Presentation at OECD side-event ‘Mainstreaming Biodiversity and Development’ at CBD COP 13: An overview of the ongoing OECD work on Biodiversity and Development: Mainstreaming and Managing for Results
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Presentation by OECD at CBD COP13 on biodiversity and development, mainstreaming and managing for results
1. Biodiversity and Development:
Mainstreaming and Managing for Results
Megha SUD and Galina ALOVA
Environment Directorate and Development Co-operation Directorate
OECD side-event ‘Mainstreaming Biodiversity and Development’
7 December 2016, CBD COP13, Cancún
2. • National level plans,
programmes and strategies
• Institutional issues
• Data and information
• National Budgets
National
Level
• Economic and biodiversity
linkages
• Policy instruments
Sector Level
• Support to partner countries in
mainstreaming
• Mainstreaming within
portfolios and operations
Development
Co-operation
M&E
• Indicators and baselines
• Adaptive management
Desk-based
research:
Australia
Brazil
China
Colombia
France
India
Mexico
Myanmar
Nepal
Philippines
South Africa
Uganda
In-depth case
studies with in-
country missions:
Ethiopia
Madagascar
Peru
Viet Nam
Drawing on insights on
mainstreaming from a
broad range of countries
Content and overview
3. Examples of good practice across countries at
national level
Brazil, Mexico: CONABIO Commission for Knowledge
and Use of Biodiversity
Uganda: working group for NBSAP revision mandate
renewed to mainstreaming biodiversity in National
Development Plan
Madagascar, Ethiopia: environmental units in various
Ministries
Peru: Close collaboration of Forestry Service, under
Ministry of Agriculture, with Ministry of Environment
France: National study on public subsides harmful to
biodiversity (Sainteny, 2011).
3
Inter-ministerial
platforms
Environment teams
in all Ministries
Resolve overlapping
mandates
National
assessment of
harmful incentives
4. 4
More examples related to budget and financing
Expenditure reviews (e.g. BIOFIN countries)
WAVES e.g. in Madagascar as an input in donor
conference to attract investment in natural capital
TEEB e.g. India, Brazil, and EFESE in France
Peru: PIP Verde - Guidelines for public
investment in biodiversity
Collect data to identify
financing gap
Valuation to build a case
for biodiversity
Enabling environment for
public & private
investment
Mainstreaming in budgets & private investment is strengthened by
evidence-based case for financing biodiversity
5. Mainstreaming at sector level
Policies should:
• promote resource use
efficiency
• ensure prices reflect cost of
environmental impacts
• apply polluter pays
principle or beneficiary
pays principle
• encourage participatory
management of natural
resources
Good practice examples
Agriculture
• France and Viet Nam: Pesticides
tax
• Ethiopia: Community engagement
in soil and water management
Fisheries
• Australia: Annual fisheries status
reports provide an independent
evaluation of biological, economic
and environmental status of fish
stocks
• Peru: In 2009, IVQ system
introduced for Peruvian anchovy
5Source: (OECD, forthcoming 2017) Biodiversity and Development: Mainstreaming and Management for Results
6. 6
Development finance remains a significant source
of biodiversity financing
Source: OECD Creditor Reporting System, November 2016 http://oe.cd/RioMarkers
Increase in environment-related ODA to Ethiopia
7. 7
There is a potential for further mainstreaming in
provider portfolios
Source: OECD Creditor Reporting System, November 2016 http://oe.cd/RioMarkers
Bilateral biodiversity-related ODA reached USD 8.7bn per year in 2014-15
6% of total bilateral ODA. Mainstreaming within top sector varies.
8. Type of Indicator
Input Process Output Outcome/
Impact
Integrate biodiversity in NDPs X
Integrate biodiversity in sector plans X
National Ecosystem Assessment X
Assessment and removal of harmful subsidies
(agriculture, fisheries, forestry)
X
assess
X
reform
Type and number of policy instruments to
address biodiversity externalities (e.g., taxes,
fees, tradable permits, PES)
X
Amount of pesticide/fertiliser use per hectare X
% of fish species over-exploited X X
% change in primary forest loss X
Biodiversity as % of overall ODA to sector,
country, or in provider portfolio
X
% of development finance that jointly pursues
objectives of biodiversity & other Rio Conventions
X
8
Possible indicators to monitor mainstreaming
9. • South Africa: No. of tools developed for mainstreaming
biodiversity & ecological infrastructure in production sectors &
resource management
• Ethiopia: Rate of annual conversion of habitats to agriculture
• Viet Nam: % of important degraded ecosystems effectively
recovered; rate of loss of natural forests and water surface
area due to land-use conversion
• In Australia, France, Mexico, development of indicators is
an action in the NBSAP
9
Several NBSAPs refer to indicators to monitor
progress towards mainstreaming
10. Key areas of OECD work on Biodiversity, Land Use and Ecosystems (BLUE)
• Biodiversity Indicators, Valuation and Assessment
• Economic Instruments, Incentives and Policies for Biodiversity
• Biodiversity Finance, Development and Distributional Issues
Recent and forthcoming work
• Biodiversity and Development: Mainstreaming and Managing for Results (OECD,
forthcoming, 2017)
• Overcoming Barriers to Effective Biodiversity Policy Reform (OECD, forthcoming 2017)
• Biodiversity Offsets: Effective Design and Implementation (OECD, 2016)
• Biodiversity and Development Co-operation (OECD DCD Working Paper No. 21, 2015)
• NEW! Biodiversity-related Official Development Assistance 2015 (November 2016)
Visit
www.oecd.org/env/biodiversity; www.oecd.org/environment/resources/mainstream-
biodiversity/
Project-level development finance data http://oe.cd/RioMarkers
Megha.SUD@oecd.org; Galina.ALOVA@oecd.org; Katia.KAROUSAKIS@oecd.org;
Naeeda.CRISHNAMORGADO@oecd.org 10
For further information and contact
Editor's Notes
Research focus and scope: recap
Reciprocal mainstreaming at national level
Next steps
Discussion: participants’ feedback & comments
Draws on countries’ existing experiences for good practice insights.
Biodiversity and development are intricately linked, yet biodiversity and ecosystem services continue to be lost at unsustainable levels
Objective of this OECD project: To provide policymakers and practitioners with good practice insights into effectively mainstreaming biodiversity and development for enhanced results, including for development co-operation
Focus Countries based on:
Mega-diversity /biodiversity hotspots
Income group
Role of development co-operation
Scope:
Mainstreaming at national level
Mainstreaming at sectoral level
Monitoring & evaluation
Strong integrated institutions with clear mandates are crucial for mainstreaming & policy coherence.
The existence of cross-sectoral institutional mechanisms, such as inter-ministerial committees and/or working groups, is one way to help coordinate, formulate and implement more coherent policy reforms associated with mainstreaming. For these to be effective however, there needs to be strong leadership from the government and adequate capacity for ministries involved to take on board and implement mainstreaming measures. A number of countries have these in place in some form or another.
Development co-operation to strengthen:
Institutional capacity
Policy coherence at national, subnational in different sectors
Data collection and management systems
Stakeholder engagement
Developing and improving M&E
TEEB initiatives in Mexico, India, Brazil, and South Africa; WAVES Botswana, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Madagascar, Philippines and Rwanda.
Development finance may play a number of roles in supporting partner countries in bridging the biodiversity financing gap, for instance, by co-funding projects and leveraging new capital. Looking at bilateral ODA data by OECD DAC members, biodiversity seems to be increasingly mainstreaming in ODA, reaching USD 6.44 billion on average per year in 2012-14. Despite the increase as can be seen in the graph, biodiversity-related ODA represents only 4.8% of total ODA commitments. Moreover, of this total, 39% (i.e. USD 2.49 billion on average per year) targets biodiversity as the principal objective, i.e. these activities would not have been funded but for their biodiversity-related objective. This implies that while there is an effort to mainstream biodiversity into development co-operation portfolios, for projects with biodiversity as their prime objective ODA remains limited. For more information, please pick up as you leave the venue the updated statistical flyer on bilateral biodiversity-related ODA.
For more information:
Germany, United States and EU institutions together provided 45% of total biodiversity-related ODA over 2012-14 (Chart 3). United States, Germany and Japan are the top three development co-operation providers targeting biodiversity as a principal objective. Iceland, Norway and Denmark dedicated to biodiversity activities the highest shares of their ODA portfolios (17%, 15% and 12% respectively).
>37% global land area under agricultural use
Employment 1.3 billion people
While there is an increase in biodiversity-related ODA, the level of mainstreaming in top sectors varies, signalling potential for further mainstreaming, e.g. in climate
Key entry points:
Prioritisation: Biodiversity strategies
Project screening & safeguards
Staff training
While there is an increase in biodiversity-related ODA, the level of mainstreaming in top sectors varies, signalling potential for further mainstreaming, e.g. in climate
Key entry points:
Prioritisation: Biodiversity strategies
Project screening & safeguards
Staff training
Galina, let’s delete one of the ODA ones, there are now three relevant to this. The first one in any case is not a great indicator for mainstreaming in my view (biodiversity as % of overall ODA). Can you think of one relevant to mainstreaming forestry so we have covered all sectors? How about % of forestry under sustainable certification? Or better would be one that is OUTCOME/IMPACT related. E.g. Percentage change in forest loss. (or rate of loss of natural forests, which is the example of Vietnam in next slide). (second part DONE).
South Africa
Indicator under Objective 3. Biodiversity considerations are mainstreamed into policies, strategies and practices of a range of sectors
Target 3.1 Effective science-based biodiversity tools inform planning and decision-making
Indicator: Number of tools developed to support mainstreaming of biodiversity assets and ecological infrastructure in production sectors and resource management. By 2020, ten new tools produced and fifteen knowledge resources demonstrating the value of biodiversity developed and disseminated.
India: indicators under Target 2: BY 2020 values of BD are integrated into national and state planning processes, development programmes and poverty alleviation strategies. ‘’Description of Indicators”: Trends in number of studies on biodiversity inclusive EIA, Cumulative EIA and SEA (to be conducted by Ministry of Economic Affairs and Planning Commission); and Trends in identification, assessment, establishment and strengthening of incentives that reward positive contribution to biodiversity and ecosystems (to be undertaken by Ministry of Corporate affairs). Monitoring/Reporting frequency is every three years
Institutional co-orodination & capacity at all levels of governance
Relevant, comprehensive and accessible data
Adequate financial & human resources