Sustainable building design

Literature Study
PLANNING AND DESIGN
PASSIVE STRATEGIES
FOR
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING DESIGN
Presented By:
Ar. Deepika Verma, Ar. Mehak
M.Arch 1st
Semester, Batch 2015.
Department of Architecture & Planning

Literature Study
PLANNINGANDDESIGNSTRATEGIES
INTRODUCTION
Sustainable architecture is architecture that seeks to minimize the negative
environmental impact of buildings by efficiency and moderation in the use of
materials, energy, and development space.
Sustainable architecture uses a conscious approach to energy and ecological
conservation in the design of the built environment.
The importance of the subject is increasing everyday; while the world
population is increasing and the overall quantity of natural resources is
decreasing . The conflict of this century is an increase in peoples’ life quality
while a decrease in the overall consumption of natural resources. Ecological
and green design ideologies are significant titles that are directly related in
within the concept of sustainability in the built environments.
The idea of sustainability,
or ecological design, is to
ensure that our actions
and decisions today do not
inhibit the opportunities
of future generations.

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3 TIER APPROACH TO DESIGN

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Some common design elements that directly or indirectly affects
thermal comfort conditions and thereby the energy consumption
in a building are:-
Site Planning
Plan /form of building
Building envelope and fenestration
Landscaping
DESIGN ELEMENTS

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SITE PLANNING
A sustainably planned site needs to have the following features :-
 Proper orientation of the building as per sun direction and wind
movement.
 High quality day lighting
 Storm water runoff
 Protect open space
 Reduce the risk of soil erosion
 Reduce the hard paved areas
 Retain the mature trees
 Use of low energy or passive heating or cooling
 Reduce vehicular use for circulation from one building block
to another.

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ORIENTATION
Orientation is the positioning of a building in relation to seasonal
variations in the sun’s path as well as prevailing wind patterns. Good
orientation can increase the energy efficiency of your home, making it
more comfortable to live in and cheaper to run.
In sustainable design features, orientation is a major design
consideration, mainly with regard to:-
Solar Radiation
Daylight
Wind

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Daylighting is the controlled admission of
natural lightmdash;direct sunlight and
diffuse skylight—into a building to reduce
electric lighting and saving energy. By
providing a direct link to the dynamic and
perpetually evolving patterns of outdoor
illumination, daylighting helps create a
visually stimulating and productive
environment for building occupants, while
reducing as much as one-third of total
building energy costs.
BUILDING DESIGN AND DAYLIGHT
Total solar radiation incident =
total direct+total diffuse+ground reflected
It can be very difficult to get consistent
daylight and control glare from east and
west windows. However, the side of the
building facing the sun's path (the equator-
facing side) can generally be easily shaded
with overhangs, light shelves, or louvers,
and the side of the building facing away
from the sun's path gets little or no glare.

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PLANNINGANDDESIGNSTRATEGIES  High quality day lighting
 Protect open space
 Reduce the hard paved areas
 Retain the mature trees
 Use of low energy or passive heating or cooling
 Reduce vehicular use for circulation from one building block
to another.

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Building form can affect solar access and wind exposure as well as the rate
of heat loss or heat gain through the external envelope.
The volume of space inside a building that needs to be heated or cooled
and its relationship with the area of the envelope enclosing the volume
affect the thermal performance of the building.
The general design objectives are:-
•Use sheltering and buffering
•Contain the exposure of external elements by means of compact building
envelope and careful consideration of the treatment of different elevations
Sheltering or self-shading:
•Built form, which is designed such that it is self-shaded through massing or
articulation results in sheltered built forms, and cuts off a large amount of
direct solar radiation.
•In composite climate, the envelope should be designed so that it remains
shaded for the greater part of the day; the external walls should be so
planned that they shade each other.
BUILDING FORM

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Compactness:
•The building form also determines the air flow pattern around the building
directly affecting its ventilation.
•The compactness of the building is measured using the ratio of surface area to
volume (S/V).
•The depth of a building also determines the requirement for artificial lighting. The
greater the depth, higher is the need for artificial lighting.
•The circular geometry has the lowest S/+ ratio thus the conduction gains from the
building envelope as well as solar gains from windows are least, in circular
geometry in comparison to other building geometries which is most energy
efficient in composite climate.

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PLANNINGANDDESIGNSTRATEGIES WIND EFFECTS
Natural ventilation and air change effectiveness is an important concept in the
interior architecture. The cross ventilation system proposed relies on cooled filtered
air being provided by surrounding vegetation and landscaping. This cooled and
filtered area is then drawn through the apartments via convection. The facade
openings would be small, top-hung and set low in sets of two or three to draw in the
low lying cooler air. Purpose designed vents, high level louvers, or ventilating
skylights can be used to exhaust warm air at the top of the spaces, creating outlets
for the thermal flues that are formed by the stairwells, thermal chimneys or
centralised ducts. Surrounding vegetation would improve the effect of natural
ventilation especially during summer time

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Design Strategies in Composite Climate
 Plan the building around the courtyard.
 Reduce heat gain in the building through building envelope
 Plan water bodies
 Cavity walls, terrace gardens, light shelves.

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PLANNINGANDDESIGNSTRATEGIES COURTYARD PLANNING:

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BUILDING ENVELOPE AND FENESTRATION
A) Building Skin Effect : Single Skin Effect

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PLANNINGANDDESIGNSTRATEGIES Double Skin Effect

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PLANNINGANDDESIGNSTRATEGIES TROMBE WALL
 Vent added to outside at the top can drive warm air out in the
summer and bring cooler air from a north vent
 Trombe wall can be used as part of a south-facing greenhouse
 Trombe wall concept may be retrofitted to existing houses with
brick or stone construction.

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PLANNINGANDDESIGNSTRATEGIES TROMBE WALL VENTING IN SUMMER
Sun hitting the bottom drives the hot air up to the open vent

PLANNINGANDDESIGNSTRATEGIES THERMAL STORAGE WALLS OR TROMBE WALLS
Advantages:
 Eliminates glare
 Lowers temperature swings in room
 Vents allow partition of energy into daytime and nighttime heating
 Sun hits entire mass
Precautions:
 More expensive and less efficient than DG
 More difficult to reduce nighttime losses
 Best for sunnier climates
 Occupies valuable space in building

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PLANNINGANDDESIGNSTRATEGIES B) Building Fenestrations:

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PLANNINGANDDESIGNSTRATEGIES BENEFITS OF DAYLIGHTING
Day lighting requires an integrated design approach to be successful, because
it can involve decisions about the building form, siting, climate, building
components (such as windows and skylights), lighting controls, and lighting
design criteria.
1. Improved Life‐Cycle Cost
2. Increased User Productivity
3. Reduced Emissions
4. Reduced Operating Costs
Section showing the 2.5 rule of thumb which assumes
that adequate daylight for office tasks will penetrate to
a depth of 2 5 2.5 x the height of the window head above
the workplane. (After Robbins, 1986)
Increase perimeter daylight zones—extend the
perimeter footprint to maximize the usable
daylighting area.

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PLANNINGANDDESIGNSTRATEGIES What Is Passive Cooling?

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PLANNINGANDDESIGNSTRATEGIES WING WALLS
Wing walls project outward next to a window, so that even a slight breeze
against the wall creates a high pressure zone on one side and low on the
other.The pressure differential draws outdoor air in through one open window and
out the adjacent one. Wing walls are especially effective on sites with low
outdoor air velocity and variable wind directions.

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Applicable up to the depth of 6 M Applicable up to the depth of 10‐12 M
SINGLE SIDED VENTILATION CROSS VENTILATION
STRATEGIES

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PLANNINGANDDESIGNSTRATEGIES STACK VENTILATION COOLING/WIND TOWER
EARTH AIR TUNNELNIGHT VENTILATION OF THE THERMAL
MASS

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STACK SYSTEM

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PASSIVE DOWNNDRAUGHT COOLING :
In this system, wind catchers guide outside air over water-filled pots, inducing
evaporation and causing a significant drop in temperature before the air enters
the interior. Such wind cathers become primary elements of the architectural
form also.

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LANDSCAPE
Landscaping is an important element in altering the micro-climate of a place.
Proper landscaping reduced direct sun from striking and heating up building
surfaces. It is the best way to provide a buffer for heat, sun, noise, traffic,
and airflow or for diverting airflow or exchanging heat in a solar-passive
design. It prevents reflected light carrying heat into a building from the
ground or other surfaces. Additionally, the shade created by trees, reduces air
temperature of the micro climate around the building through evapo-
transpiration. Properly designed roof gardens help to reduce heat loads in a
building.
Planting of deciduous trees on the southern side of a building to cut direct sunlight in summer.
Location of landscape to cut direct sunlight and shade buildings

Literature Study
Sustainable landscape architecture
is a category of sustainable
design concerned with the planning
and design of outdoor space.
This can include ecological,
politically correct, social and
economic aspects of sustainability.
For example, the design of
a sustainable urban drainage
system can: improve habitats
for fauna and flora; improve
recreational facilities, because
people love to be beside water; save
money, because building culverts is
expensive and floods cause severe
financial harm.
The design of a green roof or a roof
garden can also contribute to the
sustainability of a landscape
architecture project. The roof will
help manage surface water, provide
for wildlife and provide for
recreation.
Location of trees to protect from winds
Natural cooling without air-conditioning
can be enhanced by locating trees to
channel south-easterly summer breezes in
tropical climates like India. Cooling breezes
will be able to pass through the trunks of
trees placed for shading. Shade can also be
created by using a combination of
landscape features, such as shrubs and
vines on arbors or trellises. Trees also
provide visual relief and a psychological
barrier from traffic and thus reduce
pollution on the site.

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Energy-efficient landscaping is a type of landscaping designed for the purpose
of conserving energy. There is a distinction between the embedded energy of
materials and constructing the landscape, and the energy consumed by the
maintenance and operations of a landscape.
Design techniques include:
Planting trees for the purpose of providing shade, which reduces cooling costs.
Planting or building windbreaks to slow winds near buildings, which reduces heat
loss.
Wall sheltering, where shrubbery or vines are used to create a windbreak directly
against a wall.
Earth sheltering and positioning buildings to take advantage of natural landforms as
windbreaks.
Green roofs that cool buildings with extra thermal mass and evapotranspiration.
Reducing the heat island effect with pervious paving, high albedo paving, shade,
and minimizing paved areas.
Site lighting with full cut off fixtures, light level sensors, and high efficiency
fixtures.
Energy-efficient landscaping techniques include using local materials, on-site
composting and chipping to reduce greenwaste hauling, hand tools instead of
gasoline-powered, and also may involve using drought-resistant plantings in arid
areas, buying stock from local growers to avoid energy in transportation, and similar
techniques.

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Dense tree planting deflects
breeze through building.

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The roof garden of the Rockefeller Center
in Manhattan

Sustainable building design

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