Biofuels technology can be defined as application of feedstocks in a sequence of processes leading to the production of different biofuel types. Biofuels processes are either natural or chemical stages of an industrial or pilot project development leading to the final production of biofuels.
Various Types of Biofuel
Wood. This is the most basic form of fuel that is derived from organic matter. ...
Biogas. This is the gaseous form of biofuels. ...
Biodiesel. This biofuel is liquid in nature.
Ethanol
Methanol.
Butanol.
Uses of Biofuels
Heating. Primary biofuels – or materials that are still in their raw state, without processing or treatment – are a common form of heating homes in developing countries where no alternative fuel source is available. ...
Transport. ...
Aviation. ...
Lubrication. ...
Oil clean-up operations.
hird generation biofuels are also known as “algae fuel” or “oilage” since they are produced from the algae. Algae leads to the production of all types of bio-fuels such as biodiseal, gasoline, butanol, propanol and ethanol with high yield, approximately 10 times higher than the second generation biofuel
2. BIOFUEL TECHNOLOGY
The term biofuel is referred to as
liquid or gaseous fuels for the
transport sector that are
predominantly produced from
biomass.
The material of plants and
animals, including their wastes
and residues,is called biomass.
3. DIFFERENT SOURCES OF BIOFUEL
Feedstock Sources
Various sources of feeds tocks are described
here.
Algae oil
Algae are single-celled organisms that, like
plants, produce energy through the process of
photosynthesis, Algae oil can be used to produce
biodiesel.
Extracting the oil leaves behind dried green
flakes that can be further reprocessed to create
ethanol, another fuel
Carbohydrate (sugars) rich biomaterial
It comes from the fermentation of starches
derived from agricultural products like corn, sugar
cane, wheat, beets, and other existing food crops,
or from inedible cellulose.
4. CONTI…
Oils rich biomaterial
It comes from existing food crops like rapeseed (aka Canola),
sunflower, corn, and others, after it has been used for other
purposes, i.e food preparation
Agriculture wastes (organic and inorganic sources)
It comes from agricultural waste which is concentrated into
charcoal-like biomass by heating it.
5. TYPES OF BIOFUELS
Biodiesel
Biodiesel is the most common biofuel in Europe.
It is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is a
liquid similar in properties to fossil/mineral diesel
Bioethers
Bioethers are produced by the reaction of reactive iso-olefins, such
as iso-butylene, with bioethanol.
Bioethers are created from wheat or sugar beet
They also enhance engine performance while significantly reducing
engine wear and toxic exhaust emissions.
7. CONTI….
Biogas
Biogas is methane produced by the process of anaerobic
digestion of organic material by anaerobic bacteria.
It can be produced either from biodegradable waste materials
or by the use of energy crops fed into anaerobic digesters to
supplement gas yields.
Solid Biofuels
Examples include wood, sawdust, grass trimmings, domestic
refuse, charcoal, agricultural waste, nonfood energy crops, and
dried manure.
8. GREEN DIESEL
Green Diesel
Green diesel is produced through hydrocracking biological oil
feedstocks, such as vegetable oils and animal fats.
Hydrocracking is a refinery method that uses elevated
temperatures and pressure in the presence of a catalyst to
break down larger molecules, such as those found in vegetable
oils, into shorter HC chains used in diesel engines.
It may also be called renewable diesel, hydrotreated vegetable
oil, or hydrogen-derived renewable diesel.
Green diesel has the same chemical properties as petroleum-
based diesel.
9. SYNGAS
Syngas
Syngas, a mixture of CO, hydrogen, and other HCs, is
produced by partial combustion of biomass, that is, combustion
with an amount of oxygen (O2) that is not sufficient to convert
the biomass completely to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water
11. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO
GENERATIONS
Biofuel can be classified in to following types based on
generations.
First generation biofuels
Derived from sugar, starch, and vegetable oil (only from edible
parts of crops)
– Two main types of 1st generation biofuels
Bioethanol
Made from sugar cane, corn
Biodiesel
Made from palm oil, rapeseed
12. CONTI…
The starch from the basic feedstocks is fermented into
bioethanol, or the vegetable oil through chemical process to
biodiesel.
First-generation feed stock
This group mainly consists of maize, wheat, sugarcane, sugar
beet, cassava, and corn
These feedstocks are capable of being converted into biofuels
(bioalcohols and biodiesel) by means of processes such as
fermentation and transesterification, respectively
15. SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS
Second generation biofuels are obtained from non-edible biomass such as
crop byproducts, plant litter and organic waste
Second generation biofuels include
“biohydrogen, biomethanol
biohyrdrogen diesel
mixed alcohols and wood diesel
Advantages vs 1st generation:
Increase quantitative potential for biofuel generation per hectare
Grow on poor, degradated soils where food crop production is not optimal
(Jatropha).
Less effects on commodity markets
16. CONTI…
Disadvantages:
More of these species can be invasive and have negative
impacts on water resources, biodiversity and agriculture
At the moment they are still more expensive than fossil fuels
Still under research and development for a significant
commercial scale
17. THIRD GENERATION BIOFUELS
The third generation biofuels come from algae, that are low-input, high-yield
feedstock to produce Biofuels
To produce third generation biofuels, such as biodiesel, butanol, gasoline,
methane, bio-ethanol and jetfuel, biochemical and or thermochemical methods
are employed
Pros
30 - 100 times more energy productive and effective
The Biomass leftover from oil pressing can be used for animal feeding and
ethanol production
Processing Biofuel from algae can capture large amount of CO2
They are relatively easy to grow, but the algal oil is hard and expensive to
extract
Cons
High capital costs, early research stage
18. ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
Biofuels benefit environmental by reducing GHGs and reducing local pollution
Bioethanolis water soluble, non toxic and biodegradable.
Ethanol can replace 10% of the world’s gasoline without clearing more rain
forests and by doing less harm to the environment than current agriculture
Biofuels offer low levels of carbon dioxide emission.
Biofuel by product is less dangerous to human health and the environment
19. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
biofuels, particularly those derived from palm biodiesel
blends, may be more carcinogenic than conventional fuels.
Fuels derived from biomass energy cannot be considered truly carbon‐
neutral because of the stages of production, transportation and proces
sing require nonrenewable energy
Studies have shown that fermentation and distilling of first generation
biofuels create negative net energy.
Limitations in Use in Vehicles - Some biofuels require modifications to
vehicle engines and are still being used as additives instead of fossil
fuel replacements.
High Water Use - Those biofuel crops require large quantities are
water to irrigate which may strain local or regional resources.
20. SOCIAL‐ECONOMICS BENEFIT
•Reduce the price of oil
cheaper ethanol reduces the demand of oil and the price of oil
.
Reduce fossil fuel imports–
The use of ethanol can reduce the use of gasoline.
A reduction in the use of gasoline reduces some of the depen
dence on unstable foreign sources of oil.
Reduce the poverty rate
Most ethanol plants are in rural communities, and ethanol pro
duction increases jobs due to plant construction, operations, a
nd maintenance
21. CONTI….
Rise in farm land value
High demand of corn leads to a rise in farm land values.
Health benefits
Health benefits from reduced global warming
More efficient use than gasoline and protect vehicles
Ethanol can help prevent engine knocking, and it increases gasolin
e's lubricity.
Low adoption cost
Ethanol provides lower vehicle emissions without the need to purch
ase a hybrid vehicle
22. CONTI….
Social‐Economics problems
Increasing in water price –
more water are used for crop and less for people, create water shortage
.
Soil Degradation
With the increase in demand for alternative energy sources, demand for
agricultural land could increase.
Increase demand for biofuel derived from cash crops such as
sugarcane, sugar beet, maze could result in major changes to current
land use.