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Basic blood

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DrMussarat1

Hematology is the study and treatment of blood. The main components of blood are plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen, while white blood cells help fight infection. Platelets assist in clotting. A complete blood count test analyzes levels of blood components. Blood disorders include anemia, blood clots, and cancers that affect blood cells. Blood functions include transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste removal, temperature regulation, clotting, and immune defense.

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Basic blood
What is Hematology? the branch of medicine involving study and treatment of the blood. study of blood in health and disease problems with the red blood cells white blood cells platelets blood vessels bone marrow lymph nodes spleen the proteins involved in bleeding and clotting
Color of blood
Blood Specialized body fluid. pH 7.35-7.45 Slightly basic average density around 1060 kg/m3 very close to pure water's density of 1000 kg/m3 PO2 80-100 mmHg PCO2 35-45 mmHg Oxygen saturation Oxygenated 98-99% (Bright Red)  Deoxygenated 75% (Dark red)
Blood constitutes approximately 8 percent of adult body weight. Adult males typically average about 5 to 6 liters of blood. Females average 4–5 liters. Blood is viscous and somewhat sticky to the touch. It has a viscosity approximately five times greater than water. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s thickness or resistance to flow, and is influenced by the presence of the plasma proteins and formed elements within the blood. The normal temperature of blood is slightly higher than normal body temperature—about 38 °C (or 100.4 °F), compared to 37 °C (or 98.6 °F) for an internal body temperature reading, although daily variations of 0.5 °C are normal.
Components of Blood four main components Plasma- 55% red blood cells-40-45% white blood cells –less than 1% Platelets- less than 1 %
Blood centrifuged We may have three types 1. normal If plasma is 45-63% RBC are 45% 2. polycythemia If plasma is less than normal and RBC are high 3. anemia RBC is less than 45%
Plasma 45-63% normal The liquid component of blood is called plasma a mixture of water, sugar, fat, protein, and salts. The main job of the plasma is to transport blood cells throughout your body along with nutrients, waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins, chemical messengers such as hormones, and proteins help maintain the body's fluid balance.
0.9% Inorganic Salts ◦ Sodium 135-146 mM ◦ Potassium 3.5-5.2 mM ◦ Calcium 2.1-2.7 mM ◦ Carbonate 23-31 mM ◦ Phosphate 0.7-1.4 mM 1.1% organic substances
Red Blood Cells Known as erythrocytes or RBC bright red color 40 to 45 percent of its volume. Looks like biconcave disk with a flattened center Donut’s shape Without nucleus Flexible Can change shape easily Can pass through very small veins As they pass through small veins their outer membrane layer damaged Life 100-120 days only Typically 4-8 x 106 cells per µl Composed approx 90% hemoglobin
Production of RBC Production of red blood cells is controlled by erythropoietin RBC blood cells start as immature cells in the bone marrow after approximately seven days of maturation are released into the bloodstream. After death stored in liver and then sent to spleen from there removed from body
Function of RBC Red cells contain a special protein called hemoglobin Which is iron complex which helps carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and then returns carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs so it can be exhaled. Blood appears red because of the large number of red blood cells, which get their color from the hemoglobin.
White Blood Cells Leukocytes Less than 1 percent of total blood protect the body from infection. Two main types Neutrophil (56%) -maintain protection against infection Lymphocyte (25%)- divided into two types T lymphocytes- regulate the function of other immune cells and directly attack various infected cells and tumors. B lymphocytes make antibodies, which are proteins that specifically target bacteria, viruses, and other foreign materials.
Other types of WBC are Basophils 3% of total WBC Eosinophils 4% of total WBC Blood Composition on the Cellular Level For every 600 red blood cells, there are approximately 40 platelets and one white cell.
Platelets Thrombocytes platelets are not actually cells but rather small fragments of cells. help the blood clotting process (or coagulation) Making a fibrin clot Fibrin is water non-soluble protein A higher than normal number of platelets can cause unnecessary clotting, which can lead to strokes and heart attacks Typically 150,000-350,000 per µl Platelets circulate for an average of 9-10 days before removal by the spleen.
Complete Blood Count (CBC) A test gives your doctor important information about the types and numbers of cells in your blood especially the red blood cells their percentage protein content (hemoglobin) white blood cells platelets. diagnose conditions like anemia Infection  other disorders.
Where Do Blood Cells Come From? Blood cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells and are formed in the bone marrow through the highly regulated process of hematopoiesis. Hematopoietic stem cells are capable of transforming into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These stem cells can be found circulating in the blood and bone marrow in people of all ages, as well as in the umbilical cords of newborn babies.
Functions of Blood Blood Provides the Body's Cells with Oxygen and Removes Carbon Dioxide Blood absorbs oxygen from air transports oxygen to cells throughout the body removes waste carbon dioxide from the cells carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the air and is exhaled.
Functions of Blood Blood Transports Nutrients and Hormones Blood plays vital role in digestion and endocrine system functions. Digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through capillaries in the villi that line the small intestine. These nutrients include glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, hormones, and fatty acids.
Functions of Blood Regulates Body Temperature Blood absorbs and distributes heat throughout the body. It helps to maintain homeostasis (process to prevent and stop bleeding, meaning to keep blood within a damaged blood vessel.) Blood vessels expand and contract when they react to outside organisms, such as bacteria, and to internal hormone and chemical changes.
Functions of Blood Platelets and plasma protein Clot Blood at Sites of Injury When a blood vessel tears, platelets and plasma proteins work together to stop blood loss. Making fibrins, water non-soluble protein which covers the injury like a thin membrane
Functions of Blood Blood Brings Waste Products to the Kidneys and Liver Blood transports waste substances to the organs Blood flows into the kidneys kidneys filter substances such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine to the blood plasma Liver removes toxins from blood
Functions of Blood White Blood Cells Protect the Body from Pathogens WBC are disease-fighting components They multiply during infection or inflammation. neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
Disorders Disorder in blood can be dangerous Main disorders are 1. Anemia:- shortage of RBC or change shape the cells do not transport oxygen effectively Symptoms- pale skin and fatigue 2. Blood clots:- some clot produced blockage of blood vessels Results Heart attack 3. Blood cancers:- mutated blood cells multiply more than the normal Cause- Leukemia, lymphoma
4. Sulf-hemoglobin-anemia Green color blood (green derivative of hemoglobin which can not be converted back 5. Polycythimia Excess of RBC than normal 45% Oxidation of cells, aging etc 6. Kawasaki disease is an illness that causes inflammation (swelling and redness) in blood vessels throughout the body
7. Iron overload disease Body absorb and store more iron. Our body do not have a mechanism to get rid of extra iron. Organs damaged 8. Lecocytosis Our body make more white blood cells during infection and after infection white blood count returns to normal. Some times white blood count not returned to original value. Immune system weaken and weaken
9. Covid-19 Coronavirus attach 1-beta chain of hemoglobin dissociating iron to form porphyrin The attack will cause less and less hemoglobin that can carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, producing symptoms of respiratory distress.
References 1. Oxford handbook of clinical Hematology, Drew privan, Trevor Baglin, Inderjeet Dokal, Johannes de Vos 2. https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/circulatory/circulatory-functions-of-the-blood 3. https://chemrxiv.org/articles/COVID19_Disease_ORF8_and_Surface_Glycoprotein_In hibit_Heme_Metabolism_by_Binding_to_Porphyrin/11938173

More Related Content

Basic blood

  • 2. What is Hematology? the branch of medicine involving study and treatment of the blood. study of blood in health and disease problems with the red blood cells white blood cells platelets blood vessels bone marrow lymph nodes spleen the proteins involved in bleeding and clotting
  • 4. Blood Specialized body fluid. pH 7.35-7.45 Slightly basic average density around 1060 kg/m3 very close to pure water's density of 1000 kg/m3 PO2 80-100 mmHg PCO2 35-45 mmHg Oxygen saturation Oxygenated 98-99% (Bright Red)  Deoxygenated 75% (Dark red)
  • 5. Blood constitutes approximately 8 percent of adult body weight. Adult males typically average about 5 to 6 liters of blood. Females average 4–5 liters. Blood is viscous and somewhat sticky to the touch. It has a viscosity approximately five times greater than water. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s thickness or resistance to flow, and is influenced by the presence of the plasma proteins and formed elements within the blood. The normal temperature of blood is slightly higher than normal body temperature—about 38 °C (or 100.4 °F), compared to 37 °C (or 98.6 °F) for an internal body temperature reading, although daily variations of 0.5 °C are normal.
  • 6. Components of Blood four main components Plasma- 55% red blood cells-40-45% white blood cells –less than 1% Platelets- less than 1 %
  • 7. Blood centrifuged We may have three types 1. normal If plasma is 45-63% RBC are 45% 2. polycythemia If plasma is less than normal and RBC are high 3. anemia RBC is less than 45%
  • 8. Plasma 45-63% normal The liquid component of blood is called plasma a mixture of water, sugar, fat, protein, and salts. The main job of the plasma is to transport blood cells throughout your body along with nutrients, waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins, chemical messengers such as hormones, and proteins help maintain the body's fluid balance.
  • 9. 0.9% Inorganic Salts ◦ Sodium 135-146 mM ◦ Potassium 3.5-5.2 mM ◦ Calcium 2.1-2.7 mM ◦ Carbonate 23-31 mM ◦ Phosphate 0.7-1.4 mM 1.1% organic substances
  • 10. Red Blood Cells Known as erythrocytes or RBC bright red color 40 to 45 percent of its volume. Looks like biconcave disk with a flattened center Donut’s shape Without nucleus Flexible Can change shape easily Can pass through very small veins As they pass through small veins their outer membrane layer damaged Life 100-120 days only Typically 4-8 x 106 cells per µl Composed approx 90% hemoglobin
  • 11. Production of RBC Production of red blood cells is controlled by erythropoietin RBC blood cells start as immature cells in the bone marrow after approximately seven days of maturation are released into the bloodstream. After death stored in liver and then sent to spleen from there removed from body
  • 12. Function of RBC Red cells contain a special protein called hemoglobin Which is iron complex which helps carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and then returns carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs so it can be exhaled. Blood appears red because of the large number of red blood cells, which get their color from the hemoglobin.
  • 13. White Blood Cells Leukocytes Less than 1 percent of total blood protect the body from infection. Two main types Neutrophil (56%) -maintain protection against infection Lymphocyte (25%)- divided into two types T lymphocytes- regulate the function of other immune cells and directly attack various infected cells and tumors. B lymphocytes make antibodies, which are proteins that specifically target bacteria, viruses, and other foreign materials.
  • 14. Other types of WBC are Basophils 3% of total WBC Eosinophils 4% of total WBC Blood Composition on the Cellular Level For every 600 red blood cells, there are approximately 40 platelets and one white cell.
  • 15. Platelets Thrombocytes platelets are not actually cells but rather small fragments of cells. help the blood clotting process (or coagulation) Making a fibrin clot Fibrin is water non-soluble protein A higher than normal number of platelets can cause unnecessary clotting, which can lead to strokes and heart attacks Typically 150,000-350,000 per µl Platelets circulate for an average of 9-10 days before removal by the spleen.
  • 16. Complete Blood Count (CBC) A test gives your doctor important information about the types and numbers of cells in your blood especially the red blood cells their percentage protein content (hemoglobin) white blood cells platelets. diagnose conditions like anemia Infection  other disorders.
  • 17. Where Do Blood Cells Come From? Blood cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells and are formed in the bone marrow through the highly regulated process of hematopoiesis. Hematopoietic stem cells are capable of transforming into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These stem cells can be found circulating in the blood and bone marrow in people of all ages, as well as in the umbilical cords of newborn babies.
  • 18. Functions of Blood Blood Provides the Body's Cells with Oxygen and Removes Carbon Dioxide Blood absorbs oxygen from air transports oxygen to cells throughout the body removes waste carbon dioxide from the cells carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the air and is exhaled.
  • 19. Functions of Blood Blood Transports Nutrients and Hormones Blood plays vital role in digestion and endocrine system functions. Digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through capillaries in the villi that line the small intestine. These nutrients include glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, hormones, and fatty acids.
  • 20. Functions of Blood Regulates Body Temperature Blood absorbs and distributes heat throughout the body. It helps to maintain homeostasis (process to prevent and stop bleeding, meaning to keep blood within a damaged blood vessel.) Blood vessels expand and contract when they react to outside organisms, such as bacteria, and to internal hormone and chemical changes.
  • 21. Functions of Blood Platelets and plasma protein Clot Blood at Sites of Injury When a blood vessel tears, platelets and plasma proteins work together to stop blood loss. Making fibrins, water non-soluble protein which covers the injury like a thin membrane
  • 22. Functions of Blood Blood Brings Waste Products to the Kidneys and Liver Blood transports waste substances to the organs Blood flows into the kidneys kidneys filter substances such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine to the blood plasma Liver removes toxins from blood
  • 23. Functions of Blood White Blood Cells Protect the Body from Pathogens WBC are disease-fighting components They multiply during infection or inflammation. neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
  • 24. Disorders Disorder in blood can be dangerous Main disorders are 1. Anemia:- shortage of RBC or change shape the cells do not transport oxygen effectively Symptoms- pale skin and fatigue 2. Blood clots:- some clot produced blockage of blood vessels Results Heart attack 3. Blood cancers:- mutated blood cells multiply more than the normal Cause- Leukemia, lymphoma
  • 25. 4. Sulf-hemoglobin-anemia Green color blood (green derivative of hemoglobin which can not be converted back 5. Polycythimia Excess of RBC than normal 45% Oxidation of cells, aging etc 6. Kawasaki disease is an illness that causes inflammation (swelling and redness) in blood vessels throughout the body
  • 26. 7. Iron overload disease Body absorb and store more iron. Our body do not have a mechanism to get rid of extra iron. Organs damaged 8. Lecocytosis Our body make more white blood cells during infection and after infection white blood count returns to normal. Some times white blood count not returned to original value. Immune system weaken and weaken
  • 27. 9. Covid-19 Coronavirus attach 1-beta chain of hemoglobin dissociating iron to form porphyrin The attack will cause less and less hemoglobin that can carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, producing symptoms of respiratory distress.
  • 28. References 1. Oxford handbook of clinical Hematology, Drew privan, Trevor Baglin, Inderjeet Dokal, Johannes de Vos 2. https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/circulatory/circulatory-functions-of-the-blood 3. https://chemrxiv.org/articles/COVID19_Disease_ORF8_and_Surface_Glycoprotein_In hibit_Heme_Metabolism_by_Binding_to_Porphyrin/11938173