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NIGER PERIODIC FAMINE

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GeoCoops
GeoCoops

The document discusses periodic famines that occur in Niger due to regional failures in food production or distribution systems. It describes Niger's geography and climate, with the northern half being part of the Sahara desert and the central and southern regions receiving more rainfall. Farming practices vary by region, from nomadic herding in the north to agro-pastoral systems and permanent villages in the central and south. The 2005 famine in Niger is examined, caused by below average rainfall and locust plagues that reduced crop yields, combined with poverty, high food prices, and depleted government food reserves. Short term responses included food aid while long term solutions focused on irrigation, dams, wells, and agricultural development.

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Periodic Famine Famine may be seen as "the regional failure of food production or distribution systems, leading to sharply increased mortality due to starvation and associated disease.
NIGER PERIODIC FAMINE
Geography of Niger  Niger may be divided into three zones, the northern, central, and southern. The northern zone, covering.  More than half of the total area of the republic, lies within the Sahara.  The central zone, known as the Sahel, is semiarid and lightly wooded.  The southern zone is a fertile, forested area that benefits from adequate rainfall and, in the southwest, from the periodic overflow of the Niger River, virtually the only river in the country.
Types of Vegetation in Niger
In the north is found the Sahara desert As you move south you reach scrub savanna Types of Vegetation in Niger
In the south of Niger is found wooded savanna The river Niger flows through the east Types of Vegetation in Niger
NIGER PERIODIC FAMINE
NIGER PERIODIC FAMINE
NIGER PERIODIC FAMINE
NIGER PERIODIC FAMINE
Useful Information on Niger Farming  In a country of nearly 13.5 million people, only about 70,000 Nigeriens have jobs that pay wages or salaries.  About 90% of Nigeriens are subsistence farmers. They live on the crops and livestock they raise.  They sell or barter goods for items they can't produce. The primary crops are millet, sorghum and cassava.  Livestock sold for millet or sorghum.  15% of Niger land is cultivated.
Useful Information on Niger Farming  Livestock raising is the principal agricultural activity. In 2002 the livestock population included 6.9 million goats, 4.5 million sheep, and 2.3 million cattle.  Cowpeas and cotton are cultivated for export.  Millet and sorghum, cassava, pulses, and rice are grown for local consumption.  Fishing is conducted in Lake Chad and the Niger River, and the catch is consumed locally.
Distribution of Farming in Niger
 This system is located in the arid and semiarid zones  Includes cattle, as well as sheep, goats and camels.  During the driest period of the year, Sahelian pastoralists move south and they return north during the rainy season.  The main source of vulnerability is the great climatic variability and consequently high incidence of drought.  Socio-economic differentiation is considerable - many herders have lost most of their animals due to droughts or stock theft. Types of Farming in Niger (Nomadic Herding)
Nomadic Herding Nomadic Herding Types of Farming in Niger (Nomadic Herding)
 Crops and livestock are of similar importance.  Rainfed sorghum and pearl millet are the main sources of food and are rarely marketed, whereas sesame and pulses are sometimes sold.  Land preparation is by oxen or camel, while hoe cultivation is common along riverbanks.  Livestock are kept for subsistence (milk & milk products), offspring, transportation (camels, donkeys), land preparation (oxen, camels), sale or exchange, savings, bridewealth and insurance against crop failure.  The population generally lives permanently in villages. Types of farming in Niger (Agro – Pastoral)
Agro - Pastoral Agro - Pastoral Types of farming in Niger (Agro – Pastoral)
Location of the Famine
Affects of the Famine  June 2005 2.4 million experience severe food shortages  June 2005 150,000 children under age of five are severely malnourished in 4000 villages  14% of the population of southern Niger departments of Zinder and Maradi are suffering from acute malnourishment  Livestock are dying due to lack of fodder and water
NIGER PERIODIC FAMINE
NIGER PERIODIC FAMINE
August to October 2004 hardly any rain – 11% below average and a plague of locusts October crops normally harvested but yields are below average November Food prices increase January 2005 people running out of food Maradi and Zinder February UN starts food aid 400,000 people July people migrating to Nigeria to flee hunger July UN has received 10 million US$ and WFP are helping 1.2 million people
Causes of the Famine Less rainfall & plague of locusts High food prices in markets Poverty 60% of people live on less than 1 US$ a day Families are indebted Government food reserves have been allowed to run down Dept written of but cannot subsidies food as a consequence lack of government intervention
NIGER PERIODIC FAMINE
Rainfall Patterns
Locusts
NIGER PERIODIC FAMINE
NIGER PERIODIC FAMINE
NIGER PERIODIC FAMINE
July 2005  Nearly half of the Niger government's budget comes from aid – assistance from other countries  In December 2000, Niger qualified for enhanced debt relief under the International Monetary Fund (IMF) programme for Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC).  Niger's debt payments as a percentage of government spending were slashed from nearly 44 per cent in 1999 to 10.9 per cent in 2003.  The rest of Nigers debt is cleared by the scheme.
Short Term Responses  Food Aid
Food Aid: Much has arrived but little has been distributed
Long Term Response  Irrigation  Dams  Wells  Green Revolution  Fertilizers  Crops
Solutions to Famine  Improvement of soil fertility (15,497 metric tons of mineral fertilizer applied, feasibility.  Development of irrigation (9,483 hectares placed under irrigation, 4,507 motor pumps and 244 manual pumps installed, 955 agricultural boreholes drilled, 490 shallow wells built, 138 km of Californian systems and 10.4 km of channel profiled in the agricultural irrigation infrastructure installed.  Crop protection and locust control (16,478 liters and 109,192 kg of insecticide power and 500 liters of bird control chemicals).  Afforestation
In Ague, Niger, where replanting trees helped alleviate the effects of a famine in 2005, boys operate a foot pump to draw water for irrigation.
President Address Video  President Video: President Address
BBC News Articles  BBC News Link: There are five a six articles on the famine BBC Articles
Video Links  Video Link BBC News Player  Video 1: UN warns.......  Video 2: How the world failed......  Video 3:Scenes from one area..........

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NIGER PERIODIC FAMINE

  • 1. Periodic Famine Famine may be seen as "the regional failure of food production or distribution systems, leading to sharply increased mortality due to starvation and associated disease.
  • 3. Geography of Niger  Niger may be divided into three zones, the northern, central, and southern. The northern zone, covering.  More than half of the total area of the republic, lies within the Sahara.  The central zone, known as the Sahel, is semiarid and lightly wooded.  The southern zone is a fertile, forested area that benefits from adequate rainfall and, in the southwest, from the periodic overflow of the Niger River, virtually the only river in the country.
  • 5. In the north is found the Sahara desert As you move south you reach scrub savanna Types of Vegetation in Niger
  • 6. In the south of Niger is found wooded savanna The river Niger flows through the east Types of Vegetation in Niger
  • 11. Useful Information on Niger Farming  In a country of nearly 13.5 million people, only about 70,000 Nigeriens have jobs that pay wages or salaries.  About 90% of Nigeriens are subsistence farmers. They live on the crops and livestock they raise.  They sell or barter goods for items they can't produce. The primary crops are millet, sorghum and cassava.  Livestock sold for millet or sorghum.  15% of Niger land is cultivated.
  • 12. Useful Information on Niger Farming  Livestock raising is the principal agricultural activity. In 2002 the livestock population included 6.9 million goats, 4.5 million sheep, and 2.3 million cattle.  Cowpeas and cotton are cultivated for export.  Millet and sorghum, cassava, pulses, and rice are grown for local consumption.  Fishing is conducted in Lake Chad and the Niger River, and the catch is consumed locally.
  • 14.  This system is located in the arid and semiarid zones  Includes cattle, as well as sheep, goats and camels.  During the driest period of the year, Sahelian pastoralists move south and they return north during the rainy season.  The main source of vulnerability is the great climatic variability and consequently high incidence of drought.  Socio-economic differentiation is considerable - many herders have lost most of their animals due to droughts or stock theft. Types of Farming in Niger (Nomadic Herding)
  • 15. Nomadic Herding Nomadic Herding Types of Farming in Niger (Nomadic Herding)
  • 16.  Crops and livestock are of similar importance.  Rainfed sorghum and pearl millet are the main sources of food and are rarely marketed, whereas sesame and pulses are sometimes sold.  Land preparation is by oxen or camel, while hoe cultivation is common along riverbanks.  Livestock are kept for subsistence (milk & milk products), offspring, transportation (camels, donkeys), land preparation (oxen, camels), sale or exchange, savings, bridewealth and insurance against crop failure.  The population generally lives permanently in villages. Types of farming in Niger (Agro – Pastoral)
  • 17. Agro - Pastoral Agro - Pastoral Types of farming in Niger (Agro – Pastoral)
  • 18. Location of the Famine
  • 19. Affects of the Famine  June 2005 2.4 million experience severe food shortages  June 2005 150,000 children under age of five are severely malnourished in 4000 villages  14% of the population of southern Niger departments of Zinder and Maradi are suffering from acute malnourishment  Livestock are dying due to lack of fodder and water
  • 22. August to October 2004 hardly any rain – 11% below average and a plague of locusts October crops normally harvested but yields are below average November Food prices increase January 2005 people running out of food Maradi and Zinder February UN starts food aid 400,000 people July people migrating to Nigeria to flee hunger July UN has received 10 million US$ and WFP are helping 1.2 million people
  • 23. Causes of the Famine Less rainfall & plague of locusts High food prices in markets Poverty 60% of people live on less than 1 US$ a day Families are indebted Government food reserves have been allowed to run down Dept written of but cannot subsidies food as a consequence lack of government intervention
  • 30. July 2005  Nearly half of the Niger government's budget comes from aid – assistance from other countries  In December 2000, Niger qualified for enhanced debt relief under the International Monetary Fund (IMF) programme for Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC).  Niger's debt payments as a percentage of government spending were slashed from nearly 44 per cent in 1999 to 10.9 per cent in 2003.  The rest of Nigers debt is cleared by the scheme.
  • 32. Food Aid: Much has arrived but little has been distributed
  • 33. Long Term Response  Irrigation  Dams  Wells  Green Revolution  Fertilizers  Crops
  • 34. Solutions to Famine  Improvement of soil fertility (15,497 metric tons of mineral fertilizer applied, feasibility.  Development of irrigation (9,483 hectares placed under irrigation, 4,507 motor pumps and 244 manual pumps installed, 955 agricultural boreholes drilled, 490 shallow wells built, 138 km of Californian systems and 10.4 km of channel profiled in the agricultural irrigation infrastructure installed.  Crop protection and locust control (16,478 liters and 109,192 kg of insecticide power and 500 liters of bird control chemicals).  Afforestation
  • 35. In Ague, Niger, where replanting trees helped alleviate the effects of a famine in 2005, boys operate a foot pump to draw water for irrigation.
  • 36. President Address Video  President Video: President Address
  • 37. BBC News Articles  BBC News Link: There are five a six articles on the famine BBC Articles
  • 38. Video Links  Video Link BBC News Player  Video 1: UN warns.......  Video 2: How the world failed......  Video 3:Scenes from one area..........