Using Cascalog to build an app with City of Palo Alto Open Data

Using Cascalog
to build an app with
City of Palo Alto
Open Data
Paco Nathan
http://liber118.com/pxn/
1Sunday, 28 July 13

GitHub repo for the open source project:
github.com/Cascading/CoPA/wiki
This project began as a Big Data workshop
for a graduate seminar at CMU West
Many thanks to:
Stuart Evans
CMU Distinguished Service Professor
Jonathan Reichental
City of Palo Alto CIO
Peter Pirnejad
City of Palo Alto Dev Center Director
Diego May
Junar CEO & Co-founder
2Sunday, 28 July 13

 Cascading, a workflow abstraction
 Cascalog ➟ 2.0
 Palo Alto case study
 Open Data insights
3Sunday, 28 July 13

Cascading – origins
API author Chris Wensel worked as a system architect
at an Enterprise firm well-known for many popular
data products.
Wensel was following the Nutch open source project –
where Hadoop started.
Observation: would be difficult to find Java developers
to write complex Enterprise apps in MapReduce –
potential blocker for leveraging new open source
technology.
4Sunday, 28 July 13

Cascading – functional programming
Key insight: MapReduce is based on functional programming
– back to LISP in 1970s. Apache Hadoop use cases are
mostly about data pipelines, which are functional in nature.
To ease staffing problems as “Main Street” Enterprise firms
began to embrace Hadoop, Cascading was introduced
in late 2007, as a new Java API to implement functional
programming for large-scale data workflows:
•leverages JVM and Java-based tools without any
need to create new languages
•allows programmers who have J2EE expertise
to leverage the economics of Hadoop clusters
5Sunday, 28 July 13

Cascading – functional programming
• Twitter, eBay, LinkedIn, Nokia, YieldBot, uSwitch, etc.,
have invested in open source projects atop Cascading
– used for their large-scale production deployments
• new case studies for Cascading apps are mostly based
on domain-speciﬁc languages (DSLs) in JVM languages
which emphasize functional programming:
Cascalog in Clojure (2010)
Scalding in Scala (2012)
github.com/nathanmarz/cascalog/wiki
github.com/twitter/scalding/wiki
Why Adopting the Declarative Programming PracticesWill ImproveYour Return fromTechnology
Dan Woods, 2013-04-17 Forbes
forbes.com/sites/danwoods/2013/04/17/why-adopting-the-declarative-programming-
practices-will-improve-your-return-from-technology/
6Sunday, 28 July 13

Hadoop
Cluster
source
tap
source
tap sink
tap
trap
tap
customer
profile DBsCustomer
Prefs
logs
logs
Logs
Data
Workflow
Cache
Customers
Support
Web
App
Reporting
Analytics
Cubes
sink
tap
Modeling PMML
Cascading – integrations
• partners: Microsoft Azure, Hortonworks,
Amazon AWS, MapR, EMC, SpringSource,
Cloudera
• taps: Memcached, Cassandra, MongoDB,
HBase, JDBC, Parquet, etc.
• serialization: Avro, Thrift, Kryo,
JSON, etc.
• topologies: Apache Hadoop,
tuple spaces, local mode
7Sunday, 28 July 13

Cascading – deployments
• case studies: Climate Corp, Twitter, Etsy,
Williams-Sonoma, uSwitch, Airbnb, Nokia,
YieldBot, Square, Harvard, Factual, etc.
• use cases: ETL, marketing funnel, anti-fraud,
social media, retail pricing, search analytics,
recommenders, eCRM, utility grids, telecom,
genomics, climatology, agronomics, etc.
8Sunday, 28 July 13

Cascading – deployments
• case studies: Climate Corp, Twitter, Etsy,
Williams-Sonoma, uSwitch, Airbnb, Nokia,
YieldBot, Square, Harvard, Factual, etc.
• use cases: ETL, marketing funnel, anti-fraud,
social media, retail pricing, search analytics,
recommenders, eCRM, utility grids, telecom,
genomics, climatology, agronomics, etc.
workﬂow abstraction addresses:
• stafﬁng bottleneck;
• system integration;
• operational complexity;
• test-driven development
9Sunday, 28 July 13

Workflow Abstraction – pattern language
Cascading uses a “plumbing” metaphor in Java
to define workflows out of familiar elements:
Pipes, Taps, Tuple Flows, Filters, Joins, Traps, etc.
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Data is represented as flows of tuples. Operations
in the flows bring functional programming aspects
into Java
A Pattern Language
Christopher Alexander, et al.
amazon.com/dp/0195019199
10Sunday, 28 July 13

Workflow Abstraction – literate programming
Cascading workflows generate their own visual
documentation: flow diagrams
in formal terms, flow diagrams leverage a methodology
called literate programming
provides intuitive, visual representations for apps –
great for cross-team collaboration
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Literate Programming
Don Knuth
literateprogramming.com

Workflow Abstraction – business process
following the essence of literate programming, Cascading
workflows provide statements of business process
this recalls a sense of business process management
for Enterprise apps (think BPM/BPEL for Big Data)
Cascading creates a separation of concerns between
business process and implementation details (Hadoop, etc.)
this is especially apparent in large-scale Cascalog apps:
“Specify what you require, not how to achieve it.”
by virtue of the pattern language, the flow planner then
determines how to translate business process into efficient,
parallel jobs at scale

For the process used with this Open Data app,
we chose to use Cascalog
github.com/nathanmarz/cascalog/wiki
by Nathan Marz, Sam Ritchie, et al., 2010
a DSL in Clojure which implements
Datalog, backed by Cascading
Some aspects of CS theory:
• Functional Relational Programming
• mitigates Accidental Complexity
• has been compared with Codd 1969

Accidental Complexity:
Not O(N) complexity, but the costs of software
engineering at scale over time
What happens when you build recommenders,
then go work on other projects for six months?
What does it cost others to maintain your apps?
“Out of theTar Pit”, Moseley & Marks, 2006
goo.gl/SKspn
Cascalog allows for leveraging the same framework,
same code base, from ad-hoc queries… to modeling…
to unit tests… to checkpoints in production use
This focuses on the process of structuring data:
specify what you require, not how it must be achieved
Huge implications for software engineering

pros:
• most of the largest use cases for Cascading
• 10:1 reduction in code volume compared to SQL
• Leiningen build: simple, no surprises, in Clojure itself
• test-driven development (TDD) for Big Data
• fault-tolerant workﬂows which are simple to follow
• machine learning, map-reduce, etc., started in LISP
years ago anywho...
cons:
• learning curve, limited number of Clojure developers
• aggregators are the magic, those take effort to learn

Q:
Who uses Cascalog, other than Twitter?
A:
• Climate Corp
• Factual
• Nokia
• Telefonica
• Harvard School of Public Health
• YieldBot
• uSwitch
• etc.

Document
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1 map
1 reduce
18 lines code gist.github.com/3900702
WordCount – conceptual ﬂow diagram
cascading.org/category/impatient

WordCount – Cascading app in Java
String docPath = args[ 0 ];
String wcPath = args[ 1 ];
Properties properties = new Properties();
AppProps.setApplicationJarClass( properties, Main.class );
HadoopFlowConnector flowConnector = new HadoopFlowConnector( properties );
// create source and sink taps
Tap docTap = new Hfs( new TextDelimited( true, "t" ), docPath );
Tap wcTap = new Hfs( new TextDelimited( true, "t" ), wcPath );
// specify a regex to split "document" text lines into token stream
Fields token = new Fields( "token" );
Fields text = new Fields( "text" );
RegexSplitGenerator splitter = new RegexSplitGenerator( token, "[ [](),.]" );
// only returns "token"
Pipe docPipe = new Each( "token", text, splitter, Fields.RESULTS );
// determine the word counts
Pipe wcPipe = new Pipe( "wc", docPipe );
wcPipe = new GroupBy( wcPipe, token );
wcPipe = new Every( wcPipe, Fields.ALL, new Count(), Fields.ALL );
// connect the taps, pipes, etc., into a flow
FlowDef flowDef = FlowDef.flowDef().setName( "wc" )
.addSource( docPipe, docTap )
.addTailSink( wcPipe, wcTap );
// write a DOT file and run the flow
Flow wcFlow = flowConnector.connect( flowDef );
wcFlow.writeDOT( "dot/wc.dot" );
wcFlow.complete();
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mapreduce
Every('wc')[Count[decl:'count']]
Hfs['TextDelimited[[UNKNOWN]->['token', 'count']]']['output/wc']']
GroupBy('wc')[by:['token']]
Each('token')[RegexSplitGenerator[decl:'token'][args:1]]
Hfs['TextDelimited[['doc_id', 'text']->[ALL]]']['data/rain.txt']']
[head]
[tail]
[{2}:'token', 'count']
[{1}:'token']
[{2}:'doc_id', 'text']
[{2}:'doc_id', 'text']
wc[{1}:'token']
[{1}:'token']
[{1}:'token']
[{1}:'token']
WordCount – generated ﬂow diagram
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(ns impatient.core
  (:use [cascalog.api]
        [cascalog.more-taps :only (hfs-delimited)])
  (:require [clojure.string :as s]
            [cascalog.ops :as c])
  (:gen-class))
(defmapcatop split [line]
  "reads in a line of string and splits it by regex"
  (s/split line #"[[](),.)s]+"))
(defn -main [in out & args]
  (?<- (hfs-delimited out)
       [?word ?count]
       ((hfs-delimited in :skip-header? true) _ ?line)
       (split ?line :> ?word)
       (c/count ?count)))
; Paul Lam
; github.com/Quantisan/Impatient
WordCount – Cascalog / Clojure
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Count
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Palo Alto is quite a pleasant place
•temperate weather
•lots of parks, enormous trees
•great coffeehouses
•walkable downtown
•not particularly crowded
On a nice summer day, who wants to be stuck
indoors on a phone call?
Instead, take it outside – go for a walk

1. Open Data about municipal infrastructure
(GIS data: trees, roads, parks)
✚
2. Big Data about where people like to walk
(smartphone GPS logs)
✚
3. some curated metadata
(which surfaces the value)
4. personalized recommendations:
“Find a shady spot on a summer day in which to walk
near downtown Palo Alto.While on a long conference call.
Sipping a latte or enjoying some fro-yo.”
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The City of Palo Alto recently began to support Open Data
to give the local community greater visibility into how
their city government operates
This effort is intended to encourage students, entrepreneurs,
local organizations, etc., to build new apps which contribute
to the public good
paloalto.opendata.junar.com/dashboards/7576/geographic-information/
discovery

GIS about trees in Palo Alto:
discovery

Geographic_Information,,,
"Tree: 29 site 2 at 203 ADDISON AV, on ADDISON AV 44 from pl"," Private: -1 Tree ID: 29
Street_Name: ADDISON AV Situs Number: 203 Tree Site: 2 Species: Celtis australis
Source: davey tree Protected: Designated: Heritage: Appraised Value:
Hardscape: None Identifier: 40 Active Numeric: 1 Location Feature ID: 13872
Provisional: Install Date: ","37.4409634615283,-122.15648458861,0.0 ","Point"
"Wilkie Way from West Meadow Drive to Victoria Place"," Sequence: 20 Street_Name: Wilkie Way
From Street PMMS: West Meadow Drive To Street PMMS: Victoria Place Street ID: 598 (Wilkie
Wy, Palo Alto) From Street ID PMMS: 689 To Street ID PMMS: 567 Year Constructed: 1950
Traffic Count: 596 Traffic Index: residential local Traffic Class: local residential
Traffic Date: 08/24/90 Paving Length: 208 Paving Width: 40 Paving Area: 8320
Surface Type: asphalt concrete Surface Thickness: 2.0 Base Type Pvmt: crusher run base
Base Thickness: 6.0 Soil Class: 2 Soil Value: 15 Curb Type: Curb Thickness:
Gutter Width: 36.0 Book: 22 Page: 1 District Number: 18 Land Use PMMS: 1
Overlay Year: 1990 Overlay Thickness: 1.5 Base Failure Year: 1990 Base Failure
Thickness: 6 Surface Treatment Year: Surface Treatment Type: Alligator Severity:
none Alligator Extent: 0 Block Severity: none Block Extent: 0 Longitude and
Transverse Severity: none Longitude and Transverse Extent: 0 Ravelling Severity: none
Ravelling Extent: 0 Ridability Severity: none Trench Severity: none Trench Extent: 0
Rutting Severity: none Rutting Extent: 0 Road Performance: UL (Urban Local) Bike Lane:
0 Bus Route: 0 Truck Route: 0 Remediation: Deduct Value: 100 Priority:
Pavement Condition: excellent Street Cut Fee per SqFt: 10.00 Source Date: 6/10/2009
User Modified By: mnicols Identifier System: 21410 ","-122.1249640794,37.4155803115645,0.0
-122.124661859039,37.4154224594993,0.0 -122.124587720719,37.4153758330704,0.0
-122.12451895942,37.4153242300888,0.0 -122.124456098457,37.4152680432944,0.0
-122.124399616238,37.4152077003122,0.0 -122.124374937753,37.4151774433318,0.0 ","Line"
discovery
(unstructured data…)

(defn parse-gis [line]
"leverages parse-csv for complex CSV format in GIS export"
(first (csv/parse-csv line))
)

(defn etl-gis [gis trap]
"subquery to parse data sets from the GIS source tap"
(<- [?blurb ?misc ?geo ?kind]
(gis ?line)
(parse-gis ?line :> ?blurb ?misc ?geo ?kind)
(:trap (hfs-textline trap))
))
discovery
(specify what you require,
not how to achieve it…
80:20 cost of data prep)

discovery
(ad-hoc queries get refined into
composable predicates)
Identifier: 474
Tree ID: 412
Tree: 412 site 1 at 115 HAWTHORNE AV
Tree Site: 1
Street_Name: HAWTHORNE AV
Situs Number: 115
Private: -1
Species: Liquidambar styraciflua
Source: davey tree
Hardscape: None
37.446001565119,-122.167713417554,0.0
Point

discovery
(curate valuable metadata)

(defn get-trees [src trap tree_meta]
"subquery to parse/filter the tree data"
(<- [?blurb ?tree_id ?situs ?tree_site
?species ?wikipedia ?calflora ?avg_height
?tree_lat ?tree_lng ?tree_alt ?geohash
]
(src ?blurb ?misc ?geo ?kind)
(re-matches #"^s+Private.*Tree ID.*" ?misc)
(parse-tree ?misc :> _ ?priv ?tree_id ?situs ?tree_site ?raw_species)
((c/comp s/trim s/lower-case) ?raw_species :> ?species)
(tree_meta ?species ?wikipedia ?calflora ?min_height ?max_height)
(avg ?min_height ?max_height :> ?avg_height)
(geo-tree ?geo :> _ ?tree_lat ?tree_lng ?tree_alt)
(read-string ?tree_lat :> ?lat)
(read-string ?tree_lng :> ?lng)
(geohash ?lat ?lng :> ?geohash)
))
discovery
?blurb! ! Tree: 412 site 1 at 115 HAWTHORNE AV, on HAWTHORNE AV 22 from pl
?tree_id! " 412
?situs" " 115
?tree_site" 1
?species" " liquidambar styraciflua
?wikipedia" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidambar_styraciflua
?calflora http://calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=8598
?avg_height"27.5
?tree_lat" 37.446001565119
?tree_lng" -122.167713417554
?tree_alt" 0.0
?geohash" " 9q9jh0

// run analysis and visualization in R
library(ggplot2)
dat_folder <- '~/src/concur/CoPA/out/tree'
data <- read.table(file=paste(dat_folder, "part-00000", sep="/"),
sep="t", quote="", na.strings="NULL", header=FALSE, encoding="UTF8")

summary(data)
t <- head(sort(table(data$V5), decreasing=TRUE)
trees <- as.data.frame.table(t, n=20))
colnames(trees) <- c("species", "count")

m <- ggplot(data, aes(x=V8))
m <- m + ggtitle("Estimated Tree Height (meters)")
m + geom_histogram(aes(y = ..density.., fill = ..count..)) + geom_density()

par(mar = c(7, 4, 4, 2) + 0.1)
plot(trees, xaxt="n", xlab="")
axis(1, labels=FALSE)
text(1:nrow(trees), par("usr")[3] - 0.25, srt=45, adj=1,
labels=trees$species, xpd=TRUE)
grid(nx=nrow(trees))
discovery

discovery
sweetgum
analysis of the tree data:

M
tree
GIS
export
Regex
parse-gis
src
Scrub
species
Geohash
Regex
parse-tree
tree
Tree
Metadata
Join
Failure
Traps
Estimate
height
M
discovery
(flow diagram, gis tree)

(defn get-roads [src trap road_meta]
"subquery to parse/filter the road data"
(<- [?blurb ?bike_lane ?bus_route ?truck_route ?albedo
?min_lat ?min_lng ?min_alt ?geohash
?traffic_count ?traffic_index ?traffic_class
?paving_length ?paving_width ?paving_area ?surface_type
]
(src ?blurb ?misc ?geo ?kind)
(re-matches #"^s+Sequence.*Traffic Count.*" ?misc)
(parse-road ?misc :> _
?traffic_count ?traffic_index ?traffic_class
?paving_length ?paving_width ?paving_area ?surface_type
?overlay_year ?bike_lane ?bus_route ?truck_route)
(road_meta ?surface_type ?albedo_new ?albedo_worn)
(estimate-albedo
?overlay_year ?albedo_new ?albedo_worn :> ?albedo)
(bigram ?geo :> ?pt0 ?pt1)
(midpoint ?pt0 ?pt1 :> ?lat ?lng ?alt)
;; why filter for min? because there are geo duplicates..
(c/min ?lat :> ?min_lat)
(c/min ?lng :> ?min_lng)
(c/min ?alt :> ?min_alt)
(geohash ?min_lat ?min_lng :> ?geohash)
))
discovery

?blurb"" " " Hawthorne Avenue from Alma Street to High Street
?traffic_count"3110
?traffic_class"local residential
?surface_type" asphalt concrete
?albedo" " " 0.12
?min_lat"" " 37.446140860599854"
?min_lng "" " -122.1674652295435
?min_alt "" " 0.0
?geohash"" " 9q9jh0
(another data product)
discovery

The road data provides:
•traffic class (arterial, truck route, residential, etc.)
•traffic counts distribution
•surface type (asphalt, cement; age)
This leads to estimators for noise, reflection, etc.
discovery

GIS
export
Regex
parse-gis
src
Failure
Traps
M
M
road
Road
Metadata
Join
Estimate
Albedo
Geohash
road
Regex
parse-road
Road
Segments
R
(flow diagram, gis road)
discovery

GIS data from Palo Alto provides us with geolocation about each
item in the export: latitude, longitude, altitude
Geo data is great for managing municipal infrastructure as well as
for mobile apps
Predictive modeling in our Open Data
example focuses on leveraging geolocation
We use spatial indexing by creating
a grid of geohash values, for efﬁcient
parallel processing
Cascalog queries collect items with the
same geohash values – using them as keys
for large-scale joins (Hadoop)
modeling

9q9jh0
geohash with 6-digit resolution
approximates a 5-block square
centered lat: 37.445, lng: -122.162
modeling

Each road in the GIS export is listed as a block between two
cross roads, and each may have multiple road segments to
represent turns:
" -122.161776959558,37.4518836690781,0.0
" -122.161390381489,37.4516410983794,0.0
" -122.160786011735,37.4512589903357,0.0
" -122.160531178368,37.4510977281699,0.0
modeling
( lat0, lng0, alt0 )
NB: segments in the raw GIS have the order of geo coordinates
scrambled: (lng, lat, alt)

9q9jh0
X X
X
Filter trees which are too far away to provide shade. Calculate a sum
of moments for tree height × distance, as an estimator for shade:
modeling

(defn get-shade [trees roads]
"subquery to join tree and road estimates, maximize for shade"
(<- [?road_name ?geohash ?road_lat ?road_lng
?road_alt ?road_metric ?tree_metric]
(roads ?road_name _ _ _
?albedo ?road_lat ?road_lng ?road_alt ?geohash
?traffic_count _ ?traffic_class _ _ _ _)
(road-metric
?traffic_class ?traffic_count ?albedo :> ?road_metric)
(trees _ _ _ _ _ _ _
?avg_height ?tree_lat ?tree_lng ?tree_alt ?geohash)
(read-string ?avg_height :> ?height)
;; limit to trees which are higher than people
(> ?height 2.0)
(tree-distance
?tree_lat ?tree_lng ?road_lat ?road_lng :> ?distance)
;; limit to trees within a one-block radius (not meters)
(<= ?distance 25.0)
(/ ?height ?distance :> ?tree_moment)
(c/sum ?tree_moment :> ?sum_tree_moment)
;; magic number 200000.0 used to scale tree moment
;; based on median
(/ ?sum_tree_moment 200000.0 :> ?tree_metric)
))
modeling

M
tree
Join
Calculate
distance
shade
Filter
height
Sum
moment
REstimate
traffic
R
road
Filter
distance
M M
Filter
sum_moment
(flow diagram, shade)
modeling

(defn get-gps [gps_logs trap]
"subquery to aggregate and rank GPS tracks per user"
(<- [?uuid ?geohash ?gps_count ?recent_visit]
(gps_logs
?date ?uuid ?gps_lat ?gps_lng ?alt ?speed ?heading
?elapsed ?distance)
(read-string ?gps_lat :> ?lat)
(read-string ?gps_lng :> ?lng)
(geohash ?lat ?lng :> ?geohash)
(c/count :> ?gps_count)
(date-num ?date :> ?visit)
(c/max ?visit :> ?recent_visit)
))
modeling
?uuid ?geohash ?gps_count ?recent_visit
cf660e041e994929b37cc5645209c8ae 9q8yym 7 1972376866448
342ac6fd3f5f44c6b97724d618d587cf 9q9htz 4 1972376690969
32cc09e69bc042f1ad22fc16ee275e21 9q9hv3 3 1972376670935
342ac6fd3f5f44c6b97724d618d587cf 9q9hv3 3 1972376691356
342ac6fd3f5f44c6b97724d618d587cf 9q9hwn 13 1972376690782
342ac6fd3f5f44c6b97724d618d587cf 9q9hwp 58 1972376690965
482dc171ef0342b79134d77de0f31c4f 9q9jh0 15 1972376952532
b1b4d653f5d9468a8dd18a77edcc5143 9q9jh0 18 1972376945348

Recommenders often combine multiple signals, via weighted
averages, to rank personalized results:
•GPS of person ∩ road segment
•frequency and recency of visit
•trafﬁc class and rate
•road albedo (sunlight reﬂection)
•tree shade estimator
Adjusting the mix allows for further personalization at the end use
(defn get-reco [tracks shades]
"subquery to recommend road segments based on GPS tracks"
(<- [?uuid ?road ?geohash ?lat ?lng ?alt
?gps_count ?recent_visit ?road_metric ?tree_metric]
(tracks ?uuid ?geohash ?gps_count ?recent_visit)
(shades ?road ?geohash ?lat ?lng ?alt ?road_metric ?tree_metric)
))
apps

(defproject cascading-copa "0.1.0-SNAPSHOT"
:description "City of Palo Alto Open Data recommender in Cascalog"
:url "https://github.com/Cascading/CoPA"
:license {:name "Apache License, Version 2.0"
:url "http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0"
:distribution :repo
}
:uberjar-name "copa.jar"
:aot [copa.core]
:main copa.core
:source-paths ["src/main/clj"]
:dependencies [[org.clojure/clojure "1.4.0"]
[cascalog "1.10.0"]
[cascalog-more-taps "0.3.1-SNAPSHOT"]
[clojure-csv/clojure-csv "1.3.2"]
[org.clojars.sunng/geohash "1.0.1"]
[org.clojure/clojure-contrib "1.2.0"]
[date-clj "1.0.1"]
]
:profiles {:dev {:dependencies [[midje-cascalog "0.4.0"]]}
:provided {:dependencies [
[org.apache.hadoop/hadoop-core "0.20.2-dev"]
]}}
)
apps

‣ addr: 115 HAWTHORNE AVE
‣ lat/lng: 37.446, -122.168
‣ geohash: 9q9jh0
‣ tree: 413 site 2
‣ species: Liquidambar styraciflua
‣ est. height: 23 m
‣ shade metric: 4.363
‣ traffic: local residential, light traffic
‣ recent visit: 1972376952532
‣ a short walk from my train stop ✔
apps

Could combine this with a variety of data APIs:
• Trulia neighborhood data, housing prices
• Factual local business (FB Places, etc.)
• CommonCrawl open source full web crawl
• Wunderground local weather data
• WalkScore neighborhood data, walkability
• Data.gov US federal open data
• Data.NASA.gov NASA open data
• DBpedia datasets derived fromWikipedia
• GeoWordNet semantic knowledge base
• Geolytics demographics, GIS, etc.
• Foursquare,Yelp, CityGrid, Localeze,YP
• various photo sharing
apps
walkscore.com/CA/Palo_Alto

Trends in Public Administration
late 1880s – late 1920s (Woodrow Wilson)
as hierarchy, bureaucracy → only for the most educated, elite
late 1920s – late 1930s
as a business, relying on “Scientiﬁc Method”, gov as a process
late 1930s – late 1940s (Robert Dale)
relationships, behavioral-based → policy not separate from politics
late 1940s – 1980s
yet another form of management → less “command and control”
1980s – 1990s (David Osborne,Ted Gaebler)
New Public Management → service efﬁciency, more private sector
1990s – present (Janet & Robert Denhardt)
Digital Age → transparency, citizen-based “debugging”, bankruptcies
The Roles,Actors, and Norms Necessary to
Institutionalize Sustainable Collaborative Governance
Peter Pirnejad
USC Price School of Policy
2013-05-02

Trends in Public Administration
late 1880s – late 1920s (Woodrow Wilson)
as hierarchy, bureaucracy → only for the most educated, elite
late 1920s – late 1930s
as a business, relying on “Scientiﬁc Method”, gov as a process
late 1930s – late 1940s (Robert Dale)
relationships, behavioral-based → policy not separate from politics
late 1940s – 1980s
yet another form of management → less “command and control”
1980s – 1990s (David Osborne,Ted Gaebler)
New Public Management → service efﬁciency, more private sector
1990s – present (Janet & Robert Denhardt)
Digital Age → transparency, citizen-based “debugging”, bankruptcies
The Roles,Actors, and Norms Necessary to
Institutionalize Sustainable Collaborative Governance
Peter Pirnejad
USC Price School of Policy
2013-05-02
Drivers, circa 2013
• governments running out of money,
cannot increase staff and services
• better data infra at scale (cloud, OSS, etc.)
• machine learning techniques to monetize
• viable ecosystem for data products,APIs
• mobile devices enabling use cases

Open Data notes
Successful apps incorporate three components:
•Big Data (consumer interest, personalization)
•Open Data (monetizing public data)
•Curated Metadata
Most of the largest Cascading deployments leverage some
Open Data components: Climate Corp, Factual, Nokia, etc.
Notes about Open Data use cases: goo.gl/cd995T
Consider buildingeye.com, aggregate building permits:
•pricing data for home owners looking to remodel
•sales data for contractors
•imagine joining data with building inspection history,
for better insights about properties for sale…

Open Data ecosystem
municipal
departments
publishing
platforms
aggregators
data product
vendors
end use
cases
e.g., Palo Alto, San Francisco, etc.
e.g., Junar, Socrata, etc.
e.g., OpenStreetMap,WalkScore, etc.
e.g., Factual, Marinexplore, etc.
e.g., Facebook
Data feeds structured for
public private partnerships

Open Data ecosystem – caveats
municipal
departments
publishing
platforms
aggregators
data product
vendors
end use
cases
e.g., Facebook
Required Focus
• respond to viable use cases
• not budgeting hackathons

municipal
departments
publishing
platforms
aggregators
data product
vendors
end use
cases
e.g., Facebook
Required Focus
• surface the metadata
• curate, allowing for joins/aggregation
• not scans as PDFs

municipal
departments
publishing
platforms
aggregators
data product
vendors
end use
cases
e.g., Facebook
Required Focus
• make APIs consumable by automation
• allow for probabilistic usage
• not OSS licensing for data

municipal
departments
publishing
platforms
aggregators
data product
vendors
end use
cases
e.g., Facebook
Required Focus
• supply actionable data
• track data provenance carefully
• provide feedback upstream,
i.e., cleaned data at source
• focus on core verticals

municipal
departments
publishing
platforms
aggregators
data product
vendors
end use
cases
e.g., Facebook
Required Focus
• address consumer needs
• identify community beneﬁts
of the data

newsletter for updates:
http://liber118.com/pxn/
shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920028536.do

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