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Healthy people, animals and ecosystems: The role of CGIAR research

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Keynote presentation by Bernard Bett and Jimmy Smith at the Regional Conference on Zoonotic Diseases in Eastern Africa, Naivasha, Kenya, 9–12 March 2015.

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Healthy people, animals and ecosystems: The role of CGIAR research Bernard Bett, Veterinary Epidemiologist, ILRI Jimmy Smith, Director General, ILRI Regional Conference on Zoonotic Diseases in Eastern Africa Naivasha, Kenya 9–12 March 2015
Key messages 1 FOOD SECURITY A key role for developing countries  3 HEALTHY PEOPLE  Human health is influenced by diseases endemic in and emerging from animals 2 HEALTHY ANIMALS Food security depends on better animal health 4 HEALTHY ECOSYSTEMS Agriculture impacts ecosystem health
Food Security
Levels of food insecurity in eastern Africa • 13.3 million people (about 10%) in need of humanitarian assistance • Contributing factors: o Low productivity of the livestock sector o Heavy reliance on crop- fed agriculture o Conflicts o High levels of poverty USD $1/day 18 – 59% USD $2/day 49 – 99% Source: FEWSNET
Gaps between food supply and demand Agriculture – source of food and income for up to 90% of the population in the region • Human population has been increasing by 2.55% per year [2007 – 2017] • Projections to the 2030, demand for meat will increase by 3.7% and milk – 2.7% • Projected growth rates for livestock numbers, meat and milk production Project change Total livestock numbers 1.41% Total meet consumption 2.84% Total milk production 2.95% Source: FAO, 2007
Food security and sustainability Bridging the gaps between demand and supply – global level • 60% more food than is produced now will be needed • 75% of this must come from producing more food from the same amount of land • The higher production must be achieved while reducing poverty and addressing environmental, social and health concerns • This greater production will have to be achieved with temperatures that may be 2−4 degrees warmer than today’s
ILRI’s contribution: More meat, milk and fish for and by the poor
Healthy animals and people
Pig farming and zoonotic diseases • Pig farming – expanding in eastern Africa, particularly in Uganda Total population rose from 0.19 million to 3.2 million between 1980 – 2008 in the country • >70% of pigs produced in small holder production systems • Close interactions between pigs and humans/wildlife
• 30% of pigs sampled had rotavirus, family reoviridae Pigs – reservoirs for many viruses, some zoonotic Amimo et al., 2015. Vet Microbiol. Bacteriophages 17% Astroviridae 26% Parvoviridae 6% Reoviridae 11% Picornaviridae 6% Circoviridae 1% Posavirus 2% Picobirnaviridae 1% Plant viruses 17% others 10% Unassigned viruses 3% Astroviridae 50% Parvoviridae 11% Reoviridae 21% Picornaviridae 11% Circoviridae 1% Posavirus 5% Picobirnaviridae 1% 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 Busia_Kenya Teso_Kenya Busia_Uganda Tororo_Uganda 1-5 pigs 6-10 pigs >10 pigs nursing Postweaned (3-4mo) Growers (5-6mo) Free range Housed Housed;Free range Tethered Tethered;Free range Housed;Tethered Housed;Tethered;Free range DistrictsHerdsizeAgeManagementsystems Prevalence of group A rotaviruses (%)
Pigs as a potential reservoir for Ebola virus? Niche map for Ebola Pig population density Poverty map Sampling design Eliza Smith, BVSc, ILRI/KYEEMA Graduate Fellow
Safe Food Fair Food project Risk analysis for food safety/zoonoses along the value chains Lots of capacity building – actors/partners Launched a book synthesizing the various activities conducted https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/42438 Policy briefs Roesel Kristina, ILRI Uganda
Multipathogen surveys in dairy value chain - Tanzania DISEASE % POSITIVE N % FARMERS REPORTING DISEASE AS COMMON Q fever 11.2 392 - East Coast Fever 31.8 402 37 Theileriosis 10.2 402 -- Anaplasmosis 31.6 402 18 Babesiosis 21.4 402 -- Brucellosis 11.4 403 0.7 CBPP 18.1 381 22 Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Ŧ 25Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Ŧ Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Ŧ Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Ŧ -- Neospora Ŧ -- Silvia Alonso – Scientist, ILRIŦ- Lab work in progress
Land use change and zoonotic diseases - Kenya 20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers N Open shrubs (65-40% crown cover) Very open shrubs (40-15% crown cover) Closed herbaceous vegetation on permanently flooded land Open to closed herbaceous vegetation on temporarily flooded Open to closed herbaceous vegetation Irrigated land / Cropland Clouds Tana River-Waterbodies Urban and Rural Settements Open trees on temporarily flooded land Trees and shrubs savannah Very open trees (40-15% crown cover) Open trees (65-40% crown cover) Closed trees Legenda) 1975 b) 2010 DDDAC Research team
Mosquito niche values: pastoral, irrigated and riverine ecosystems DDDAC Research team
Multipathogen surveys – Tana River, Kenya 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Irrigation scheme Pastoral system Riverine ecosystem Brucellosis Leptospirosis Q fever West Nile Dengue Seroprevalence 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 2 3 4 5 Irrigated area Pastoral area Riverine ecosystem Number of infections Sero-prevalence Sero-prevalences of selected zoonoses by area Multiple infections per subject DDDAC Research team
Irrigation in the ASALs and vector-borne diseases • Irrigation covers only 6% of the sub-Saharan Africa, compared to 37% of Asia and 17% of Latin America • Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia – greatest potential to expand irrigation; each offering 100 – 200 thousand ha [WB Report, 2008] • Implications on VBDs: - Standing water - breeding sites - Target sites have very high temperatures - Pests – rats, birds, - Wildlife Effect of climate variables on mosquito parameters – malaria model
Solutions – One Health approach Control zoonoses in animal hosts “One Health” – Median benefit to cost ratio is 4:1 Timely response to outbreaks can reduce 90% costs Capacities to detect zoonoses 18
Solutions: Food safety in developing countries • Branding & certification of milk vendors in Kenya: led to improved milk safety & saved economy $33 million • Training Nigerian butchers led to 20% more meat samples meeting standards. It cost $9 per butcher but resulted in savings $780/per butcher per year from reduced cost of illness among consumers
Solutions: Innovations, incentives, capacities and institutions for managing zoonotic diseases • Develop and test technologies Novel lateral flow assays for cysticercosis
Vaccines save lives of animals that both increase food security and reduce poverty Solutions: ILVAC – a global vaccine initiative An body technologies Vaccine technologies Cellular technologies Diagnos c technologies Genomic technologies Contagiousbovine pleuropneumonia EastCoastfever Africanswinefever Consor a for research & product development and capacity development Private sector GALVmed CRPs NARS Inter-gov agencies Improved vaccines and diagnos c tools Pestedespesruminants RiValleyfever Infec ous disease research: basic & applied ILVAC – a vaccine pla orm
Healthy ecosystems
Livestock and ecosystem health  Livestock are a source of greenhouse gases but improving production efficiencies is key to reducing their C footprints  Livestock feed can compete with staple crops and biofuels for water and other natural resources but – Pastures can help store carbon – Animals in smallholder systems consume crop wastes and natural pasture, not grain  Manure can pollute land and water but is an important source of organic matter for soil fertility
Addressing GHG inefficiencies in the developing world is an opportunity Herrero et al 2013 GHG per kg of animal protein produced
Developing countries can mitigate GHG emissions without moving to industrial grain-fed systems: e.g., through improved efficiencies (e.g., better feeds and feeding systems) Feed opportunities
A global water crisis  2 billion people lack access  Demand is growing; freshwater is getting scarcer  70% of total freshwater use is for agriculture, of which 31% is for livestock
Water for feed 30% reduction in water needed for 1 litre of milk by improving sorghum stalk digestibility by 5%
Key messages 1 FOOD SECURITY A key role for developing countries  3 HEALTHY PEOPLE  Human health is influenced by diseases endemic in and emerging from animals 2 HEALTHY ANIMALS Food security depends on better animal health 4 HEALTHY ECOSYSTEMS Agriculture impacts ecosystem health
Key messages 1 FOOD SECURITY A key role for developing countries  3 HEALTHY PEOPLE  Human health is influenced by diseases endemic in and emerging from animals 2 HEALTHY ANIMALS Food security depends on better animal health 4 HEALTHY ECOSYSTEMS Agriculture impacts ecosystem health
Acknowledgements Partners Funding agencies Thank you!
The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI. Better lives through livestock ilri.org

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Healthy people, animals and ecosystems: The role of CGIAR research

  • 1. Healthy people, animals and ecosystems: The role of CGIAR research Bernard Bett, Veterinary Epidemiologist, ILRI Jimmy Smith, Director General, ILRI Regional Conference on Zoonotic Diseases in Eastern Africa Naivasha, Kenya 9–12 March 2015
  • 2. Key messages 1 FOOD SECURITY A key role for developing countries  3 HEALTHY PEOPLE  Human health is influenced by diseases endemic in and emerging from animals 2 HEALTHY ANIMALS Food security depends on better animal health 4 HEALTHY ECOSYSTEMS Agriculture impacts ecosystem health
  • 4. Levels of food insecurity in eastern Africa • 13.3 million people (about 10%) in need of humanitarian assistance • Contributing factors: o Low productivity of the livestock sector o Heavy reliance on crop- fed agriculture o Conflicts o High levels of poverty USD $1/day 18 – 59% USD $2/day 49 – 99% Source: FEWSNET
  • 5. Gaps between food supply and demand Agriculture – source of food and income for up to 90% of the population in the region • Human population has been increasing by 2.55% per year [2007 – 2017] • Projections to the 2030, demand for meat will increase by 3.7% and milk – 2.7% • Projected growth rates for livestock numbers, meat and milk production Project change Total livestock numbers 1.41% Total meet consumption 2.84% Total milk production 2.95% Source: FAO, 2007
  • 6. Food security and sustainability Bridging the gaps between demand and supply – global level • 60% more food than is produced now will be needed • 75% of this must come from producing more food from the same amount of land • The higher production must be achieved while reducing poverty and addressing environmental, social and health concerns • This greater production will have to be achieved with temperatures that may be 2−4 degrees warmer than today’s
  • 7. ILRI’s contribution: More meat, milk and fish for and by the poor
  • 9. Pig farming and zoonotic diseases • Pig farming – expanding in eastern Africa, particularly in Uganda Total population rose from 0.19 million to 3.2 million between 1980 – 2008 in the country • >70% of pigs produced in small holder production systems • Close interactions between pigs and humans/wildlife
  • 10. • 30% of pigs sampled had rotavirus, family reoviridae Pigs – reservoirs for many viruses, some zoonotic Amimo et al., 2015. Vet Microbiol. Bacteriophages 17% Astroviridae 26% Parvoviridae 6% Reoviridae 11% Picornaviridae 6% Circoviridae 1% Posavirus 2% Picobirnaviridae 1% Plant viruses 17% others 10% Unassigned viruses 3% Astroviridae 50% Parvoviridae 11% Reoviridae 21% Picornaviridae 11% Circoviridae 1% Posavirus 5% Picobirnaviridae 1% 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 Busia_Kenya Teso_Kenya Busia_Uganda Tororo_Uganda 1-5 pigs 6-10 pigs >10 pigs nursing Postweaned (3-4mo) Growers (5-6mo) Free range Housed Housed;Free range Tethered Tethered;Free range Housed;Tethered Housed;Tethered;Free range DistrictsHerdsizeAgeManagementsystems Prevalence of group A rotaviruses (%)
  • 11. Pigs as a potential reservoir for Ebola virus? Niche map for Ebola Pig population density Poverty map Sampling design Eliza Smith, BVSc, ILRI/KYEEMA Graduate Fellow
  • 12. Safe Food Fair Food project Risk analysis for food safety/zoonoses along the value chains Lots of capacity building – actors/partners Launched a book synthesizing the various activities conducted https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/42438 Policy briefs Roesel Kristina, ILRI Uganda
  • 13. Multipathogen surveys in dairy value chain - Tanzania DISEASE % POSITIVE N % FARMERS REPORTING DISEASE AS COMMON Q fever 11.2 392 - East Coast Fever 31.8 402 37 Theileriosis 10.2 402 -- Anaplasmosis 31.6 402 18 Babesiosis 21.4 402 -- Brucellosis 11.4 403 0.7 CBPP 18.1 381 22 Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Ŧ 25Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Ŧ Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Ŧ Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Ŧ -- Neospora Ŧ -- Silvia Alonso – Scientist, ILRIŦ- Lab work in progress
  • 14. Land use change and zoonotic diseases - Kenya 20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers N Open shrubs (65-40% crown cover) Very open shrubs (40-15% crown cover) Closed herbaceous vegetation on permanently flooded land Open to closed herbaceous vegetation on temporarily flooded Open to closed herbaceous vegetation Irrigated land / Cropland Clouds Tana River-Waterbodies Urban and Rural Settements Open trees on temporarily flooded land Trees and shrubs savannah Very open trees (40-15% crown cover) Open trees (65-40% crown cover) Closed trees Legenda) 1975 b) 2010 DDDAC Research team
  • 15. Mosquito niche values: pastoral, irrigated and riverine ecosystems DDDAC Research team
  • 16. Multipathogen surveys – Tana River, Kenya 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Irrigation scheme Pastoral system Riverine ecosystem Brucellosis Leptospirosis Q fever West Nile Dengue Seroprevalence 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 2 3 4 5 Irrigated area Pastoral area Riverine ecosystem Number of infections Sero-prevalence Sero-prevalences of selected zoonoses by area Multiple infections per subject DDDAC Research team
  • 17. Irrigation in the ASALs and vector-borne diseases • Irrigation covers only 6% of the sub-Saharan Africa, compared to 37% of Asia and 17% of Latin America • Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia – greatest potential to expand irrigation; each offering 100 – 200 thousand ha [WB Report, 2008] • Implications on VBDs: - Standing water - breeding sites - Target sites have very high temperatures - Pests – rats, birds, - Wildlife Effect of climate variables on mosquito parameters – malaria model
  • 18. Solutions – One Health approach Control zoonoses in animal hosts “One Health” – Median benefit to cost ratio is 4:1 Timely response to outbreaks can reduce 90% costs Capacities to detect zoonoses 18
  • 19. Solutions: Food safety in developing countries • Branding & certification of milk vendors in Kenya: led to improved milk safety & saved economy $33 million • Training Nigerian butchers led to 20% more meat samples meeting standards. It cost $9 per butcher but resulted in savings $780/per butcher per year from reduced cost of illness among consumers
  • 20. Solutions: Innovations, incentives, capacities and institutions for managing zoonotic diseases • Develop and test technologies Novel lateral flow assays for cysticercosis
  • 21. Vaccines save lives of animals that both increase food security and reduce poverty Solutions: ILVAC – a global vaccine initiative An body technologies Vaccine technologies Cellular technologies Diagnos c technologies Genomic technologies Contagiousbovine pleuropneumonia EastCoastfever Africanswinefever Consor a for research & product development and capacity development Private sector GALVmed CRPs NARS Inter-gov agencies Improved vaccines and diagnos c tools Pestedespesruminants RiValleyfever Infec ous disease research: basic & applied ILVAC – a vaccine pla orm
  • 23. Livestock and ecosystem health  Livestock are a source of greenhouse gases but improving production efficiencies is key to reducing their C footprints  Livestock feed can compete with staple crops and biofuels for water and other natural resources but – Pastures can help store carbon – Animals in smallholder systems consume crop wastes and natural pasture, not grain  Manure can pollute land and water but is an important source of organic matter for soil fertility
  • 24. Addressing GHG inefficiencies in the developing world is an opportunity Herrero et al 2013 GHG per kg of animal protein produced
  • 25. Developing countries can mitigate GHG emissions without moving to industrial grain-fed systems: e.g., through improved efficiencies (e.g., better feeds and feeding systems) Feed opportunities
  • 26. A global water crisis  2 billion people lack access  Demand is growing; freshwater is getting scarcer  70% of total freshwater use is for agriculture, of which 31% is for livestock
  • 27. Water for feed 30% reduction in water needed for 1 litre of milk by improving sorghum stalk digestibility by 5%
  • 28. Key messages 1 FOOD SECURITY A key role for developing countries  3 HEALTHY PEOPLE  Human health is influenced by diseases endemic in and emerging from animals 2 HEALTHY ANIMALS Food security depends on better animal health 4 HEALTHY ECOSYSTEMS Agriculture impacts ecosystem health
  • 29. Key messages 1 FOOD SECURITY A key role for developing countries  3 HEALTHY PEOPLE  Human health is influenced by diseases endemic in and emerging from animals 2 HEALTHY ANIMALS Food security depends on better animal health 4 HEALTHY ECOSYSTEMS Agriculture impacts ecosystem health
  • 31. The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI. Better lives through livestock ilri.org