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WH Tech Forum

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Institute for Industrial Productivity
Institute for Industrial Productivity

The document summarizes a technology forum on low temperature waste energy recovery in chemical plants and refineries. It provides details on the participating organizations, presentations on organic rankine cycle, absorption chilling and fuel cell technologies. Survey results found interest from end-users in further exploring these technologies. Key priorities identified were improving technology screening tools, reducing capital costs to improve economics, and addressing regulatory barriers.

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1 Report on the Technology Forum: Low Temperature Waste Energy Recovery in Chemical Plants and Refineries Held May 16, 2012 in Houston, TX Prepared by Texas Industries of the Future Kathey Ferland Project Manager June 26, 2012 A project of The University of Texas at Austin Center for Energy and Environmental Resources 10100 Burnet Rd. – CEER R7100 Voice: 512-232-4823 - Fax: 512-471-1720 kferland@mail.utexas.edu http://texasiof.ces.utexas.edu
2 Background Recovery of low temperature waste energy is the holy grail of industrial Table 1: Participating Organizations energy efficiency. In general, the chemical and refining industries have BASF Corporation successfully recovered the energy from Braskem streams above approximately 400 °F. Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP The Texas Industries of the Future CITGO Chemical and Refining Sectors Advisory Eastman Chemical Company Committee identified the need for a better Energy Concepts Company understanding of the technologies ExxonMobil Chemical Company available to recover energy from streams FuelCell Energy, Inc. that are below 400 °F. A Technology GE Oil &Gas Forum was held on May 16, 2012 in Goodyear Tire and Rubber Houston, Texas, to address this issue. Houston Advanced Research Center Texas IOF organized the event with the Hudson Technologies sponsorship of the Institute for Industrial Huntsman Chemical Productivity. Idaho National Laboratory Institute for Industrial Productivity The purpose of the Technology Forum Integral Power, LLC was to accelerate the adoption of waste LyondellBasell energy recovery technologies by: Ormat Technologies, Inc. • Educating end-users on the Phillips 66 technologies available for low PPG temperature waste energy Sasol North America Inc. recovery, and Shell • Educating technology developers SI Group on the potential market and needs Texas State Energy Conservation Office at chemical plants and refineries. TAS Energy Tesoro Refining & Marketing Forty attendees from 17 chemical and Texas A&M University refining companies, 5 technology Texas Industries of the Future developers, and 7 interested The Dow Chemical Co. organizations attended the “Technology Total Petrochemicals and Refining USA, Forum: Low Temperature Waste Energy INC Recovery at Chemical Plants and Refineries” held at Brady’s Landing in Houston, Texas. Table 1 lists the organizations participating in the Technology Forum. During the morning session, attendees from industry characterized their waste energy streams. The notes from this discussion are found in Appendix 1. There clearly is a significant opportunity for energy recovery below 400 °F at both refineries and chemical plants. However, it was also clear that at today’s energy prices in the US, there was not a strong economic driver for recovery of low temperature heat to generate power in the US. Some end-users were familiar with the organic rankine cycle technology, which was developed for geothermal A project of The University of Texas at Austin Center for Energy and Environmental Resources 10100 Burnet Rd. – CEER R7100 Voice: 512-232-4823 - Fax: 512-471-1720 kferland@mail.utexas.edu http://texasiof.ces.utexas.edu
3 power production. Prior to the Forum, end-users had less familiarity with the absorption chilling or fuel cell technologies. Table 2: High Priority Interest Areas Technology developers of organic rankine cycle, (Based on Attendee Voting) absorption chilling, and fuel cells presented a 10 minute overview of their technology, its capabilities, Identifying Opportunities similar installations and costs. All of the Forum • Increase site awareness of presentations are posted at energy opportunities https://TexasIOF.ces.utexas.edu under “Documents and Presentations”. Tools and Analysis • A better guide to know which Throughout the day, attendees were asked to record technology to apply in each ideas for next steps. These were collected and waste heat recovery prioritized by attendees at the end of the day. Table 2 application lists the highest priority actions, based on the attendees’ input via voting. Appendix 2 contains a Improving the Economics complete list of the results from the idea generation and prioritization process. • Capital costs need to be reduced to make recovery economical especially for Results retrofits. An electronic survey of attendees after the Technology Forum determined that end-users were Research interested in following up on all technologies • Further develop hydrogen presented. (Due to a last minute scheduling conflict, purification and delivery speakers on the Kalina Cycle were not able to attend, process although their presentation is posted on the website.) • Support application development for CHHP for Eighteen of the 40 attendees responded to the petro-chem. industry electronic survey. Of the 18, almost three-quarters • Integrate hybrid system. (13 of 18) were from chemical or refining companies. ORC + fuel cell for higher Table 3 shown on the next page reports the benefits responses to the technology follow-up question. The • Identify best solution for number of responses to this question totals greater large mass flow < 200 °F than 13 as respondents were not limited to only one response. Policy • Environmental requirements Seven respondents expressed an interest in following can be an impediment to up on the organic rankine cycle and the fuel cell project execution. technologies, respectively. Four respondents were interested in further information on absorption chilling and two had interest in chilled water. Only two of the 13 respondents reported that they were not going to follow up on any technologies presented at the Forum. A project of The University of Texas at Austin Center for Energy and Environmental Resources 10100 Burnet Rd. – CEER R7100 Voice: 512-232-4823 - Fax: 512-471-1720 kferland@mail.utexas.edu http://texasiof.ces.utexas.edu
4 Acknowledgements Texas IOF would like to recognize Jim Quinn with the Institute for Industrial Productivity for support of this project and Riyaz Papar with Hudson Technologies for his technical guidance. Table 3: Response on Technology Follow-up Question By End-Users A project of The University of Texas at Austin Center for Energy and Environmental Resources 10100 Burnet Rd. – CEER R7100 Voice: 512-232-4823 - Fax: 512-471-1720 kferland@mail.utexas.edu http://texasiof.ces.utexas.edu
5 Appendix 1: Notes on Waste Energy Streams A project of The University of Texas at Austin Center for Energy and Environmental Resources 10100 Burnet Rd. – CEER R7100 Voice: 512-232-4823 - Fax: 512-471-1720 kferland@mail.utexas.edu http://texasiof.ces.utexas.edu
Low Temperature Waste Energy Recovery Stream Characterization by End-Users--May 16, 2012 Process or Flue Gas or Liquid, Gas or Industry Utilities Either Temp. (in F) Opportunities Other Comments Chemical Stack Gas G 300 Opportunity in Fired Heaters with stack around 300F Opportunities in Steam Leaks - Numerous leaks which are Refineries Utilities either 300 continuous Chemical Stack Gas Opportunities in Stack Gas from thermal oxidizers with a temperature of 350F G 350 steam condensate opportunities Refineries & Process L Opportunities in recovering heat from excess quench Water; Heat pumps for Chemicals installation towers , Exothermic - excess heat, acetic acid, metallurgy issues Firing rate - 50MMBtus to 200 MMBtus , relatively clean stack gases - 300 F to Refineries Stack Gas G 300 - 400 400F stack gases Refineries Process L Opportunities in process streams around 180 - 220F 180-220 Small for liquid and most of it actual product streams Chemicals Utilities either 180-300 Utilities, Boilers - Regulatory issues need to be eased Chemicals Stack Gas G 400 Process heaters Boilers and Gas Turbines (GE Frame 7) Refineries Process G Opportunity in Overhead Condensers which is the target Stack gas heat capacity not enough Refineries Process L Possible rundown stream Opportunities too Chemicals Stack Gas G Reduced energy cost $20Million/yr, more energy in stack gas wasted 400-500 Chemicals Utilities G duplicate boiler operations, interested in quick startup units Fired heaters and cracker units; have identified projects already and step by Refineries Stack Gases G 350-450 step implementation is being performed Run-down and product streams; have identified projects already and step by Refineries Process L 350-450 step implementation is being performed Opportunities in several stack gases, 1) Several NG Fired Furnaces at 350 - 400 Chemicals Stack gas G F Stack, 2) Corrosive gases in the 400F range that are pressurized at 50 psig Burn coal, distillation column overheads, identified 300-350 range, used to generate 15 psig steam opportunities but no economic justification
Process or Flue Gas or Liquid, Gas or Industry Utilities Either Temp. (in F) Opportunities Other Comments Refineries Process either 40MMBtus Hexane goes to finfans - 235 F streams - 15 psig stream Roughly saved $40Million all over, distillation columns 235 Steam Leaks - Low pressure steam, excess low pressure Refineries Utilities Either steam @ 30-40psig range 300 Opportunities in steam condensate - Current condition not Chemicals Utilities L recovered. Opportunities in Steam crackers which are very high energy intensive Reaction processes - exothermic - produce LP steam for the Chemicals Stack gas G process, Current condition - capture energy only in higher levels still finfan possibility for low level heat capture. Opportunities in steam crackers totally 8 of them, furnace stack, boilers, Gas Chemicals Stack Gas G turbine, cooling towers, Current Condition - They do small projects like Hard to justify the return for ORC - Economics not justified preheat air, preheat water but not entered the big players Opportunities to capture energy in steam letdown, cutoff point for recovery - Recovering heat back into the process as opposed to WHR, Refineries Stack gas and P G&L 250F rundown temperatures, Capturing stack gas heat maybe an opportunity capture of stack gas heat 250 Refineries & Really Interested to know the Coefficient of performance of Chemicals both Absorption and ORC technologies Chemicals Stack gases 400-450 Smaller Heaters, Economy of scale Liquid streams always better, heat transfer coefficient better , regulatory environment is an issue Mass Transfer & Liquid Seperation
6 Appendix 2: Results from Idea Generation and Prioritization Process A project of The University of Texas at Austin Center for Energy and Environmental Resources 10100 Burnet Rd. – CEER R7100 Voice: 512-232-4823 - Fax: 512-471-1720 kferland@mail.utexas.edu http://texasiof.ces.utexas.edu
Technology Forum: Low Temperature Waste Energy Recovery in Chemical Plants and Refineries May 16, 2012 Compilation of Results from Project Identification and Prioritization Session Tools and Analysis • Software tool for fast overview economic analysis of project – 4 dots • Cataloging of industrial waste heat sources (m, T, metallurgy, distances, etc.) – 1 dot • Create a database of technologies by criteria – 0 dots • I need a better guide to know which technology to apply in each W.H. application – 9 dots o Develop list of criteria for technology. – 1 dot o User screening tool to map heat source to applicable technology – 2 dots Improving the Economics • Capital costs need to be reduced to make recovery economical, especially for retrofits – 11 dots • Reduce investment ($/KW installed capacity) – 4 dots • If electricity costs are key factor, what is solution? Higher conversion efficiency or make a higher value product ? 0 dots • How to account for ancillary economic benefits from waste heat recovery--0 dots Policy Incentives and Rebates • State incentives – 0 dots • Rebates? Incentives? – 1 dot Regulatory Barriers • Work with regulatory body to allow proj.- 3 dots • Environmental laws can get in way – 8 dots A project of The University of Texas at Austin Center for Energy and Environmental Resources 10100 Burnet Rd. – CEER R7100 Voice: 512-232-4823 - Fax: 512-471-1720 kferland@mail.utexas.edu http://texasiof.ces.utexas.edu
• Remove regulatory hurdles – 1 dot Policy • Government encourage energy recovery reorganizing waste heat as renewable – 5 dots • Create further policy changes supporting H2 – 0 dots Example industrial projects – 1 dot Research • Further develop H2 purification and delivery process – 8 dots • Support application development for CHHP for petro-chem. industry – 10 dots • Integrated hybrid system. ORC + fuel cell for higher benefits – 5 dots • Better heat exchangers – 0 dot • Conduct demo projects – 2 dots • Integration of research into operations – 4 dots • Identify best solution for large mass flow but < 200 °F – 9 dots • Multi-purpose demo. – convert low-level heat to FC power and higher value co-products – 1 dot • All gas comp have either intercoolers or and/or after coolers. This energy is generally wasted thru cooling water. Can this not be used for process stream heating in cold weather? - 0 dots Identifying Opportunities • Keep interaction going to ID opportunities – 1 dot • Opportunity assessments? – 0 dots • Increase site awareness of energy opportunity – 8 dots Miscellaneous • Mechanisms for partnering (honest broker eval. of technology and potential savings) – 0 dots • Can we run waste water anaerobically to feed fuel cell – 0 dots • Cold weather area—heating building/work places or other energy recovery? – 0 dots • Can we use ammonia to cool unipol cycle gas, then recover from purge – 3 dots A project of The University of Texas at Austin Center for Energy and Environmental Resources 10100 Burnet Rd. – CEER R7100 Voice: 512-232-4823 - Fax: 512-471-1720 kferland@mail.utexas.edu http://texasiof.ces.utexas.edu

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WH Tech Forum

  • 1. 1 Report on the Technology Forum: Low Temperature Waste Energy Recovery in Chemical Plants and Refineries Held May 16, 2012 in Houston, TX Prepared by Texas Industries of the Future Kathey Ferland Project Manager June 26, 2012 A project of The University of Texas at Austin Center for Energy and Environmental Resources 10100 Burnet Rd. – CEER R7100 Voice: 512-232-4823 - Fax: 512-471-1720 kferland@mail.utexas.edu http://texasiof.ces.utexas.edu
  • 2. 2 Background Recovery of low temperature waste energy is the holy grail of industrial Table 1: Participating Organizations energy efficiency. In general, the chemical and refining industries have BASF Corporation successfully recovered the energy from Braskem streams above approximately 400 °F. Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP The Texas Industries of the Future CITGO Chemical and Refining Sectors Advisory Eastman Chemical Company Committee identified the need for a better Energy Concepts Company understanding of the technologies ExxonMobil Chemical Company available to recover energy from streams FuelCell Energy, Inc. that are below 400 °F. A Technology GE Oil &Gas Forum was held on May 16, 2012 in Goodyear Tire and Rubber Houston, Texas, to address this issue. Houston Advanced Research Center Texas IOF organized the event with the Hudson Technologies sponsorship of the Institute for Industrial Huntsman Chemical Productivity. Idaho National Laboratory Institute for Industrial Productivity The purpose of the Technology Forum Integral Power, LLC was to accelerate the adoption of waste LyondellBasell energy recovery technologies by: Ormat Technologies, Inc. • Educating end-users on the Phillips 66 technologies available for low PPG temperature waste energy Sasol North America Inc. recovery, and Shell • Educating technology developers SI Group on the potential market and needs Texas State Energy Conservation Office at chemical plants and refineries. TAS Energy Tesoro Refining & Marketing Forty attendees from 17 chemical and Texas A&M University refining companies, 5 technology Texas Industries of the Future developers, and 7 interested The Dow Chemical Co. organizations attended the “Technology Total Petrochemicals and Refining USA, Forum: Low Temperature Waste Energy INC Recovery at Chemical Plants and Refineries” held at Brady’s Landing in Houston, Texas. Table 1 lists the organizations participating in the Technology Forum. During the morning session, attendees from industry characterized their waste energy streams. The notes from this discussion are found in Appendix 1. There clearly is a significant opportunity for energy recovery below 400 °F at both refineries and chemical plants. However, it was also clear that at today’s energy prices in the US, there was not a strong economic driver for recovery of low temperature heat to generate power in the US. Some end-users were familiar with the organic rankine cycle technology, which was developed for geothermal A project of The University of Texas at Austin Center for Energy and Environmental Resources 10100 Burnet Rd. – CEER R7100 Voice: 512-232-4823 - Fax: 512-471-1720 kferland@mail.utexas.edu http://texasiof.ces.utexas.edu
  • 3. 3 power production. Prior to the Forum, end-users had less familiarity with the absorption chilling or fuel cell technologies. Table 2: High Priority Interest Areas Technology developers of organic rankine cycle, (Based on Attendee Voting) absorption chilling, and fuel cells presented a 10 minute overview of their technology, its capabilities, Identifying Opportunities similar installations and costs. All of the Forum • Increase site awareness of presentations are posted at energy opportunities https://TexasIOF.ces.utexas.edu under “Documents and Presentations”. Tools and Analysis • A better guide to know which Throughout the day, attendees were asked to record technology to apply in each ideas for next steps. These were collected and waste heat recovery prioritized by attendees at the end of the day. Table 2 application lists the highest priority actions, based on the attendees’ input via voting. Appendix 2 contains a Improving the Economics complete list of the results from the idea generation and prioritization process. • Capital costs need to be reduced to make recovery economical especially for Results retrofits. An electronic survey of attendees after the Technology Forum determined that end-users were Research interested in following up on all technologies • Further develop hydrogen presented. (Due to a last minute scheduling conflict, purification and delivery speakers on the Kalina Cycle were not able to attend, process although their presentation is posted on the website.) • Support application development for CHHP for Eighteen of the 40 attendees responded to the petro-chem. industry electronic survey. Of the 18, almost three-quarters • Integrate hybrid system. (13 of 18) were from chemical or refining companies. ORC + fuel cell for higher Table 3 shown on the next page reports the benefits responses to the technology follow-up question. The • Identify best solution for number of responses to this question totals greater large mass flow < 200 °F than 13 as respondents were not limited to only one response. Policy • Environmental requirements Seven respondents expressed an interest in following can be an impediment to up on the organic rankine cycle and the fuel cell project execution. technologies, respectively. Four respondents were interested in further information on absorption chilling and two had interest in chilled water. Only two of the 13 respondents reported that they were not going to follow up on any technologies presented at the Forum. A project of The University of Texas at Austin Center for Energy and Environmental Resources 10100 Burnet Rd. – CEER R7100 Voice: 512-232-4823 - Fax: 512-471-1720 kferland@mail.utexas.edu http://texasiof.ces.utexas.edu
  • 4. 4 Acknowledgements Texas IOF would like to recognize Jim Quinn with the Institute for Industrial Productivity for support of this project and Riyaz Papar with Hudson Technologies for his technical guidance. Table 3: Response on Technology Follow-up Question By End-Users A project of The University of Texas at Austin Center for Energy and Environmental Resources 10100 Burnet Rd. – CEER R7100 Voice: 512-232-4823 - Fax: 512-471-1720 kferland@mail.utexas.edu http://texasiof.ces.utexas.edu
  • 5. 5 Appendix 1: Notes on Waste Energy Streams A project of The University of Texas at Austin Center for Energy and Environmental Resources 10100 Burnet Rd. – CEER R7100 Voice: 512-232-4823 - Fax: 512-471-1720 kferland@mail.utexas.edu http://texasiof.ces.utexas.edu
  • 6. Low Temperature Waste Energy Recovery Stream Characterization by End-Users--May 16, 2012 Process or Flue Gas or Liquid, Gas or Industry Utilities Either Temp. (in F) Opportunities Other Comments Chemical Stack Gas G 300 Opportunity in Fired Heaters with stack around 300F Opportunities in Steam Leaks - Numerous leaks which are Refineries Utilities either 300 continuous Chemical Stack Gas Opportunities in Stack Gas from thermal oxidizers with a temperature of 350F G 350 steam condensate opportunities Refineries & Process L Opportunities in recovering heat from excess quench Water; Heat pumps for Chemicals installation towers , Exothermic - excess heat, acetic acid, metallurgy issues Firing rate - 50MMBtus to 200 MMBtus , relatively clean stack gases - 300 F to Refineries Stack Gas G 300 - 400 400F stack gases Refineries Process L Opportunities in process streams around 180 - 220F 180-220 Small for liquid and most of it actual product streams Chemicals Utilities either 180-300 Utilities, Boilers - Regulatory issues need to be eased Chemicals Stack Gas G 400 Process heaters Boilers and Gas Turbines (GE Frame 7) Refineries Process G Opportunity in Overhead Condensers which is the target Stack gas heat capacity not enough Refineries Process L Possible rundown stream Opportunities too Chemicals Stack Gas G Reduced energy cost $20Million/yr, more energy in stack gas wasted 400-500 Chemicals Utilities G duplicate boiler operations, interested in quick startup units Fired heaters and cracker units; have identified projects already and step by Refineries Stack Gases G 350-450 step implementation is being performed Run-down and product streams; have identified projects already and step by Refineries Process L 350-450 step implementation is being performed Opportunities in several stack gases, 1) Several NG Fired Furnaces at 350 - 400 Chemicals Stack gas G F Stack, 2) Corrosive gases in the 400F range that are pressurized at 50 psig Burn coal, distillation column overheads, identified 300-350 range, used to generate 15 psig steam opportunities but no economic justification
  • 7. Process or Flue Gas or Liquid, Gas or Industry Utilities Either Temp. (in F) Opportunities Other Comments Refineries Process either 40MMBtus Hexane goes to finfans - 235 F streams - 15 psig stream Roughly saved $40Million all over, distillation columns 235 Steam Leaks - Low pressure steam, excess low pressure Refineries Utilities Either steam @ 30-40psig range 300 Opportunities in steam condensate - Current condition not Chemicals Utilities L recovered. Opportunities in Steam crackers which are very high energy intensive Reaction processes - exothermic - produce LP steam for the Chemicals Stack gas G process, Current condition - capture energy only in higher levels still finfan possibility for low level heat capture. Opportunities in steam crackers totally 8 of them, furnace stack, boilers, Gas Chemicals Stack Gas G turbine, cooling towers, Current Condition - They do small projects like Hard to justify the return for ORC - Economics not justified preheat air, preheat water but not entered the big players Opportunities to capture energy in steam letdown, cutoff point for recovery - Recovering heat back into the process as opposed to WHR, Refineries Stack gas and P G&L 250F rundown temperatures, Capturing stack gas heat maybe an opportunity capture of stack gas heat 250 Refineries & Really Interested to know the Coefficient of performance of Chemicals both Absorption and ORC technologies Chemicals Stack gases 400-450 Smaller Heaters, Economy of scale Liquid streams always better, heat transfer coefficient better , regulatory environment is an issue Mass Transfer & Liquid Seperation
  • 8. 6 Appendix 2: Results from Idea Generation and Prioritization Process A project of The University of Texas at Austin Center for Energy and Environmental Resources 10100 Burnet Rd. – CEER R7100 Voice: 512-232-4823 - Fax: 512-471-1720 kferland@mail.utexas.edu http://texasiof.ces.utexas.edu
  • 9. Technology Forum: Low Temperature Waste Energy Recovery in Chemical Plants and Refineries May 16, 2012 Compilation of Results from Project Identification and Prioritization Session Tools and Analysis • Software tool for fast overview economic analysis of project – 4 dots • Cataloging of industrial waste heat sources (m, T, metallurgy, distances, etc.) – 1 dot • Create a database of technologies by criteria – 0 dots • I need a better guide to know which technology to apply in each W.H. application – 9 dots o Develop list of criteria for technology. – 1 dot o User screening tool to map heat source to applicable technology – 2 dots Improving the Economics • Capital costs need to be reduced to make recovery economical, especially for retrofits – 11 dots • Reduce investment ($/KW installed capacity) – 4 dots • If electricity costs are key factor, what is solution? Higher conversion efficiency or make a higher value product ? 0 dots • How to account for ancillary economic benefits from waste heat recovery--0 dots Policy Incentives and Rebates • State incentives – 0 dots • Rebates? Incentives? – 1 dot Regulatory Barriers • Work with regulatory body to allow proj.- 3 dots • Environmental laws can get in way – 8 dots A project of The University of Texas at Austin Center for Energy and Environmental Resources 10100 Burnet Rd. – CEER R7100 Voice: 512-232-4823 - Fax: 512-471-1720 kferland@mail.utexas.edu http://texasiof.ces.utexas.edu
  • 10. • Remove regulatory hurdles – 1 dot Policy • Government encourage energy recovery reorganizing waste heat as renewable – 5 dots • Create further policy changes supporting H2 – 0 dots Example industrial projects – 1 dot Research • Further develop H2 purification and delivery process – 8 dots • Support application development for CHHP for petro-chem. industry – 10 dots • Integrated hybrid system. ORC + fuel cell for higher benefits – 5 dots • Better heat exchangers – 0 dot • Conduct demo projects – 2 dots • Integration of research into operations – 4 dots • Identify best solution for large mass flow but < 200 °F – 9 dots • Multi-purpose demo. – convert low-level heat to FC power and higher value co-products – 1 dot • All gas comp have either intercoolers or and/or after coolers. This energy is generally wasted thru cooling water. Can this not be used for process stream heating in cold weather? - 0 dots Identifying Opportunities • Keep interaction going to ID opportunities – 1 dot • Opportunity assessments? – 0 dots • Increase site awareness of energy opportunity – 8 dots Miscellaneous • Mechanisms for partnering (honest broker eval. of technology and potential savings) – 0 dots • Can we run waste water anaerobically to feed fuel cell – 0 dots • Cold weather area—heating building/work places or other energy recovery? – 0 dots • Can we use ammonia to cool unipol cycle gas, then recover from purge – 3 dots A project of The University of Texas at Austin Center for Energy and Environmental Resources 10100 Burnet Rd. – CEER R7100 Voice: 512-232-4823 - Fax: 512-471-1720 kferland@mail.utexas.edu http://texasiof.ces.utexas.edu