoracic Vertebra
    Intermediate in size Increase in size as one proceeds down the spine They are distinguished by the presence of facets on the sides of the bodies Facets on the transverse processes of all, except the eleventh and twelfth,

    Lumbar Vertebra
    The lumbar vertebrae are the largest segments of the movable part of the vertebral column Absence of a foramen in the transverse process, Absence of facets on the sides of the body.

    The cervical curve, convex forward, C1/2 C7 The thoracic curve, is concave T2 T12 The lumbar T12 L4, It is convex anteriorly. The pelvic curve L4/5 - Coccyx

    The spinal cord


    Gross anatomy 3 layers of meninges Epidural space (fat & vessels) CSF subarachnoid space Terminates at L1/2 vertebral level (conus medullaris) Dura extends to S2 vertebral level Connects via filum terminale & denticulate ligaments (pia) 31 pairs of spinal nerves (mixed) cauda equina Cervical & lumbar enlargements

    Spinal Cord Anatomy


    Conus medullaris terminal portion of the spinal cord Filum terminale fibrous extension of the pia mater; anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx Denticulate ligaments delicate shelves of pia mater; attach the spinal cord to the vertebrae Spinal nerves 31 pairs attach to the cord by paired roots Cervical nerves are named for inferior vertebra All other nerves are named for superior vertebra Cervical and lumbar enlargements sites where nerves serving the upper and lower limbs emerge Cauda equina collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal

    The 3 Meningeal Layers


    Dura mater:
    outer layer of spinal cord subdural space:
    between arachnoid mater and dura mater

    Arachnoid mater:
    middle meningeal layer subarachnoid space:
    between arachnoid mater and pia mater filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

    Pia mater:
    inner meningeal layer

    The Meninges

    Structures of the Spinal Cord


    Paired denticulate ligaments:
    extend from pia mater to dura mater stabilize side-to-side movement

    Blood vessels:
    along surface of spinal pia mater within subarachnoid space

    Cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord

    Intervertebral Disk
    Each disc forms a cartilaginous joint to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together. The annulus fibrosus consists of several layers of fibrocartilage. The strong annular fibers distribute pressure evenly across the disc. The nucleus pulposus contains loose fibers- like JELLY. The nucleus of the disc acts as a shock absorber, absorbing the impact of the body's daily activities and keeping the two vertebrae separated.

    Spinal Nerves

    Figure 13.6

    The cervical enlargement corresponds with the attachments of the large nerves which supply the upper limbs.
    It extends from about the C-3 to T-2, its maximum circumference (about 38 mm.) being on a level with the attachment of the sixth pair of cervical nerves.

    The reason behind the enlargement of the cervical region is because of the increased neural input and output to the upper limbs.

    The lumbar enlargement (or lumbosacral enlargement) gives attachment to the nerves which supply the lower limbs.
    It commences about the level of T11, and reaches its maximum circumference, of about 33 mm., at L1 (lumbar vertebra), below which it tapers rapidly into the conus medull

    Nerve Plexuses
    All ventral rami except T2-T12 form interlacing nerve networks called plexuses Plexuses are found in the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral regions Each resulting branch of a plexus contains fibers from several spinal nerves Fibers travel to the periphery via several different routes Each muscle receives a nerve supply from more than one spinal nerve Damage to one spinal segment cannot completely paralyze a muscle

    The 4 Major Plexuses of Ventral Rami


    1. 2. 3. 4. Cervical plexus Brachial plexus Lumbar plexus Sacral plexus

    Cervical Plexus

    C1-C4 (c5PHRENIC N.)

    Figure 13.8

    Brachial Plexus

    C5-C8+T1 FORM THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS

    Figure 13.9a

    Lumbar Plexus

    Arises from (T12) L1-L4 and innervates the thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle

    Figure 13.10

    Sacral Plexus

    -Arises from L4-S4 and serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and the perineum.
    Figure 13.11

    SPINAL NERVE INNERVATION: BACK, ANTEROLATERAL THORAX, AND ABDOMINAL WALL


    Spinalis muscle
    Longismus thoracis

    Iliocostalis thoracis

    Figure 13.7b

    THANK YOU

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