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Christy_BioenergyFromAgriculturalWastes_USAIN_2008.ppt

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This document provides an overview of bioenergy from agricultural wastes. It discusses the increasing global population and energy demand, and renewable energy sources as alternatives to address pollution, climate change, and resource depletion concerns. The document summarizes various agricultural and forestry wastes that can be used for bioenergy production, as well as the processes of converting biomass into biofuels, bioheat, and bioelectricity. Microbial fuel cells are presented as a method for the direct conversion of biomass to electricity. The advantages and drawbacks of biomass energy sources are also reviewed.

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Bioenergy from Agricultural Wastes Ann D. Christy, Ph.D., P.E. Associate Professor Dept of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering USAIN April 2008
World Energy Prospects 60% 63- 160% Increase in Population Energy demand Source: •CIA's The World Factbook • World POPClock Projection, U.S. Census Bureau • Energy Sources, 26:1119-1129,2004 World's Population 10 6.7 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 2008 2050 Year Population (billion)
Other concerns Pollution Climate change Resource depletion
Renewable energy sources Summary of energy resources consumption in United States, 2004 Source: USDA-DOE, 2005, http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/publications.html. •By 2030, bio-energy, 15-20% energy consumption
Overview Bioenergy history Ag wastes and other biomass Biomass to Bioenergy Conversion processes Pros & Cons Applications Biofuels Bioheat Bioelectricity
Some U.S. bioenergy history 1850s: Ethanol used for lighting (http://www.eia.doe.gov/ kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/ethanol.html#motorfuel) 1860s-1906: Ethanol tax enacted (making it no longer competitive with kerosene for lights) 1896: 1st ethanol-fueled automobile, the Ford Quadricycle (http://www.nesea.org/greencarclub/factsheets_ethanol.pdf) Bioenergy is not new!
More bioenergy history 1908: 1st flex-fuel car, the Ford Model T 1919-1933: Prohibition banned ethanol unless mixed with petroleum WWI and WWII: Ethanol used due to high oil costs Early 1960s: Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol industrial fermentation discontinued in US Today, about 110 new U.S. ethanol refineries in operation and 75 more planned (photo from http://www.modelt.org/gallery/picz.asp?iPic=129)
Ag wastes and other biomass Waste Biomass Crop and forestry residues, animal manure, food processing waste, yard waste, municipal and C&D solid wastes, sewage, industrial waste New Biomass: (Terrestrial & Aquatic) Solar energy and CO2 converted via photosynthesis to organic compounds Conventionally harvested for food, feed, fiber, & construction materials
Agricultural and Forestry Wastes Crop residues Animal manures Food / feed processing residues Logging residues (harvesting and clearing) Wood processing mill residues Paper & pulping waste slurries
Municipal garbage & other landfilled wastes Municipal Solid Waste Landfill gas-to-energy Pre- and post-consumer residues Urban wood residues Construction & Demolition wastes Tree trimmings Yard waste Packaging Discarded furniture
U.S. Data crop residue animal manure forest residue MSW, C&D Category Millions of dry tons/yr U.S. (%) Crop residues 218.9 43 Animal manures 35.1 7 Forest residues 178.8 35 Landfill wastes 78 15 % (modified from Perlack et al., 2005)
Ohio data (modified from Jeanty et al., 2004) crop residue animal manure forest residue MSW, C&D Category Billions of BTUs Ohio (%) Crop residues 53,717 18 Animal manures 2,393 1 Forest residues 33,988 12 Landfill wastes 199,707 69 %
Biomass to Bioenergy Biomass: renewable energy sources coming from biological material such as plants, animals, microorganisms and municipal wastes
Bioenergy Types Biofuels Liquids Methanol, Ethanol, Butanol, Biodiesel Gases Methane, Hydrogen Bioheat Wood burning Bioelectricity Combustion in Boiler to Turbine Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)
Conversion Processes Biological conversion Fermentation (methanol, ethanol, butanol) Anaerobic digestion (methane) Anaerobic respiration (bio- battery) Chemical conversion Transesterification (biodiesel) Thermal conversion Combustion Gasification Pyrolysis
Wet biomass (organic waste, manure) Solid biomass (wood, straw) Sugar and starch plants (sugar-cane, cereals) Oil crops and algae (sunflower, soybean) Biomass Biomass-to-Bioenergy Routes Ethanol Butanol Methyl ester (biodiesel) Pyrolytic oil Biogas H2, CH4 Fuel gas Sugar Pure Oil Conversion processes Electricity Heat Electrical devices Heating Liquid biofuels Transport Biofuels and Bioenergy Application Anaerobic fermentation Gasification Combustion Pyrolysis Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Extraction Crushing Refining fermentation Transesterification Photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 co 2
Advantages of Biomass  Widespread availability in many parts of the world  Contribution to the security of energy supplies  Generally low fuel cost compared with fossil fuels  Biomass as a resource can be stored in large amounts, and bioenergy produced on demand  Creation of stable jobs, especially in rural areas  Developing technologies and knowledge base offers opportunities for technology exports  Carbon dioxide mitigation and other emission reductions (SOx, etc.)
Environmental Benefits
Drawbacks of Biomass Generally low energy content Competition for the resource with food, feed, and material applications like particle board or paper Generally higher investment costs for conversion into final energy in comparison with fossil alternatives
Applications
Biofuel Applications: Liquids Ethanol and Butanol: can be used in gasoline engines either at low blends (up to 10%), in high blends in Flexible Fuel Vehicles or in pure form in adapted engines Biodiesel: can be used, both blended with fossil diesel and in pure form. Its acceptance by car manufacturers is growing
Process for cellulosic bioethanol  http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/abcs_biofuels.html
Why Butanol? More similar to gasoline than ethanol Butanol can:  Be transported via existing pipelines (ethanol cannot) Fuel engines designed for use with gasoline without modification (ethanol cannot) Produced from biomass (biobutanol) as well as petroleum (petrobutanol) Toxicity issues (no worse than gasoline)
 Triglyceride consists of glycerol backbone + 3 fatty acid tails  The OH- from the NaOH (or KOH) catalyst facilitates the breaking of the bonds between fatty acids and glycerol  Methanol then binds to the free end of the fatty acid to produce a methyl ester (aka biodiesel)  Multi-step reaction mechanism: Triglyceride→Diglyceride →Monoglyceride →Methyl esters+ glycerine Glycerine Methyl Ester Triglyceride Methoxide Biodiesel from triglyceride oils
Biodiesel Production Biodiesel, glycerin Fuel Grade Biodiesel Fertilizer K3PO3 water Catalyst Mixing Methanol Neutralization Acid (phosphoric) Biodiesel, impurities Methanol Recovery Crude Glycerine Recovered methanol Wash water Phase Separation gravity or centrifuge Purification (washing) Catalyst NaOH Crude Biodiesel (methyl ester) Crude glycerin Excess methanol Catalyst KOH Raw Oil Transesterification Reaction
Biofuel Applications: Gases Hydrogen: can be used in fuel cells for generating electricity Methane: can be combusted directly or converted to ethanol
Bioheat Applications Small-scale heating systems for households typically use firewood or pellets Medium-scale users typically burn wood chips in grate boilers Large-scale boilers are able to burn a larger variety of fuels, including wood waste and refuse-derived fuel Biomass Boiler (for more info: Dr. Harold M. Keener, OSU Wooster, E-mail keener.3@osu.edu)
Bioelectricity Applications Co-generation: Combustion followed by a water vapor cycle driven turbine engine is the main technology at present Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs): Direct conversion of biomass to electricity
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) Electrons flow from an anode through a resistor to a cathode where electron acceptors are reduced. Protons flow across a proton exchange membrane (PEM) to complete the circuit. PEM
Bio-electro-chemical devices Bacteria as biocatalysts convert the biomass “fuel” directly to electricity Oxidation-Reduction reaction switches from normal electron acceptor (e.g., O2, nitrate, sulfate) to a solid electron acceptor: Graphite anode It’s all about REDOX CHEMISTRY!
Microbial fuel cells in the lab •Two-compartment MFC • Proton exchange membrane: Nafion 117 or Ultrex • Electrodes: Graphite plate 84 cm2 • Working volume: 400 ml ANODE CATHODE Membrane Anode Cathode
Anode Proton Exchange Membrane Cathode Anode compartment Cathode compartment Cellulose β-Glucan (n≤7) β-Glucan (n ≤7) Glucose Cellodextrin β- Glucan (n-1) n≥2 n=1 6CO2 + 24e- + 24H+ Butyrate 4CO2 + 18e- + 18H+ Propionate Acetate 3CO2 + 28e- + 28H+ 2CO2 + 8e- + 8H+ O2 H2O e- e- Not to Scale Bacteria Cell Bacteria Cell Wall H+ e- H+ e- H+ e- e- H+
My own MFC story Undergraduate in-class presentation, 2003  Bond, D.R. Holmes, D.E., Tender L.M., Lovley D.R. 2002. Electrode- reducing microorganisms that harvest energy from marine sediments. Science 295: 483–485. Extra-curricular student team project, 2004-2005 USEPA - P3 first round winner 2005 #1 in ASABE’s Gunlogson National Competition 2005 Research program, 2005 to present 3 Ph.D. students, 2 undergrad honors theses, 4 faculty Over $200,000 in grant funding High school science class project online resource http://digitalunion.osu.edu/r2/summer07/nskrinak/index.html
References  Ezeji, T., N. Qureshi, H.P. Blaschek. 2007. Butanol production from agricultural residues: Impact of degradation products on Clostridum beijerinckii growth and butanol fermentation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 97, 1460-1469.  Jeanty, P.W., D. Warren, and F. Hitzhusen. 2004. Assessing Ohio’s biomass resources for energy potential using GIS. OSU Dept of Ag, Env., and Development Economics, for Ohio Dept of Development. http://www.puc.state.oh.us/emplibrary/files/media/biomass/bioenergyresourceassessment.pdf  Klass, Donald L. 1998. Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals. Academic Press. ISBN: 9780124109506.  Perlack et al. 2005. Biomass as feedstock for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry: The technical feasibility of a billion-ton annual supply. USDOE-USDA. http://www.puc.state.oh.us/emplibrary/files/media/biomass/BiomassFeedstock.pdf  Rabaey, K., Verstraete, W. 2005. Microbial fuel cells: Novel biotechnology for energy generation. Trends. Biotechnol. 23:291-298.  Rismani-Yazdi, H., Christy, A. D., Dehority, B.A., Morrison, M., Yu, Z. and Tuovinen, O. H. 2007. Electricity generation from cellulose by rumen microorganisms in microbial fuel cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 97, 1398-1407.  Skrinak, N. 2007. OSU Microbial Fuel Cell Learning Center <http://digitalunion.osu.edu/r2/summer07/nskrinak/index.html>  USDOE Biomass Program. ABCs of Biofuels <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/abcs_biofuels.html>. Accessed April 2008.
For more info (or to request reference list) Ann D. Christy, Ph.D., P.E. Associate Professor Dept of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering 614-292-3171 Email: christy.14@osu.edu

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Christy_BioenergyFromAgriculturalWastes_USAIN_2008.ppt

  • 1. Bioenergy from Agricultural Wastes Ann D. Christy, Ph.D., P.E. Associate Professor Dept of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering USAIN April 2008
  • 2. World Energy Prospects 60% 63- 160% Increase in Population Energy demand Source: •CIA's The World Factbook • World POPClock Projection, U.S. Census Bureau • Energy Sources, 26:1119-1129,2004 World's Population 10 6.7 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 2008 2050 Year Population (billion)
  • 4. Renewable energy sources Summary of energy resources consumption in United States, 2004 Source: USDA-DOE, 2005, http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/publications.html. •By 2030, bio-energy, 15-20% energy consumption
  • 5. Overview Bioenergy history Ag wastes and other biomass Biomass to Bioenergy Conversion processes Pros & Cons Applications Biofuels Bioheat Bioelectricity
  • 6. Some U.S. bioenergy history 1850s: Ethanol used for lighting (http://www.eia.doe.gov/ kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/ethanol.html#motorfuel) 1860s-1906: Ethanol tax enacted (making it no longer competitive with kerosene for lights) 1896: 1st ethanol-fueled automobile, the Ford Quadricycle (http://www.nesea.org/greencarclub/factsheets_ethanol.pdf) Bioenergy is not new!
  • 7. More bioenergy history 1908: 1st flex-fuel car, the Ford Model T 1919-1933: Prohibition banned ethanol unless mixed with petroleum WWI and WWII: Ethanol used due to high oil costs Early 1960s: Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol industrial fermentation discontinued in US Today, about 110 new U.S. ethanol refineries in operation and 75 more planned (photo from http://www.modelt.org/gallery/picz.asp?iPic=129)
  • 8. Ag wastes and other biomass Waste Biomass Crop and forestry residues, animal manure, food processing waste, yard waste, municipal and C&D solid wastes, sewage, industrial waste New Biomass: (Terrestrial & Aquatic) Solar energy and CO2 converted via photosynthesis to organic compounds Conventionally harvested for food, feed, fiber, & construction materials
  • 9. Agricultural and Forestry Wastes Crop residues Animal manures Food / feed processing residues Logging residues (harvesting and clearing) Wood processing mill residues Paper & pulping waste slurries
  • 10. Municipal garbage & other landfilled wastes Municipal Solid Waste Landfill gas-to-energy Pre- and post-consumer residues Urban wood residues Construction & Demolition wastes Tree trimmings Yard waste Packaging Discarded furniture
  • 11. U.S. Data crop residue animal manure forest residue MSW, C&D Category Millions of dry tons/yr U.S. (%) Crop residues 218.9 43 Animal manures 35.1 7 Forest residues 178.8 35 Landfill wastes 78 15 % (modified from Perlack et al., 2005)
  • 12. Ohio data (modified from Jeanty et al., 2004) crop residue animal manure forest residue MSW, C&D Category Billions of BTUs Ohio (%) Crop residues 53,717 18 Animal manures 2,393 1 Forest residues 33,988 12 Landfill wastes 199,707 69 %
  • 13. Biomass to Bioenergy Biomass: renewable energy sources coming from biological material such as plants, animals, microorganisms and municipal wastes
  • 14. Bioenergy Types Biofuels Liquids Methanol, Ethanol, Butanol, Biodiesel Gases Methane, Hydrogen Bioheat Wood burning Bioelectricity Combustion in Boiler to Turbine Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)
  • 15. Conversion Processes Biological conversion Fermentation (methanol, ethanol, butanol) Anaerobic digestion (methane) Anaerobic respiration (bio- battery) Chemical conversion Transesterification (biodiesel) Thermal conversion Combustion Gasification Pyrolysis
  • 16. Wet biomass (organic waste, manure) Solid biomass (wood, straw) Sugar and starch plants (sugar-cane, cereals) Oil crops and algae (sunflower, soybean) Biomass Biomass-to-Bioenergy Routes Ethanol Butanol Methyl ester (biodiesel) Pyrolytic oil Biogas H2, CH4 Fuel gas Sugar Pure Oil Conversion processes Electricity Heat Electrical devices Heating Liquid biofuels Transport Biofuels and Bioenergy Application Anaerobic fermentation Gasification Combustion Pyrolysis Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Extraction Crushing Refining fermentation Transesterification Photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 co 2
  • 17. Advantages of Biomass  Widespread availability in many parts of the world  Contribution to the security of energy supplies  Generally low fuel cost compared with fossil fuels  Biomass as a resource can be stored in large amounts, and bioenergy produced on demand  Creation of stable jobs, especially in rural areas  Developing technologies and knowledge base offers opportunities for technology exports  Carbon dioxide mitigation and other emission reductions (SOx, etc.)
  • 19. Drawbacks of Biomass Generally low energy content Competition for the resource with food, feed, and material applications like particle board or paper Generally higher investment costs for conversion into final energy in comparison with fossil alternatives
  • 21. Biofuel Applications: Liquids Ethanol and Butanol: can be used in gasoline engines either at low blends (up to 10%), in high blends in Flexible Fuel Vehicles or in pure form in adapted engines Biodiesel: can be used, both blended with fossil diesel and in pure form. Its acceptance by car manufacturers is growing
  • 22. Process for cellulosic bioethanol  http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/abcs_biofuels.html
  • 23. Why Butanol? More similar to gasoline than ethanol Butanol can:  Be transported via existing pipelines (ethanol cannot) Fuel engines designed for use with gasoline without modification (ethanol cannot) Produced from biomass (biobutanol) as well as petroleum (petrobutanol) Toxicity issues (no worse than gasoline)
  • 24.  Triglyceride consists of glycerol backbone + 3 fatty acid tails  The OH- from the NaOH (or KOH) catalyst facilitates the breaking of the bonds between fatty acids and glycerol  Methanol then binds to the free end of the fatty acid to produce a methyl ester (aka biodiesel)  Multi-step reaction mechanism: Triglyceride→Diglyceride →Monoglyceride →Methyl esters+ glycerine Glycerine Methyl Ester Triglyceride Methoxide Biodiesel from triglyceride oils
  • 25. Biodiesel Production Biodiesel, glycerin Fuel Grade Biodiesel Fertilizer K3PO3 water Catalyst Mixing Methanol Neutralization Acid (phosphoric) Biodiesel, impurities Methanol Recovery Crude Glycerine Recovered methanol Wash water Phase Separation gravity or centrifuge Purification (washing) Catalyst NaOH Crude Biodiesel (methyl ester) Crude glycerin Excess methanol Catalyst KOH Raw Oil Transesterification Reaction
  • 26. Biofuel Applications: Gases Hydrogen: can be used in fuel cells for generating electricity Methane: can be combusted directly or converted to ethanol
  • 27. Bioheat Applications Small-scale heating systems for households typically use firewood or pellets Medium-scale users typically burn wood chips in grate boilers Large-scale boilers are able to burn a larger variety of fuels, including wood waste and refuse-derived fuel Biomass Boiler (for more info: Dr. Harold M. Keener, OSU Wooster, E-mail keener.3@osu.edu)
  • 28. Bioelectricity Applications Co-generation: Combustion followed by a water vapor cycle driven turbine engine is the main technology at present Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs): Direct conversion of biomass to electricity
  • 29. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) Electrons flow from an anode through a resistor to a cathode where electron acceptors are reduced. Protons flow across a proton exchange membrane (PEM) to complete the circuit. PEM
  • 30. Bio-electro-chemical devices Bacteria as biocatalysts convert the biomass “fuel” directly to electricity Oxidation-Reduction reaction switches from normal electron acceptor (e.g., O2, nitrate, sulfate) to a solid electron acceptor: Graphite anode It’s all about REDOX CHEMISTRY!
  • 31. Microbial fuel cells in the lab •Two-compartment MFC • Proton exchange membrane: Nafion 117 or Ultrex • Electrodes: Graphite plate 84 cm2 • Working volume: 400 ml ANODE CATHODE Membrane Anode Cathode
  • 32. Anode Proton Exchange Membrane Cathode Anode compartment Cathode compartment Cellulose β-Glucan (n≤7) β-Glucan (n ≤7) Glucose Cellodextrin β- Glucan (n-1) n≥2 n=1 6CO2 + 24e- + 24H+ Butyrate 4CO2 + 18e- + 18H+ Propionate Acetate 3CO2 + 28e- + 28H+ 2CO2 + 8e- + 8H+ O2 H2O e- e- Not to Scale Bacteria Cell Bacteria Cell Wall H+ e- H+ e- H+ e- e- H+
  • 33. My own MFC story Undergraduate in-class presentation, 2003  Bond, D.R. Holmes, D.E., Tender L.M., Lovley D.R. 2002. Electrode- reducing microorganisms that harvest energy from marine sediments. Science 295: 483–485. Extra-curricular student team project, 2004-2005 USEPA - P3 first round winner 2005 #1 in ASABE’s Gunlogson National Competition 2005 Research program, 2005 to present 3 Ph.D. students, 2 undergrad honors theses, 4 faculty Over $200,000 in grant funding High school science class project online resource http://digitalunion.osu.edu/r2/summer07/nskrinak/index.html
  • 34. References  Ezeji, T., N. Qureshi, H.P. Blaschek. 2007. Butanol production from agricultural residues: Impact of degradation products on Clostridum beijerinckii growth and butanol fermentation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 97, 1460-1469.  Jeanty, P.W., D. Warren, and F. Hitzhusen. 2004. Assessing Ohio’s biomass resources for energy potential using GIS. OSU Dept of Ag, Env., and Development Economics, for Ohio Dept of Development. http://www.puc.state.oh.us/emplibrary/files/media/biomass/bioenergyresourceassessment.pdf  Klass, Donald L. 1998. Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals. Academic Press. ISBN: 9780124109506.  Perlack et al. 2005. Biomass as feedstock for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry: The technical feasibility of a billion-ton annual supply. USDOE-USDA. http://www.puc.state.oh.us/emplibrary/files/media/biomass/BiomassFeedstock.pdf  Rabaey, K., Verstraete, W. 2005. Microbial fuel cells: Novel biotechnology for energy generation. Trends. Biotechnol. 23:291-298.  Rismani-Yazdi, H., Christy, A. D., Dehority, B.A., Morrison, M., Yu, Z. and Tuovinen, O. H. 2007. Electricity generation from cellulose by rumen microorganisms in microbial fuel cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 97, 1398-1407.  Skrinak, N. 2007. OSU Microbial Fuel Cell Learning Center <http://digitalunion.osu.edu/r2/summer07/nskrinak/index.html>  USDOE Biomass Program. ABCs of Biofuels <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/abcs_biofuels.html>. Accessed April 2008.
  • 35. For more info (or to request reference list) Ann D. Christy, Ph.D., P.E. Associate Professor Dept of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering 614-292-3171 Email: christy.14@osu.edu