In this paper, a metamaterial structure based on frequency selective surface (FSS) cell is proposed to achieve an isotropic band-pass filtering response. This filter consists of a planar layer formed by a 3×3 metamaterials cell array with transmittive filtering behavior at 3.5 GHz. This design with 45×45 mm dimension is then integrated in close proximity at distance of 10 mm with an ultra wide band (UWB) antenna to enhance it’ s performances around a 3.5 GHz operating frequency. Simulation results ensure that filter geometry provides the advantage of the angular stability up to to 45 and also polarization modes independency (transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM)). In addition, enhancement in antenna radiation pattern characteristics is enhanced especially when the FSS filter layer is integrated at a very close distance from the radiator. Moreover, antenna gain was improved to 3.22 dBi, adaptation of antenna port (S 11 ) was increased to -53.26 dB and antenna bandwidth reduction to 1.7 GHz is also detected. All these performances make the proposed design as a good choice used to shield signals in UWB wireless applications especially for connected object in 5G.
Study On The Improvement Of Bandwidth Of A Rectangular Microstrip Patch AntennaIOSR Journals
Microstrip antennas or patch antennas are popular for their attractive features such as low profile,
low weight, low cost, ease of fabrication and integration with RF devices. Micro strip antennas have been found
favorable because they are inexpensive to manufacture and compatible with monolithic microwave integrated
circuit designs (MMIC). They are usually employed at UHF and higher frequencies because the size of the
antenna is directly tied to the wavelength at the resonance frequency. A Microstrip or patch antenna is a
narrowband, wide-beam antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an
insulating dielectric substrate with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which
forms a ground plane. The most commonly employed microstrip antenna is a rectangular patch.
The major disadvantages of Microstrip antennas are lower gain and very narrow bandwidth. Microstrip patch
antennas have some drawbacks of low efficiency, narrow bandwidth (3-6%) of the central frequency. Millimeter
wave technology being an emerging area is still much undeveloped. As micro strip antennas have found wide
variety of application areas, a number of techniques are evolved to improve its limited bandwidth. A good
approach to improve the bandwidth is increasing the thickness of substrate supporting the micro strip patch.
However problems exist on the ability to effectively feed the patch on a thick substrate and the radiation
efficiency can degrade with increasing substrate thickness. A substantial research needs to be done in this area
as its applications are numerous. The radiation patterns and S11 performance are used for the analysis of the
different configurations. In the present endeavor a rectangular patch antenna is designed on thick substrate and simulated using MATLAB software and configuration on different dielectric susbstrates was used .
Microstrip patch antenna with metamaterial using superstrate technique for wi...journalBEEI
This work builds a metamaterial (MTM) superstrate loaded on a patch of microstrip antenna for wireless communications. The MTM superstrate is made up of four G-shaped resonators on FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4 and has a total area of (8×16) mm2, and is higher than the patch. The MTM superstrate increases antenna gain while also raising the input reflection coefficient. When it is 9 mm above the patch, the gain increased from 3.28 dB to 6.02 dB, and when it is 7 mm above the patch, the input reflection coefficient was enhanced from -31.217 dB to -45.8 dB. When the MTM superstrate loaded antenna was compared to the traditional unloaded antenna, it was discovered that metamaterials have a lot of potential for improving antenna performance.
Extended-Bandwidth Microstrip Circular Patch Antenna for Dual Band Applications IJECEIAES
This paper presents a new wideband microstrip circular patch antenna (MCPA) fed by proximity-coupled line with double-stub matching to achieve dual-band operation. Bandwidth extension is achieved by exciting higherorder modes in the circular radiating patch, and using two stubs to achieve adequate matching across the obtained two bands. The characteristics of the antenna such as reflection coefficient, impedance bandwidth, gain and radiation pattern are investigated and optimized through parametric studies using the CST Microwave Studio Suite. The antenna achieved a large relative bandwidth of 45.16% at the upper band, while the lower one has 10.3% relative bandwidth. The maximum achieved gain of the dual-band antenna in the 5.8GHz band is 4.62dBi while it is 4.85dBi in the upper band. The antenna has an overall size of 30×30×3.2mm3 corresponding to 0.58λ × 0.58 λ × 0.062 λ at the lower band of 5.8 GHz. The proposed antenna should be useful for WLAN and X-band communication systems.
Bandwidth and gain enhancement of a circular microstrip antenna using a DNG s...journalBEEI
This paper present the design of a circular patch microstrip antenna with enhancement in terms of bandwidth and gain using a dielectric double negative (DNG) split ring metamaterial radome. This radome is positioned on top of the CP antenna operating from 5.2 GHz to 6.4 GHz. The metamaterial radome comprises of two alternate split rings of negative permittivity, permeability and refractive index. The circular microstrip antenna bandwidth of 430 MHz has been realized by the presence of DNG metamaterial radome compared to 220 MHz without the radome. The gain has been increased as well from 1.84 dBi to 3.87 dBi.
IRJET- Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna for Smart Antenna ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of rectangular and circular microstrip patch antennas for smart antenna applications. Key points:
- Rectangular and circular patch antennas were designed and simulated in MATLAB to analyze parameters like resonant frequency, bandwidth, radiation pattern.
- A bipolar mechanism was proposed to increase efficiency and gain by inducing more surface currents on the patch. This reduces losses and improves the radiation pattern.
- Simulation results showed the frequency response and radiation patterns of the rectangular and circular patch antennas matched expected parameters.
- Smart antennas using adaptive beamforming techniques were discussed as promising for future wireless networks by improving spectrum efficiency and network optimization.
IRJET - Design and Simulation of Multiband Microstrip AntennaIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of a multiband microstrip antenna. It begins with an abstract describing how fractal geometries have been used to improve antenna features like bandwidth. It then provides background on previous research using fractal shapes to design wideband and multiband antennas. This project aims to enhance bandwidth by combining different geometries into a hybrid fractal antenna. The antenna is analyzed using CST Microwave Studio software. Various feeding techniques and fractal geometries are tested to optimize parameters like efficiency and bandwidth. The document concludes the antenna has a wider bandwidth than regular antennas and further optimization of parameters could increase bandwidth for multiple applications.
Gain Enhancement of Series Feed Square Patch Microstrip Antenna Array for S b...ijsrd.com
Gain is the ability of an antenna to concentrate the radiated power in a desired direction. Only small gain can be achieved by single antenna that is why, antenna arrays are required to improve the gain by using different feed networks. This paper describes the design and performance of a series feed antenna array. The operating frequency of 2.4GHz is used. The aim of this paper is to improve the gain of a series feed antenna array. Line feed is used for designing single antenna, 2x1 & 4x1 microstrip antenna array. These series feed microstrip antenna arrays are useful for both S and C band. The proposed antenna is simulated by IE3D version 9.0 Zealand simulation software based on method of moments.
This document summarizes research on miniaturizing a microstrip patch antenna using a novel metamaterial structure. A rectangular patch antenna was designed to resonate at 6 GHz. Then, a unit cell metamaterial composed of two nested split octagons was designed and shown to exhibit negative permeability and permittivity in a specific frequency band, behaving as a double-negative metamaterial. An array of these unit cells was placed on the patch antenna substrate. Simulation results showed the antenna's resonance frequency shifted to match the metamaterial's resonance frequency, allowing miniaturization of the antenna dimensions while maintaining performance. Both a 3x5 array and single unit cell were tested, demonstrating size reduction of the antenna for operation at 3
Study On The Improvement Of Bandwidth Of A Rectangular Microstrip Patch AntennaIOSR Journals
Microstrip antennas or patch antennas are popular for their attractive features such as low profile,
low weight, low cost, ease of fabrication and integration with RF devices. Micro strip antennas have been found
favorable because they are inexpensive to manufacture and compatible with monolithic microwave integrated
circuit designs (MMIC). They are usually employed at UHF and higher frequencies because the size of the
antenna is directly tied to the wavelength at the resonance frequency. A Microstrip or patch antenna is a
narrowband, wide-beam antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an
insulating dielectric substrate with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which
forms a ground plane. The most commonly employed microstrip antenna is a rectangular patch.
The major disadvantages of Microstrip antennas are lower gain and very narrow bandwidth. Microstrip patch
antennas have some drawbacks of low efficiency, narrow bandwidth (3-6%) of the central frequency. Millimeter
wave technology being an emerging area is still much undeveloped. As micro strip antennas have found wide
variety of application areas, a number of techniques are evolved to improve its limited bandwidth. A good
approach to improve the bandwidth is increasing the thickness of substrate supporting the micro strip patch.
However problems exist on the ability to effectively feed the patch on a thick substrate and the radiation
efficiency can degrade with increasing substrate thickness. A substantial research needs to be done in this area
as its applications are numerous. The radiation patterns and S11 performance are used for the analysis of the
different configurations. In the present endeavor a rectangular patch antenna is designed on thick substrate and simulated using MATLAB software and configuration on different dielectric susbstrates was used .
Microstrip patch antenna with metamaterial using superstrate technique for wi...journalBEEI
This work builds a metamaterial (MTM) superstrate loaded on a patch of microstrip antenna for wireless communications. The MTM superstrate is made up of four G-shaped resonators on FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4 and has a total area of (8×16) mm2, and is higher than the patch. The MTM superstrate increases antenna gain while also raising the input reflection coefficient. When it is 9 mm above the patch, the gain increased from 3.28 dB to 6.02 dB, and when it is 7 mm above the patch, the input reflection coefficient was enhanced from -31.217 dB to -45.8 dB. When the MTM superstrate loaded antenna was compared to the traditional unloaded antenna, it was discovered that metamaterials have a lot of potential for improving antenna performance.
Extended-Bandwidth Microstrip Circular Patch Antenna for Dual Band Applications IJECEIAES
This paper presents a new wideband microstrip circular patch antenna (MCPA) fed by proximity-coupled line with double-stub matching to achieve dual-band operation. Bandwidth extension is achieved by exciting higherorder modes in the circular radiating patch, and using two stubs to achieve adequate matching across the obtained two bands. The characteristics of the antenna such as reflection coefficient, impedance bandwidth, gain and radiation pattern are investigated and optimized through parametric studies using the CST Microwave Studio Suite. The antenna achieved a large relative bandwidth of 45.16% at the upper band, while the lower one has 10.3% relative bandwidth. The maximum achieved gain of the dual-band antenna in the 5.8GHz band is 4.62dBi while it is 4.85dBi in the upper band. The antenna has an overall size of 30×30×3.2mm3 corresponding to 0.58λ × 0.58 λ × 0.062 λ at the lower band of 5.8 GHz. The proposed antenna should be useful for WLAN and X-band communication systems.
Bandwidth and gain enhancement of a circular microstrip antenna using a DNG s...journalBEEI
This paper present the design of a circular patch microstrip antenna with enhancement in terms of bandwidth and gain using a dielectric double negative (DNG) split ring metamaterial radome. This radome is positioned on top of the CP antenna operating from 5.2 GHz to 6.4 GHz. The metamaterial radome comprises of two alternate split rings of negative permittivity, permeability and refractive index. The circular microstrip antenna bandwidth of 430 MHz has been realized by the presence of DNG metamaterial radome compared to 220 MHz without the radome. The gain has been increased as well from 1.84 dBi to 3.87 dBi.
IRJET- Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna for Smart Antenna ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of rectangular and circular microstrip patch antennas for smart antenna applications. Key points:
- Rectangular and circular patch antennas were designed and simulated in MATLAB to analyze parameters like resonant frequency, bandwidth, radiation pattern.
- A bipolar mechanism was proposed to increase efficiency and gain by inducing more surface currents on the patch. This reduces losses and improves the radiation pattern.
- Simulation results showed the frequency response and radiation patterns of the rectangular and circular patch antennas matched expected parameters.
- Smart antennas using adaptive beamforming techniques were discussed as promising for future wireless networks by improving spectrum efficiency and network optimization.
IRJET - Design and Simulation of Multiband Microstrip AntennaIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of a multiband microstrip antenna. It begins with an abstract describing how fractal geometries have been used to improve antenna features like bandwidth. It then provides background on previous research using fractal shapes to design wideband and multiband antennas. This project aims to enhance bandwidth by combining different geometries into a hybrid fractal antenna. The antenna is analyzed using CST Microwave Studio software. Various feeding techniques and fractal geometries are tested to optimize parameters like efficiency and bandwidth. The document concludes the antenna has a wider bandwidth than regular antennas and further optimization of parameters could increase bandwidth for multiple applications.
Gain Enhancement of Series Feed Square Patch Microstrip Antenna Array for S b...ijsrd.com
Gain is the ability of an antenna to concentrate the radiated power in a desired direction. Only small gain can be achieved by single antenna that is why, antenna arrays are required to improve the gain by using different feed networks. This paper describes the design and performance of a series feed antenna array. The operating frequency of 2.4GHz is used. The aim of this paper is to improve the gain of a series feed antenna array. Line feed is used for designing single antenna, 2x1 & 4x1 microstrip antenna array. These series feed microstrip antenna arrays are useful for both S and C band. The proposed antenna is simulated by IE3D version 9.0 Zealand simulation software based on method of moments.
This document summarizes research on miniaturizing a microstrip patch antenna using a novel metamaterial structure. A rectangular patch antenna was designed to resonate at 6 GHz. Then, a unit cell metamaterial composed of two nested split octagons was designed and shown to exhibit negative permeability and permittivity in a specific frequency band, behaving as a double-negative metamaterial. An array of these unit cells was placed on the patch antenna substrate. Simulation results showed the antenna's resonance frequency shifted to match the metamaterial's resonance frequency, allowing miniaturization of the antenna dimensions while maintaining performance. Both a 3x5 array and single unit cell were tested, demonstrating size reduction of the antenna for operation at 3
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Antenna for CDMA Systems CommunicationIOSR Journals
This paper proposes a newly designed microstrip patch antennas (MSA) for wireless application
(CDMA Systems). The designed single antenna E-shaped patch antenna. Two parallel slots are in corporated
into the patch of a microstrip antenna to expand it bandwidth, and designed antenna operates in the frequency
range of 1.85 to 1.99 GHz. The antenna is designed using air as a dielectric substrate between the ground plane
and substrate patch antenna. IE3D is a full-wave electromagnetic simulator based on the method of moments
(MoM) technique. It has been widely used in the design of MICs, RFICs, patch antennas, wire antennas, and
other RF/wireless antennas. It can be used to calculate and plot the S parameters, VSWR, current distributions
as well as the radiation patterns. The results obtained for each patch were 2D and 3D view of patch, Directivity,
Gain, beam width and other such parameters, true and mapped 3D radiation pattern, and 2D polar radiation
pattern. The antenna successfully achieves the exhibit a broad impedance bandwidth of 27 % (at VSWR < 2)
with respect to the center frequency of 1.9 GHz is designed, fabricated, and finally measured on Spectrum
analyzer. The radiation pattern and directivity are also presented.. Gain maximum achievable is 3 dBi and good
return loss (S11 parameters) of -30 dB is achieved along with broadside radiation pattern.
TRI-BAND MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR S-BAND NANO SATELLITE APPLICATION USING...ijsrd.com
It's the generation of tiny satellites which basically needs all its components to be miniature. The product proposed here is one such component, a tri band micro strip patch antenna operating at 2.6GHz, 3.6GHz S-band frequencies and 5.8 GHz. This real-time project work deals with a rectangular patch antenna operating at different frequencies working for various applications. The proposed S-Band Patch antenna is being designed and simulated using HFSS software. Obtaining optimum bandwidth efficiency by choosing suitable size without affecting any other parameters of the antenna is the challenge taken over in this project. The low profile, less weight patch antenna has antenna element of physical dimension 40x40x2.6mm .The substrate material being used is Alumina with dielectric constant 9.6. This antenna is designed to be used for TTC and payload downlink purposes. The designed patch array antenna meets all the parametric needs for a Polar orbiting satellite at Low Earth Orbit (LEO) region.
This document describes a study on frequency switching of a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) loaded with split ring resonators (SRRs). The SRRs act as metamaterials that can alter the antenna's properties. Simulation results show that by varying the radius of the SRRs, the PIFA can resonate at multiple frequencies with increased gain and bandwidth compared to the unloaded antenna. Larger SRR radii allow the antenna to operate at higher frequencies with more bandwidth but using fewer SRR units. The metamaterial properties of the SRR are verified using an effective medium theory approach.
STUDY ON IMPROVED RADIATION PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF FRACTAL ANTENNA FO...vnktrjr
This document discusses a study on improving the radiation performance of fractal antennas for wireless applications. It begins with an introduction to wireless communication systems and the importance of antennas. It then discusses the basics of antenna theory, including key properties like gain, directivity, efficiency, input impedance, polarization, return loss, radiation patterns and beamwidth. Finally, it briefly describes common antenna types such as dipoles, monopoles, corner reflectors and Yagi antennas. The overall aim is to analyze how the performance of a microstrip fractal antenna can be improved by using an array configuration and electromagnetic band gap structure.
The document compares the performance of two feeding techniques - coaxial probe feed and proximity coupled feed - for a circular microstrip patch antenna operating in the X-band frequency range. Simulation results show that the proximity coupled feed provides a 16.39% increase in bandwidth compared to the coaxial probe feed. The proximity coupled feed also results in better impedance matching and radiation efficiency for the circular microstrip patch antenna.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SYMMETRIC SLITS ON MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAjmicro
In this paper, a basic linearly polarised microstrip square patch antenna operating at 2.4 GHz is
proposed. We have modified the basic microstrip square patch antenna with rectangular shape slits, V
shape slits and truncated corners to achieve circular polarization. Basically we have designed five
different antennas to meet the specification. The various antennas have been simulated, fabricated and the
performance has been tested on network analyser (Agilent Technologies: N9912A, SNMY51464189,
ROHDE & SCHWARZ: ZVL13, 9 KHz to 13.6GHz,). The simulated and tested performance shows close
agreement with each other. The various structures used in this study are microstrip square patch radiator,
microstrip square patch radiator with truncated corner, rectangular slits, truncated corner with
rectangular slits and V shape slits. The experiment results show rectangular slits with truncated corners in
the main square patch and rectangular slits in the main square patch provide better performance with
respect to the antenna parameters. Designed antenna is compact and provides circular polarization at the
required operating frequency of 2.4GHz with improved bandwidth and gain. The use of circularly
polarized antennas presents an attractive solution to achieve this polarization match which allows for
more flexibility in the angle between transmitting and receiving antennas. It gives the following
advantages such as reduction in the effect of multipath reflections, decrease in transmission losses,
enhancement of weather penetration and allowing any orientation to the communication system
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ITERATIVE SQUARE RING FRACTAL ANTENNA FOR DUAL BAND...jmicro
In this paper, iterative square ring fractal antenna is proposed, designed and developed for Wireless
application. The functional characteristics of the antenna such as return loss, VSWR, radiation pattern and
gain are evaluated. Compact size and multi-band compatibility are the major design requirements of
fractal antenna. The proposed antenna has the dimension of 20mm X 20mm and it supports dual band
which is designed in FR4 substrate. It resonates at 5.9 GHz and 8.8 GHz with the return loss of -33dB, -
16dB, respectively. Further, the performance of the antenna is analyzed by varying feed position, feed
width and substrate thickness. By the analysis, we concluded that the proposed antenna have better
performance at left feed position with 0.9mm of feed width at the substrate thickness of 3.2mm.
WIDTH FEEDING STRIPLINE OPTIMISE OF CURVED MICROSTRIPLINE ARRAY VARIANS ANTEN...ijwmn
This study proposed to design of curved microstripline array antenna with more optimal characteristics
parametric through optimise in width feeding stripline and its application for radar communications.
Numeric analysis with an empirical formula in curved microstripline array antenna supports the counting in
relation to the characteristics antenna that is optimally applied in communications. The simulations was
created by using CST software. The result of simulation is to indicate Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR),
Reflection coefficient, Return Loss and Gain with Vertical Linear Polarization. The optimise of curved
microstripline array varians with the varians array and optimise varians in width of the feeding stripline.
Based on this simulated result, curved microstripline array varians antenna is potential to developed antenna
in radar communication in multiband frequency.
Microstrip Rectangular Monopole Antennas with Defected Ground for UWB Applica...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design of new compact antennas for ultra wide band applications. Each antenna consists of a rectangular patch fed by 50Ω microstrip transmission line and the ground element is a defected ground structure (DGS). The aim of this study is to improve the bandwidth of these antennas by using DGS and the modification geometry of rectangular structure, which gives new compact antennas for UWB applications. The input impedance bandwidth of the antennas with S11<-10dB is more than 10GHz, from 3GHz to more than 14 GHz. The proposed antennas are investigated and optimized by using CST microwave studio, they are validated by using another electromagnetic solver Ansoft HFSS. The measured parameters present good agreement with simulation. The final antenna structures offer excellent performances for UWB system.
This chapter provides an overview of fundamental antenna concepts and properties including polarization, radiation pattern, gain, bandwidth, and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). It then discusses microstrip patch antennas, including their structure and advantages. Finally, it introduces metamaterials and defected ground structures (DGS), which can be used to reduce antenna size by providing a negative refractive index substrate. The chapter establishes the background knowledge needed to understand the goals of developing a miniaturized antenna using metamaterial substrates with DGS.
This document describes the design and testing of a dual-polarized slot array patch antenna for WiMAX applications operating at 5.8 GHz. The antenna consists of an 8x8 array of circular patch elements, with each element excited using an aperture coupled microstrip feed. The design was optimized using simulation software to achieve high gain (26 dBi), wide bandwidth (14%), high port isolation, and good radiation patterns. Both simulated and measured results showed good agreement. The antenna meets specifications for WiMAX applications in the 5.15-5.9 GHz band and was found to be low-cost and easy to fabricate.
Dielectric Resonator Reflectarray Antenna Unit Cells for 5G Applications IJECEIAES
This paper presents an investigation for the performance comparison of three different unit cell configurations operating at 26 GHz for 5G applications. The unit cells are cross shape dielectric resonator, cross microstrip patch and cross hybrid dielectric resonator. Verification of the comparison has been done by simulations using commercial Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS). The simulated results for reflection phase, slope variation, reflection loss and 10% bandwidth were analyzed and compared. The results indicate that the optimum configuration to be deployed for the reflectarray’s unit element in order to fulfill the 5G requirements of a wide bandwidth is the cross hybrid DRA. This configuration is a combination of cross DRA with cross microstrip patch as the parasitic element in order to tune the phase and provide a wide phase range with smooth variation slope. Cross hybrid DRA provided a wide phase range of 520° with 0.77 dB loss and 10% bandwidth of 160 MHz.
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This paper present a design of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) to improve gain and efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band at 10 GHz. The band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) designed at the operating frequency of the antenna is used. FSS structure is configured as a superstrate for the microstrip patch antenna. The main goal of this paper is design a compact microstrip antenna module
(microstrip patch and FSS structure). Simulation results using CST studio showed that high gain (54 % increment) and efficiency is increased to 97% have been achieved by the proposed antenna module (MS and FSS). The equivalent circuit of proposed FSS unit cell in ADS software has been evaluated and compared to simulation results (CST studio) to improve characteristics of the antenna. The proposed antenna module is extremely compact high gain and it can be used for X-band applications.
A four-element UWB MIMO antenna using SRRs for application in satellite commu...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a method for designing a new ultra wide band (UWB) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with two and four elements. First we presented an ultra-wide band antenna we studied these performances. Then, we studied the application of metamaterials to the design of MIMO antennas for miniaturization and the performance of antennas, in order to guarantee the proper functioning of the MIMO system with a much reduced separation distance between the radiating elements (λ/12), where the coupling can be very weak. The application of these circular double ring SRRs materials on the front plan of the antenna has contributed to the increasing of the antenna performance is studied in terms of S-Parameters, efficiency, diversity gain (DG), radiation properties and envelop correlation coefficient (ECC). It offers advantages such as the reduction of weight and congestion that is beneficial for their integration into satellite communications systems.
The document summarizes research on the design and analysis of microstrip-fed ultra-wideband antennas with multiple band-notch functions. A compact printed monopole UWB antenna is presented with slots etched in the radiating patch to create notched bands at 3.3–3.7 GHz for WiMAX, 5.15–5.825 GHz for WLAN, and 7.25–7.75 GHz for satellite communication. Surface currents and transmission line models are used to analyze the effect of the slots. The designed antenna has a compact size of 25 x 29 mm2 and produces broadband matched impedance and good omnidirectional radiation patterns.
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This document summarizes the design and simulation results of a compact microstrip patch antenna with a frequency selective surface (FSS) for X-band applications. The following key points are made:
1) A rectangular microstrip patch antenna is designed to operate at 10 GHz. A hexagonal loop FSS unit cell is designed and simulated to selectively reflect the operating frequency band.
2) Simulation results show the FSS unit cell operates as a bandstop filter between 4-14 GHz with a center frequency of 10 GHz. An equivalent circuit model is developed and validated.
3) Parametric studies show the FSS resonance can be tuned by varying the unit cell geometry, conductor thickness, and substrate properties.
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This paper present a design of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) to improve gain and efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band at 10 GHz. The band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) designed at the operating frequency of the antenna is used. FSS structure is configured as a superstrate for the microstrip patch antenna. The main goal of this paper is design a compact microstrip antenna module (microstrip patch and FSS structure). Simulation results using CST studio showed that high gain (54 % increment) and efficiency is increased to 97% have been achieved by the proposed antenna module (MS and FSS). The equivalent circuit of proposed FSS unit cell in ADS software has been evaluated and compared to simulation results (CST studio) to improve characteristics of the antenna. The proposed antenna module is extremely compact high gain and it can be used for X-band applications.
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This paper present a design of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) to improve gain and efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band at 10 GHz. The band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) designed at the operating frequency of the antenna is used. FSS structure is configured as a superstrate for the microstrip patch antenna. The main goal of this paper is design a compact microstrip antenna module (microstrip patch and FSS structure). Simulation results using CST studio showed that high gain (54 % increment) and efficiency is increased to 97% have been achieved by the proposed antenna module (MS and FSS). The equivalent circuit of proposed FSS unit cell in ADS software has been evaluated and compared to simulation results (CST studio) to improve characteristics of the antenna. The proposed antenna module is extremely compact high gain and it can be used for X-band applications.
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This paper present a design of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) to improve gain and efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band at 10 GHz. The band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) designed at the operating frequency of the antenna is used. FSS structure is configured as a superstrate for the microstrip patch antenna. The main goal of this paper is design a compact microstrip antenna module (microstrip patch and FSS structure). Simulation results using CST studio showed that high gain (54 % increment) and efficiency is increased to 97% have been achieved by the proposed antenna module (MS and FSS). The equivalent circuit of proposed FSS unit cell in ADS software has been evaluated and compared to simulation results (CST studio) to improve characteristics of the antenna. The proposed antenna module is extremely compact high gain and it can be used for X-band applications.
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This paper present a design of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) to improve gain and efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band at 10 GHz. The band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) designed at the operating frequency of the antenna is used. FSS structure is configured as a superstrate for the microstrip patch antenna. The main goal of this paper is design a compact microstrip antenna module (microstrip patch and FSS structure). Simulation results using CST studio showed that high gain (54 % increment) and efficiency is increased to 97% have been achieved by the proposed antenna module (MS and FSS). The equivalent circuit of proposed FSS unit cell in ADS software has been evaluated and compared to simulation results (CST studio) to improve characteristics of the antenna. The proposed antenna module is extremely compact high gain and it can be used for X-band applications.
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This paper present a design of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) to improve gain and efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band at 10 GHz. The band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) designed at the operating frequency of the antenna is used. FSS structure is configured as a superstrate for the microstrip patch antenna. The main goal of this paper is design a compact microstrip antenna module
(microstrip patch and FSS structure). Simulation results using CST studio showed that high gain (54 % increment) and efficiency is increased to 97% have been achieved by the proposed antenna module (MS and FSS). The equivalent circuit of proposed FSS unit cell in ADS software has been evaluated and compared to simulation results (CST studio) to improve characteristics of the antenna. The proposed antenna module is extremely compact high gain and it can be used for X-band applications.
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This paper present a design of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) to improve gain and efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band at 10 GHz. The band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) designed at the operating frequency of the antenna is used. FSS structure is configured as a superstrate for the microstrip patch antenna. The main goal of this paper is design a compact microstrip antenna module (microstrip patch and FSS structure). Simulation results using CST studio showed that high gain (54 % increment) and efficiency is increased to 97% have been achieved by the proposed antenna module (MS and FSS). The equivalent circuit of proposed FSS unit cell in ADS software has been evaluated and compared to simulation results (CST studio) to improve characteristics of the antenna. The proposed antenna module is extremely compact high gain and it can be used for X-band applications.
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Antenna for CDMA Systems CommunicationIOSR Journals
This paper proposes a newly designed microstrip patch antennas (MSA) for wireless application
(CDMA Systems). The designed single antenna E-shaped patch antenna. Two parallel slots are in corporated
into the patch of a microstrip antenna to expand it bandwidth, and designed antenna operates in the frequency
range of 1.85 to 1.99 GHz. The antenna is designed using air as a dielectric substrate between the ground plane
and substrate patch antenna. IE3D is a full-wave electromagnetic simulator based on the method of moments
(MoM) technique. It has been widely used in the design of MICs, RFICs, patch antennas, wire antennas, and
other RF/wireless antennas. It can be used to calculate and plot the S parameters, VSWR, current distributions
as well as the radiation patterns. The results obtained for each patch were 2D and 3D view of patch, Directivity,
Gain, beam width and other such parameters, true and mapped 3D radiation pattern, and 2D polar radiation
pattern. The antenna successfully achieves the exhibit a broad impedance bandwidth of 27 % (at VSWR < 2)
with respect to the center frequency of 1.9 GHz is designed, fabricated, and finally measured on Spectrum
analyzer. The radiation pattern and directivity are also presented.. Gain maximum achievable is 3 dBi and good
return loss (S11 parameters) of -30 dB is achieved along with broadside radiation pattern.
TRI-BAND MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR S-BAND NANO SATELLITE APPLICATION USING...ijsrd.com
It's the generation of tiny satellites which basically needs all its components to be miniature. The product proposed here is one such component, a tri band micro strip patch antenna operating at 2.6GHz, 3.6GHz S-band frequencies and 5.8 GHz. This real-time project work deals with a rectangular patch antenna operating at different frequencies working for various applications. The proposed S-Band Patch antenna is being designed and simulated using HFSS software. Obtaining optimum bandwidth efficiency by choosing suitable size without affecting any other parameters of the antenna is the challenge taken over in this project. The low profile, less weight patch antenna has antenna element of physical dimension 40x40x2.6mm .The substrate material being used is Alumina with dielectric constant 9.6. This antenna is designed to be used for TTC and payload downlink purposes. The designed patch array antenna meets all the parametric needs for a Polar orbiting satellite at Low Earth Orbit (LEO) region.
This document describes a study on frequency switching of a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) loaded with split ring resonators (SRRs). The SRRs act as metamaterials that can alter the antenna's properties. Simulation results show that by varying the radius of the SRRs, the PIFA can resonate at multiple frequencies with increased gain and bandwidth compared to the unloaded antenna. Larger SRR radii allow the antenna to operate at higher frequencies with more bandwidth but using fewer SRR units. The metamaterial properties of the SRR are verified using an effective medium theory approach.
STUDY ON IMPROVED RADIATION PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF FRACTAL ANTENNA FO...vnktrjr
This document discusses a study on improving the radiation performance of fractal antennas for wireless applications. It begins with an introduction to wireless communication systems and the importance of antennas. It then discusses the basics of antenna theory, including key properties like gain, directivity, efficiency, input impedance, polarization, return loss, radiation patterns and beamwidth. Finally, it briefly describes common antenna types such as dipoles, monopoles, corner reflectors and Yagi antennas. The overall aim is to analyze how the performance of a microstrip fractal antenna can be improved by using an array configuration and electromagnetic band gap structure.
The document compares the performance of two feeding techniques - coaxial probe feed and proximity coupled feed - for a circular microstrip patch antenna operating in the X-band frequency range. Simulation results show that the proximity coupled feed provides a 16.39% increase in bandwidth compared to the coaxial probe feed. The proximity coupled feed also results in better impedance matching and radiation efficiency for the circular microstrip patch antenna.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SYMMETRIC SLITS ON MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAjmicro
In this paper, a basic linearly polarised microstrip square patch antenna operating at 2.4 GHz is
proposed. We have modified the basic microstrip square patch antenna with rectangular shape slits, V
shape slits and truncated corners to achieve circular polarization. Basically we have designed five
different antennas to meet the specification. The various antennas have been simulated, fabricated and the
performance has been tested on network analyser (Agilent Technologies: N9912A, SNMY51464189,
ROHDE & SCHWARZ: ZVL13, 9 KHz to 13.6GHz,). The simulated and tested performance shows close
agreement with each other. The various structures used in this study are microstrip square patch radiator,
microstrip square patch radiator with truncated corner, rectangular slits, truncated corner with
rectangular slits and V shape slits. The experiment results show rectangular slits with truncated corners in
the main square patch and rectangular slits in the main square patch provide better performance with
respect to the antenna parameters. Designed antenna is compact and provides circular polarization at the
required operating frequency of 2.4GHz with improved bandwidth and gain. The use of circularly
polarized antennas presents an attractive solution to achieve this polarization match which allows for
more flexibility in the angle between transmitting and receiving antennas. It gives the following
advantages such as reduction in the effect of multipath reflections, decrease in transmission losses,
enhancement of weather penetration and allowing any orientation to the communication system
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ITERATIVE SQUARE RING FRACTAL ANTENNA FOR DUAL BAND...jmicro
In this paper, iterative square ring fractal antenna is proposed, designed and developed for Wireless
application. The functional characteristics of the antenna such as return loss, VSWR, radiation pattern and
gain are evaluated. Compact size and multi-band compatibility are the major design requirements of
fractal antenna. The proposed antenna has the dimension of 20mm X 20mm and it supports dual band
which is designed in FR4 substrate. It resonates at 5.9 GHz and 8.8 GHz with the return loss of -33dB, -
16dB, respectively. Further, the performance of the antenna is analyzed by varying feed position, feed
width and substrate thickness. By the analysis, we concluded that the proposed antenna have better
performance at left feed position with 0.9mm of feed width at the substrate thickness of 3.2mm.
WIDTH FEEDING STRIPLINE OPTIMISE OF CURVED MICROSTRIPLINE ARRAY VARIANS ANTEN...ijwmn
This study proposed to design of curved microstripline array antenna with more optimal characteristics
parametric through optimise in width feeding stripline and its application for radar communications.
Numeric analysis with an empirical formula in curved microstripline array antenna supports the counting in
relation to the characteristics antenna that is optimally applied in communications. The simulations was
created by using CST software. The result of simulation is to indicate Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR),
Reflection coefficient, Return Loss and Gain with Vertical Linear Polarization. The optimise of curved
microstripline array varians with the varians array and optimise varians in width of the feeding stripline.
Based on this simulated result, curved microstripline array varians antenna is potential to developed antenna
in radar communication in multiband frequency.
Microstrip Rectangular Monopole Antennas with Defected Ground for UWB Applica...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design of new compact antennas for ultra wide band applications. Each antenna consists of a rectangular patch fed by 50Ω microstrip transmission line and the ground element is a defected ground structure (DGS). The aim of this study is to improve the bandwidth of these antennas by using DGS and the modification geometry of rectangular structure, which gives new compact antennas for UWB applications. The input impedance bandwidth of the antennas with S11<-10dB is more than 10GHz, from 3GHz to more than 14 GHz. The proposed antennas are investigated and optimized by using CST microwave studio, they are validated by using another electromagnetic solver Ansoft HFSS. The measured parameters present good agreement with simulation. The final antenna structures offer excellent performances for UWB system.
This chapter provides an overview of fundamental antenna concepts and properties including polarization, radiation pattern, gain, bandwidth, and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). It then discusses microstrip patch antennas, including their structure and advantages. Finally, it introduces metamaterials and defected ground structures (DGS), which can be used to reduce antenna size by providing a negative refractive index substrate. The chapter establishes the background knowledge needed to understand the goals of developing a miniaturized antenna using metamaterial substrates with DGS.
This document describes the design and testing of a dual-polarized slot array patch antenna for WiMAX applications operating at 5.8 GHz. The antenna consists of an 8x8 array of circular patch elements, with each element excited using an aperture coupled microstrip feed. The design was optimized using simulation software to achieve high gain (26 dBi), wide bandwidth (14%), high port isolation, and good radiation patterns. Both simulated and measured results showed good agreement. The antenna meets specifications for WiMAX applications in the 5.15-5.9 GHz band and was found to be low-cost and easy to fabricate.
Dielectric Resonator Reflectarray Antenna Unit Cells for 5G Applications IJECEIAES
This paper presents an investigation for the performance comparison of three different unit cell configurations operating at 26 GHz for 5G applications. The unit cells are cross shape dielectric resonator, cross microstrip patch and cross hybrid dielectric resonator. Verification of the comparison has been done by simulations using commercial Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWS). The simulated results for reflection phase, slope variation, reflection loss and 10% bandwidth were analyzed and compared. The results indicate that the optimum configuration to be deployed for the reflectarray’s unit element in order to fulfill the 5G requirements of a wide bandwidth is the cross hybrid DRA. This configuration is a combination of cross DRA with cross microstrip patch as the parasitic element in order to tune the phase and provide a wide phase range with smooth variation slope. Cross hybrid DRA provided a wide phase range of 520° with 0.77 dB loss and 10% bandwidth of 160 MHz.
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This paper present a design of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) to improve gain and efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band at 10 GHz. The band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) designed at the operating frequency of the antenna is used. FSS structure is configured as a superstrate for the microstrip patch antenna. The main goal of this paper is design a compact microstrip antenna module
(microstrip patch and FSS structure). Simulation results using CST studio showed that high gain (54 % increment) and efficiency is increased to 97% have been achieved by the proposed antenna module (MS and FSS). The equivalent circuit of proposed FSS unit cell in ADS software has been evaluated and compared to simulation results (CST studio) to improve characteristics of the antenna. The proposed antenna module is extremely compact high gain and it can be used for X-band applications.
A four-element UWB MIMO antenna using SRRs for application in satellite commu...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a method for designing a new ultra wide band (UWB) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with two and four elements. First we presented an ultra-wide band antenna we studied these performances. Then, we studied the application of metamaterials to the design of MIMO antennas for miniaturization and the performance of antennas, in order to guarantee the proper functioning of the MIMO system with a much reduced separation distance between the radiating elements (λ/12), where the coupling can be very weak. The application of these circular double ring SRRs materials on the front plan of the antenna has contributed to the increasing of the antenna performance is studied in terms of S-Parameters, efficiency, diversity gain (DG), radiation properties and envelop correlation coefficient (ECC). It offers advantages such as the reduction of weight and congestion that is beneficial for their integration into satellite communications systems.
The document summarizes research on the design and analysis of microstrip-fed ultra-wideband antennas with multiple band-notch functions. A compact printed monopole UWB antenna is presented with slots etched in the radiating patch to create notched bands at 3.3–3.7 GHz for WiMAX, 5.15–5.825 GHz for WLAN, and 7.25–7.75 GHz for satellite communication. Surface currents and transmission line models are used to analyze the effect of the slots. The designed antenna has a compact size of 25 x 29 mm2 and produces broadband matched impedance and good omnidirectional radiation patterns.
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This document summarizes the design and simulation results of a compact microstrip patch antenna with a frequency selective surface (FSS) for X-band applications. The following key points are made:
1) A rectangular microstrip patch antenna is designed to operate at 10 GHz. A hexagonal loop FSS unit cell is designed and simulated to selectively reflect the operating frequency band.
2) Simulation results show the FSS unit cell operates as a bandstop filter between 4-14 GHz with a center frequency of 10 GHz. An equivalent circuit model is developed and validated.
3) Parametric studies show the FSS resonance can be tuned by varying the unit cell geometry, conductor thickness, and substrate properties.
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This paper present a design of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) to improve gain and efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band at 10 GHz. The band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) designed at the operating frequency of the antenna is used. FSS structure is configured as a superstrate for the microstrip patch antenna. The main goal of this paper is design a compact microstrip antenna module (microstrip patch and FSS structure). Simulation results using CST studio showed that high gain (54 % increment) and efficiency is increased to 97% have been achieved by the proposed antenna module (MS and FSS). The equivalent circuit of proposed FSS unit cell in ADS software has been evaluated and compared to simulation results (CST studio) to improve characteristics of the antenna. The proposed antenna module is extremely compact high gain and it can be used for X-band applications.
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This paper present a design of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) to improve gain and efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band at 10 GHz. The band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) designed at the operating frequency of the antenna is used. FSS structure is configured as a superstrate for the microstrip patch antenna. The main goal of this paper is design a compact microstrip antenna module (microstrip patch and FSS structure). Simulation results using CST studio showed that high gain (54 % increment) and efficiency is increased to 97% have been achieved by the proposed antenna module (MS and FSS). The equivalent circuit of proposed FSS unit cell in ADS software has been evaluated and compared to simulation results (CST studio) to improve characteristics of the antenna. The proposed antenna module is extremely compact high gain and it can be used for X-band applications.
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This paper present a design of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) to improve gain and efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band at 10 GHz. The band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) designed at the operating frequency of the antenna is used. FSS structure is configured as a superstrate for the microstrip patch antenna. The main goal of this paper is design a compact microstrip antenna module (microstrip patch and FSS structure). Simulation results using CST studio showed that high gain (54 % increment) and efficiency is increased to 97% have been achieved by the proposed antenna module (MS and FSS). The equivalent circuit of proposed FSS unit cell in ADS software has been evaluated and compared to simulation results (CST studio) to improve characteristics of the antenna. The proposed antenna module is extremely compact high gain and it can be used for X-band applications.
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This paper present a design of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) to improve gain and efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band at 10 GHz. The band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) designed at the operating frequency of the antenna is used. FSS structure is configured as a superstrate for the microstrip patch antenna. The main goal of this paper is design a compact microstrip antenna module (microstrip patch and FSS structure). Simulation results using CST studio showed that high gain (54 % increment) and efficiency is increased to 97% have been achieved by the proposed antenna module (MS and FSS). The equivalent circuit of proposed FSS unit cell in ADS software has been evaluated and compared to simulation results (CST studio) to improve characteristics of the antenna. The proposed antenna module is extremely compact high gain and it can be used for X-band applications.
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This paper present a design of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) to improve gain and efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band at 10 GHz. The band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) designed at the operating frequency of the antenna is used. FSS structure is configured as a superstrate for the microstrip patch antenna. The main goal of this paper is design a compact microstrip antenna module
(microstrip patch and FSS structure). Simulation results using CST studio showed that high gain (54 % increment) and efficiency is increased to 97% have been achieved by the proposed antenna module (MS and FSS). The equivalent circuit of proposed FSS unit cell in ADS software has been evaluated and compared to simulation results (CST studio) to improve characteristics of the antenna. The proposed antenna module is extremely compact high gain and it can be used for X-band applications.
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This paper present a design of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) to improve gain and efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band at 10 GHz. The band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) designed at the operating frequency of the antenna is used. FSS structure is configured as a superstrate for the microstrip patch antenna. The main goal of this paper is design a compact microstrip antenna module (microstrip patch and FSS structure). Simulation results using CST studio showed that high gain (54 % increment) and efficiency is increased to 97% have been achieved by the proposed antenna module (MS and FSS). The equivalent circuit of proposed FSS unit cell in ADS software has been evaluated and compared to simulation results (CST studio) to improve characteristics of the antenna. The proposed antenna module is extremely compact high gain and it can be used for X-band applications.
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This paper present a design of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) to improve gain and efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band at 10 GHz. The band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) designed at the operating frequency of the antenna is used. FSS structure is configured as a superstrate for the microstrip patch antenna. The main goal of this paper is design a compact microstrip antenna module
(microstrip patch and FSS structure). Simulation results using CST studio showed that high gain (54 % increment) and efficiency is increased to 97% have been achieved by the proposed antenna module (MS and FSS). The equivalent circuit of proposed FSS unit cell in ADS software has been evaluated and compared to simulation results (CST studio) to improve characteristics of the antenna. The proposed antenna module is extremely compact high gain and it can be used for X-band applications.
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This paper present a design of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) to improve gain and efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band at 10 GHz. The band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) designed at the operating frequency of the antenna is used. FSS structure is configured as a superstrate for the microstrip patch antenna. The main goal of this paper is design a compact microstrip antenna module (microstrip patch and FSS structure). Simulation results using CST studio showed that high gain (54 % increment) and efficiency is increased to 97% have been achieved by the proposed antenna module (MS and FSS). The equivalent circuit of proposed FSS unit cell in ADS software has been evaluated and compared to simulation results (CST studio) to improve characteristics of the antenna. The proposed antenna module is extremely compact high gain and it can be used for X-band applications.
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This document summarizes the design and simulation results of a compact microstrip patch antenna with a frequency selective surface (FSS) for X-band applications. The following key points are made:
1) A rectangular microstrip patch antenna is designed to operate at 10 GHz. A hexagonal loop FSS unit cell is designed and simulated to selectively reflect the operating frequency band.
2) Simulation results show the FSS unit cell operates as a bandstop filter between 4-14 GHz with a center frequency of 10 GHz. An equivalent circuit model is developed and validated.
3) Parametric studies show the FSS resonance can be tuned by varying the unit cell geometry, conductor thickness, spacing between loops,
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This paper present a design of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) to improve gain and efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band at 10 GHz. The band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) designed at the operating frequency of the antenna is used. FSS structure is configured as a superstrate for the microstrip patch antenna. The main goal of this paper is design a compact microstrip antenna module (microstrip patch and FSS structure). Simulation results using CST studio showed that high gain (54 % increment) and efficiency is increased to 97% have been achieved by the proposed antenna module (MS and FSS). The equivalent circuit of proposed FSS unit cell in ADS software has been evaluated and compared to simulation results (CST studio) to improve characteristics of the antenna. The proposed antenna module is extremely compact high gain and it can be used for X-band applications.
HIGH GAIN COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X-BAND APPLICATIONSjantjournal
This paper present a design of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) to improve gain and efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band at 10 GHz. The band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) designed at the operating frequency of the antenna is used. FSS structure is configured as a superstrate for the microstrip patch antenna. The main goal of this paper is design a compact microstrip antenna module
(microstrip patch and FSS structure). Simulation results using CST studio showed that high gain (54 % increment) and efficiency is increased to 97% have been achieved by the proposed antenna module (MS and FSS). The equivalent circuit of proposed FSS unit cell in ADS software has been evaluated and compared to simulation results (CST studio) to improve characteristics of the antenna. The proposed antenna module is extremely compact high gain and it can be used for X-band applications.
A novel miniature coplanar band-pass filter for ISM applicationsjournalBEEI
This paper presents a novel approach to design a compact miniature coplanar band-pass filter by using rectangular split ring resonator. This proposed circuit is designed for the Industrial, Scientific and, Medical (ISM) frequency band applications at 2.4 GHz. At the first stage, a metamaterial resonator is designed and simulated in a TEM waveguide to verifiy its electromagnetic proprieties around the desired frequency bands. At the second stage, a band pass filter is designed using the proposed metamaterial resonator. Many parametric studies are realized to investigate the effect and influence of some resonator parameters on the proposed BPF performances. ADS Agilent and CST-MWS solvers are used in order to verify the simulated results. The circuit frequency responses show an excellent insertion loss and good return loss in the passband.
Octa-band reconfigurable monopole antenna frequency diversity 5G wirelessIJECEIAES
An octa-band frequency-reconfigurable antenna (28×14×1.5 mm 3 ) with a broad tuning range is shown. Antenna mode1 (4.31 GHz) works in one single-band mode and two dual-band in modes 2 and 3 (i.e., 3.91 and 5.9 GHz) as well as one tri-band in mode 4 (i.e., 3.09, 5.65, and 7.92 GHz) based on the switching situation of the antenna. Changing capacitance for frequency reconfigurability is accomplished with the use of lumped components. The antenna’s observed tuning spans from 3.09 GHz to 7.92 GHz. for all the resonant bands, the suggested antenna has a voltage standing waves ratio (VSWR)<1.45 except for one band with a VSWR<1.85. From 70.57% to 97.93%, the suggested structure’s radiation efficiency may be calculated. For a better understanding proposed antenna’s far field and scattering characteristics, we used CST Microwave Studio 2021. We may conclude that our suggested antenna is suitable for today’s wireless applications, which need multiband and multimode small antennas. Using a small stainless-steel wire as a switch, a prototype of the antenna design is built and tested to verify the simulation findings. The suggested reconfigurable antenna’s strong concordance between simulated and measured findings.
Design and Analysis of Wideband Microstip Patch Antenna Employing EBG and Par...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes the design and analysis of a wideband microstrip patch antenna employing EBG structures and a partial ground plane. Initially, a simple patch antenna was designed as a baseline, then various modifications were made, including cutting an H-slot in the patch, cutting the patch into a star shape, adding EBG structures, and adding a DGS structure. The proposed antenna design uses EBG structures within the patch and a partial ground plane. Simulation results show it resonates at four frequencies between 2.5-12.9 GHz with return losses between -13.96 to -19.0 dB, indicating a wide bandwidth. The antenna also has an omni-directional radiation pattern and gain of 6.33
This document summarizes the design and analysis of a wideband microstrip patch antenna employing EBG structures and a partial ground plane. Initially, a simple patch antenna was designed as a baseline, then various modifications were made, including cutting an H-slot in the patch, cutting the patch into a star shape, adding EBG structures, and adding a DGS structure. The proposed antenna design uses EBG structures within the patch and a partial ground plane. Simulation results show it resonates at four frequencies between 2.5-12.9 GHz with return losses between -13.96 to -19.0 dB, indicating a wide bandwidth. The antenna also has an omni-directional radiation pattern and gain of 6.33
The document describes the design and simulation of a novel star-shaped fractal slot antenna. The antenna was modified from a triangular microstrip antenna into a star-shaped patch with fractal geometry. This increased the antenna's impedance bandwidth. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved a wide bandwidth of 56.67% from 4.8 GHz to 7.1 GHz, covering WLAN and X-band applications. Within this band, the antenna maintained stable radiation patterns and a gain ranging from 6.33 dBi to 10.02 dBi. Introducing a fractal iteration further improved the bandwidth and gain.
IRJET - Multiband Concentric Ring Circular Microstrip Patch AntennaIRJET Journal
This document describes a multiband circular microstrip patch antenna with concentric rings. The antenna is designed to operate in the X-band frequency of 10 GHz but provides high gain and bandwidth across other frequency bands as well. The antenna structure consists of a circular patch surrounded by concentric circular strips connected to each other. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 6 frequencies between 7.6-12 GHz. The maximum gain is approximately 7.5 dBi and maximum bandwidth is around 500 MHz. The antenna design provides multiband capability with high gain using a simple, easy-to-fabricate structure.
Similar to Radiation performance enhancement of an ultra wide band antenna using metamaterial band-pass filter (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
20CDE09- INFORMATION DESIGN
UNIT I INCEPTION OF INFORMATION DESIGN
Introduction and Definition
History of Information Design
Need of Information Design
Types of Information Design
Identifying audience
Defining the audience and their needs
Inclusivity and Visual impairment
Case study.
A brand new catalog for the 2024 edition of IWISS. We have enriched our product range and have more innovations in electrician tools, plumbing tools, wire rope tools and banding tools. Let's explore together!
Introduction to LINQ in UiPath with examples.pptxshikhartandon9
This is a PowerPoint presentation which contains basics of LINQ and how to use it in UiPath it also contains some basic use cases, examples and explanations.
A person can get general idea on how to use LINQ in UiPath with some basic functions and achieve the expected results.
Principles of Electronic Communication System 4th Edition by Louis Frenzel.pdfAeronKimAbel
A comprehensive textbook that covers the fundamental concepts and principles of electronic communication. It includes detailed explanations of communication theory, practical applications, and modern digital and analog communication systems. The book is designed for students and professionals in the field of electronics and communication engineering, providing a thorough understanding of key topics such as signal transmission, modulation, data communication, and network protocols.
This ppt will help reader specifically for the beginners to understand basics of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) course. It covers procedure, advantages, disadvantages and applications of FEA. It also covers few basic terms used in FEA.
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ensure multi band behavior [10, 11], to enhance bandwidth [12, 13] and to preserve compactness aspect of
the hole structure [14, 15].
Frequency selective surfaces (FSS) are a popular metamaterials structures that provide filtering
proprieties. FSS when they are properly designed, can probably ameliorate the radiation characteristics of
printed UWB antennas and also shield the electronics beneath them. Generally, FSSs are constructed by
the repetition of a pre-designed unit cell to give them the periodic antennas as well as shield the electronics
beneath them structures specificity. Depending on their unit cell geometry, FSSs act as spatial filters [16].
They can be designed to alow electromagnetic (EM) waves to move across them in the case of band pass FSS
or return back them if it is band stop FSS [17]. Their performing filtering behavior is generally a function of
the structure, the operating frequency and the incoming EM wave polarization. Based on the above principle
the FSS can combined with the UWB antenna to enhance its performance [18, 19].
In recent literature, some single-layer FSS reflectors are designed to achieve constant gain in
the UWB band [20-22]. In [23], FSS is used to reduce Radar Cross Section (RCS) of microstrip array
antenna. In fact, the proposed FSS cell is with reflective property over the low band 1.9-7.5 GHz and also
with transmitive performance at 11.05 GHz. It is simultaneously applied to reduce the out-of-band RCS and
preserve the antenna array radiation performance. In [24, 25], conical FSS radome integrated in a small
distance of a monopole antenna is presented. This stucture shows a narrow pass-band response which is very
useful for out of band RCS control. In [26], Ayan Chatterjee proposed a monopole dielectric resonator
antenna with a cylindrical FSS for radiation diversity application. The FSS is reflective at 5 GHz and when it
is placed close to the monopole improve the antenna bandwidth from 26.8 % to 53.67 % in 4-6 GHz.
In addition, in [27], the basic metamaterial circular and square rings are used to achieve a stopband response
characteristic. In the study presented in [28], two compact UWB frequency selective surface reflectors are
proposed for antenna gain enhancement applications. The FSS, which is a 10×10 array with 8.25×8.25 mm
unit size, not only enhances the gain of the UWB antenna, but also guarantees a constant gain with only
0.5 dBi variation across the whole operation band. Furthermore, an 8×8 array of I-shaped FSS structures was
introduced in [29] and led to an increase in gain of the monopole slot antenna radiation pattern to be used for
several wireless and X-band applications. In [30], a 6×6 array of the FSS cell was integrated with
a dual-slot antenna to be useful for a circular polarization application over the 4.5–8.0 GHz band in vehicular
radar and ground penetrating radar.
We propose in this work a planar compact filter-antenna module for wireless UWB applications.
This filter is transmittive at 3.5 GHz frequency. It is fabricated with an array of FSS cells and integrated then
with a UWB elliptical antenna at a close distance of λ0/8 in order to improve its radiation characteristics in
directivity, gain, and bandwidth. Simulations results shows a good isotropic filtering response of the proposed
structure with the variation of incident wave angle and polarization. Also, antenna gain, directivity and
adaptation (S11) are improved which is very suitable for UWB wireless applications around 3.5 GHz.
The rest of the paper is organised as follows: The proposed FSS unit cell design and simulations is
described in Section 2. Then, in section 3, integrated module antenna-filter design and simulations
characteristics are detailed and also discussed. Finely conclusions are summarized in the last section.
2. FSS UNIT ELEMENT DESIGN AND SIMULATIONS
Different FSS elements have been studied for band-pass response [22]. The FSS unit cell presented
here is designed for the purpose of a single transmission at 3.5 GHz. The unit cell element geometry is
a D×D rectangular metallic patch with a thickness of t and a square loop slot with a width of a located at
a distance of S from the extremity of the cell. This patch is glued to the paper low-cost FR-4 substrate with
relative permittivity of 4.3, dielectric loss tangent of 0.025 and thickness of 1.6 mm. This design is illustrated
in Figure 1 as Figure 1(a) shows the front side view and Figure 1(b) shows the 3-D perspective view of
the proposed FSS cell. In order to find out the best geometrical dimension parameters values at 3.5 GHz
operating frequency, the unit cell is designed and simulated. The frequency range for this optimization is
taken from 1 to 5 GHz. Optimized values for different parameters are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Optimized geometry parameters values of the proposed FSS unit cell
Parameters Values (mm)
Periodicity: D 15 mm
Square loop slot width: a 1.1 mm
Big square loop width: S 0.7 mm
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(a) (b)
Figure 1. (a) Front side view, (b) 3-D perspective view
Now, to study the characteristics of the proposed FSS, simulation setups are made to calculate
Sparameter (S11, S21) values in TE/TM modes and also for normal and oblique incidences of the wave.
In Figure 2 the simulated transmission coefficient for TE and TM modes are ploted. Results prove that
the FSS cell has a band-pass band filter behavior with a 1.65 GHz bandwidth at 3.5 GHz center frequency.
S-parameter values (S11, S21) in TE and TM modes are identical. It is seen that the cell filtering comportment
is the same for both a horizontally (TE mode) and vertically (TM mode) polarized E-field. So, the FSS cell
has an isotropic response to the polarization mode. The simulated S-parameter coefficient (S21) of this
proposed FSS at different incidence angles and also different polarizations are shown in Figure 3.
It is noticed that the FSS response with the variation of incident angle wave is opposite for TE mode
in Figure 3(a) and TM mode Figure 3(b). The TE mode is more sensitive to the variation of angle of
incidence in comparison with the TM mode. This is due to the fact that the surface impedance is proportional
to the angle of incidence in the TM mode whereas in TE mode, it is the opposite. But it may be observed that,
the transmission zero (S21) does not significantly change and remains lower than -0.6 dB up to an angle
of 45◦
for the two polarization modes. So, independently of modes, FSS cell wave reflection performance
at 3.5 GHz is verified and it can be said that FSS has a independent performance for different polarizations
and incidence angles.
Figure 2. FSS s-parameters simulation for TE mode
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(a) (b)
Figure 3. FSS unit cell reflection characteristics at different angles of incidence,
(a) TE mode, (b) TM mode
3. INTEGRATED DESIGN OF ANTENNA AND FSS FILTER
3.1. 2D planar FSS array design and simulations
As a definition, FSS is a periodic arrangement of 1-D or 2-D resonant structures. The FSS cell
studied above is used to construct a planar layer of 3×3 array elements. The topology of the proposed 2-D
single layer planar is illustrated in Figure 4.
The behavior of this FSS is verified under normal and oblique incidence for TE and TM modes.
The simulated transmission characteristics are shown in Figure 5. As we can see, the results verify that planar
FSS structure gives identical filtering response in both TE and TM modes. We can draw the conclusion that
the FSS layer has an excellent polarization stability. Now, to validate the band-pass characteristics of
the proposed 2-D layer, performances under oblique incidence are also presented in Figure 6. As can be seen
show in these figures, when the incident angle increases to 45°
, the S21 value in TE mode and TM mode at
3.5 GHz resonant frequency is still below to -1 dB. Subsequently, the proposed structure has an efficient
resonance stability for oblique incident angles at different polarizations. So, results are in good agreement
with the band-pass filter behavior of the unit cell.
Figure 4. Topology of 2-D planar FSS of
3 × 3 unit cells
Figure 5. Transmission and reflexion coefficient
variations of 2-D planar FSS
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(a) (b)
Figure 6. Reflection coefficient versus frequency for different incident angle, (a) TE mode, (b) TM mode
3.2. Antenna element design and simulations
A printed elliptical patch antenna is proposed in this paper as a reference antenna which exhibits
good performances through the UWB frequency range (3.1 GHz - 10.6 GHz). The basic geometry of
the antenna is shown in Figure 7. In fact, Ws×Ls FR-4 substrate of thickness h=1.6 mm, relative permittivity
εr=4.4 and loss tangent tgδ=0.02 is used. Ground plane is chosen to be rectangular with dimensions Wg×Lg.
The two axes of antenna are represented by 2a and 2b parameters. The parameter p is the gap distance
separating the radiating element and the ground plane. The antenna is excited via 50Ω microstrip lines of
Wf=3 mm of width. These design parameters were calculated and optimized to obtain a well-comportment in
UWB and especially at 3.5 GHz operating frequency [31]. They are listed in Table 2.
Table 2. Optimized parameters of elliptical antenna (mm)
Patch layer Ground Layer Substrate Layer
a: 14.5 mm Lg=19 mm Ls= 45 mm
b: 10 mm Wg= 45 mm Ws=45 mm
p: 0.4 mm
Figure 7. Geometry of elliptical UWB antenna
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Antenna reflection coefficient (S11) simulations results curves against using the optimized parameter
values involved in Table 2 are presented in Figure 8. It can be observed that S11 values are already lower
then -10 dB level through the UWB frequency band (3.1-10.6 GHz). Therefore, the proposed antenna
demonstrates acceptable performances in UWB.
Antenna simulated radiation patterns on 2-D view at 3.5 GHz frequency in the H-plane (x-z plane),
and E-plane (y-z plane) are shown respectively, in Figure 9. We can notice that the elliptical antenna has
omnidirectional radiation patterns which is typical to UWB monopole antenna radiation. All antenna
parameters in gain, directivity, S11 and radiation efficiency are reported and summarized in Table 3. We can
conclude that the proposed elliptical antenna radiates with good performance at 3.5 GHz operating frequency.
Figure 8. Return loss variation of elliptical antenna.
Figure 9. 2-D view of radiation pattern of elliptical antenna at 3.5 GHz
Table 3. Elliptical antenna performance at 3.5 GHz
Parameters Values
S11 -17.91 dB
Gain 2.75 dBi
Directivity 3.1 dBi
Efficiency -0.4 dB (95%)
Bandwidth 7.5 GHz
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3.3. UWB antenna with FSS design and simulations
To verify the effect of the proposed structure of FSS filter at 3.5 GHz, the layer of 3×3-unit cells
studied in the previous section is placed above the UWB elliptical antenna at a distance of 10 mm which is
near to λ0/8 with respect to the 3.5 GHz center frequency. The elliptical antenna is placed on the center axis
of the FSS layer to ensure axi-symmetry of the whole structure. Proposed design of the module filter-antenna
is showed in Figure 10.
Figure 10. Monopole elliptical antenna with FSS structure
Simulations of the composite design with and without the FSS layer are performed. Simulated
reflection coefficient (S11) results are shown in Figure 11. It can be seen that, the input reflection coefficient
value changes significantly and it improves from -17.91 dB to -53.26 dB at 3.5 GHz. Furthermore, -10 dB
bandwidth of 1.7 GHz of the antenna around the 3.5 GHz operating frequency is detected. So, it is much
narrower which is very suitable for decreasing signal interferences in multi-frequency UWB antennas.
Figure 11. Return loss of the antenna with/without FSS structures
2-D radiation patterns with φ=0◦ and φ=90◦ at 3.5 GHz of the antenna-filter are shown in Figure 12.
From this figure it is observed that, the omnidirectional radiation characteristics of the antenna are kept.
In addition, it is also clearly observed from Figure 13, that with FSS, antenna gain is equal to 3.22 dBi,
directivity is 3.77 dBi and total efficiency of 96% at the operating frequency of 3.5 GHz. From Table 4,
it is shown that gain, directivity and efficiency of the antenna with the use of the FSS filter layer are
increased. These results can be justified by the presence of constructive interferences of radiated and
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reflected waves in the direction opposite to the FSS layer. Usually normal printed monopole antennas suffer
from reduced gain which makes them inefficient. In this work, and from the above results, we can conclude
that radiation performance of the antenna is well improved. So, conformal FSS layer can operate as a radio
frequency filter which can be added directly to the antenna. As a consequence, this filter can used in
shielding antenna by reducing interferences and especially in UWB wireless applications (i.e. connected
object applications in 5G).
Figure 12. Radiation pattern (gain) on 2-D view for phi=0°and phi=90° of antenna with/without FSS layer
Figure 13. 3-D view of radiation pattern for elliptical antenna with FSS filter, (a) Directivity, (b) Gain
Table 4. Elliptical antenna performance at 3.5 GHz without and with FSS
Parametres Antenna without FSS Antennaa with FSS
S11 -17.91 dB -53.26 dB
Gain 2.75 dBi 3.22 dBi
Directivity 3.1 dBi 3.72 dBi
Efficiency -0.4 dB (95%) -0.5 dB (96%)
Bandwidth 7.5 GHz 1.7 GHz
A comparison of the antenna characteristics (i.e. frequency range, bandwidth, gain, radiation
efficiency) and filtering behavior (FSS reflection efficiency, FSS angle of incidence stability) of the proposed
antenna-filter structure with few other works recently reported is given in Table 5. It is observed that
the proposed antenna with FSS filter exhibits an excellent adaptation, a narrow frequency range and
an acceptable gain value. Also, for the proposed design, a good filtering behavior is illustrated with
an insensibility for wave angle of incidence up to 45◦
compared with mentioned researches.
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Table 5. Comparison of the proposed antenna with the previous designs in the cited references
[32] [23] Proposed
Operating frequency 5.2 GHz 11 GHz 3.5 GHz
Dimensions 108×108 mm2
51.6×51.6 mm2
45×45 mm2
Antenne efficiency -0.7 dB -0.5 dB -0.5 dB
FSS angle of incidence stability - - 45°
Antenna adaptation S11 -30 dB -29 dB -53.26 dB
Antenna gain 7.1 dBi - 3.22 dBi
Bandwidth 0.17 GHz 1.2 GHz 1.7 GHz
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a band pass frequency selective surface is proposed for UWB antenna to enhance
the radiation characteristics in gain, adaptation and bandwidth at 3.5 GHz. The effectiveness of the proposed
FSS filter is proved by its integration with UWB elliptical antenna and it leads to an improvement of
adaptation port value S11 from 17.91 dB to -53.26 dB. In addition, gain is increased to reach 3.22 dB and
bandwidth is reduced from 7.5 GHz to 1.7 GHz around 3.5 GHz operating frequency. So, all these results
make this conformal FSS filter a good solution in reducing interferences and shielding the antenna
at 3.5 GHz especially in wireless connected objects in 5G applications.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge their research laboratory for all effort made to be better at
each published work.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Marwa Daghari was born in Tunisia, in 1989. She is currently a PHD student in
telecommunication engineering. She received her Engineering degree in communications and
networks and from National Engineering School of Gabes in 2012. After that in 2014, she
received her master’s degree in telecommunications from the National Engineering School of
Sousse, Tunisia.
Hedi Sakli is born in Tunisia in 1966. He received the M.S. degree in High Frequency
Communication Systems from Marne-La-Valley University, France in 2002, a PhD degree in
2009 and HDR degree in 2014 in telecommunications from the National Engineering School of
Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunisia. He is since 2010 assistant professor at the University
of Gabes. In 2016 he is Associate Professor. He is the author of more than 50 papers. His
research interests propagation in anisotropic media, Ferrite and metamaterials, numerical
methods in electromagnetic, FSS, antennas and sensors.