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Information technology

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This document provides an overview of computer components and their functions. It discusses that a computer is an electronic device that receives input, processes data, stores information, and produces output. The typical components of a computer system include the central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output devices, and storage. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit and control unit to process instructions. Memory holds programs and data. Common input devices are keyboards and mice, while output devices include monitors and printers. Storage such as hard drives and CDs are used to save data for later use. The document traces the early history of computers from the Analytical Engine to modern PCs.

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Designed By : Arunava Bera Guided By : Mrs. Chetna Class : IX ‘B’ Roll No. : 14

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Introduction What Is A Computer?  An electronic device that receives data, processes data, stores data, and produces a result (output).  Classified by size, speed and application  Uses hardware and software  Comes in different types

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Typical Personal Computer System 3

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Computer Systems  All computer systems, no matter how complex, consists of the following:  At least one CPU  Memory to hold programs and data  I/O devices  Long-term storage 4

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CPU: Central Processing Unit  ALU: arithmetic/logic unit ◦ Performs arithmetic and Boolean logical calculations  CU: control unit ◦ Controls processing of instructions ◦ Controls movement of data within the CPU  Interface unit ◦ Moves instructions and data between the CPU and other hardware components ◦ Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power between different components 5

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Memory  Also known as primary storage, working storage, and RAM (random access memory)  Consists of bits, each of which hold a value of either 0 or 1 (8 bits = 1 byte)  Holds both instructions and data of a computer program (stored program concept) 6

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Software Component  Applications  Operating System ◦ API: application program interface ◦ File management ◦ I/O ◦ Kernel  Memory management  Resource scheduling  Program communication  Security ◦ Network Module 7

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Modern Computer Development  1937: Mark I is built (Aiken, Harvard University, IBM). ◦ First electronic computer using relays.  1939: ABC is built ◦ First fully electronic digital computer. Used vacuum tubes.  1943-46: ENIAC (Mauchly, Eckert, University of Pennsylvania). ◦ First general purpose digital computer.  1945: Von Neumann architecture proposed. ◦ Still the standard for present day computers.  1947: Creation of transistor ◦ (Bardeen, Shockley, Brattain, Bell Labs).  1951: UNIVAC. ◦ First commercially available computer. 8

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9 Early Computers Babbage’s Analytical Engine ENIAC

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10 Latest Computers

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Computer performs all the functions according to input output processing cycle (IPO Cycle) Input Process Output Computer is an electronic device which take some input after processing provide output. Input unit Central processing unit (CPU) Output unit Main memory Secondary memory (Hard Disk)

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Input unit take the input and converts it into binary form so that it can be understood by the computer. For example:- Key board, mouse, magnetic ink character reader (MICR), optical mark reader (OMR), optical character reader (OCR), Joystick etc. Output unit take the programs in the form of electronic binary signals coming from the CPU and convert into human understandable language. So it can be easily understood by the human beings. For example :- Visual Display Unit (VDU), Printer, Plotter, Speech Synthesizer and Coder etc. It is a control center for a computer. It guides , directs and governs its performance. It is the brain of the computer.

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Output Devices  Monitor: screen that displays information such as text, numbers, and  Printer: gives you information pictures. ◦ Softcopy ◦ from the computer in printed form. ◦ Hardcopy  Speakers: allow you to hear voice, music, and other sounds from your computer.

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Processing Device  Central Processing Unit (CPU) – known as the heart or “brain” of the computer and is responsible for processing the information that has been entered into the computer

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Storage Devices  Hard Disk Drive: used to store data inside of the computer. ◦ Magnetic platter that holds a large amount of information in a form the computer can understand. ◦ Floppy Disk: flat circles of iron oxide-coated plastic enclosed in a hard plastic case. ◦ Most are 3 ½ inches and have a capacity to hold 1.44 MB or more of data.  CD ROM Drive: a compact disk that reads only memory.  CD-RW: a device that allows you to read and write to a compact disk

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 Input Enters data into the computer  Processing Changes data into usable form  Output Sends data out of the computer  Storage Saves for use later CONCLUSION

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17 Bibliography  Encyclopedia  www.wikepedia.com  NCERT Computer Book  www.google.com

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Thank You 18

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Information technology

  • 1. Designed By : Arunava Bera Guided By : Mrs. Chetna Class : IX ‘B’ Roll No. : 14
  • 2. Introduction What Is A Computer?  An electronic device that receives data, processes data, stores data, and produces a result (output).  Classified by size, speed and application  Uses hardware and software  Comes in different types
  • 4. Computer Systems  All computer systems, no matter how complex, consists of the following:  At least one CPU  Memory to hold programs and data  I/O devices  Long-term storage 4
  • 5. CPU: Central Processing Unit  ALU: arithmetic/logic unit ◦ Performs arithmetic and Boolean logical calculations  CU: control unit ◦ Controls processing of instructions ◦ Controls movement of data within the CPU  Interface unit ◦ Moves instructions and data between the CPU and other hardware components ◦ Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power between different components 5
  • 6. Memory  Also known as primary storage, working storage, and RAM (random access memory)  Consists of bits, each of which hold a value of either 0 or 1 (8 bits = 1 byte)  Holds both instructions and data of a computer program (stored program concept) 6
  • 7. Software Component  Applications  Operating System ◦ API: application program interface ◦ File management ◦ I/O ◦ Kernel  Memory management  Resource scheduling  Program communication  Security ◦ Network Module 7
  • 8. Modern Computer Development  1937: Mark I is built (Aiken, Harvard University, IBM). ◦ First electronic computer using relays.  1939: ABC is built ◦ First fully electronic digital computer. Used vacuum tubes.  1943-46: ENIAC (Mauchly, Eckert, University of Pennsylvania). ◦ First general purpose digital computer.  1945: Von Neumann architecture proposed. ◦ Still the standard for present day computers.  1947: Creation of transistor ◦ (Bardeen, Shockley, Brattain, Bell Labs).  1951: UNIVAC. ◦ First commercially available computer. 8
  • 11. Computer performs all the functions according to input output processing cycle (IPO Cycle) Input Process Output Computer is an electronic device which take some input after processing provide output. Input unit Central processing unit (CPU) Output unit Main memory Secondary memory (Hard Disk)
  • 12. Input unit take the input and converts it into binary form so that it can be understood by the computer. For example:- Key board, mouse, magnetic ink character reader (MICR), optical mark reader (OMR), optical character reader (OCR), Joystick etc. Output unit take the programs in the form of electronic binary signals coming from the CPU and convert into human understandable language. So it can be easily understood by the human beings. For example :- Visual Display Unit (VDU), Printer, Plotter, Speech Synthesizer and Coder etc. It is a control center for a computer. It guides , directs and governs its performance. It is the brain of the computer.
  • 13. Output Devices  Monitor: screen that displays information such as text, numbers, and  Printer: gives you information pictures. ◦ Softcopy ◦ from the computer in printed form. ◦ Hardcopy  Speakers: allow you to hear voice, music, and other sounds from your computer.
  • 14. Processing Device  Central Processing Unit (CPU) – known as the heart or “brain” of the computer and is responsible for processing the information that has been entered into the computer
  • 15. Storage Devices  Hard Disk Drive: used to store data inside of the computer. ◦ Magnetic platter that holds a large amount of information in a form the computer can understand. ◦ Floppy Disk: flat circles of iron oxide-coated plastic enclosed in a hard plastic case. ◦ Most are 3 ½ inches and have a capacity to hold 1.44 MB or more of data.  CD ROM Drive: a compact disk that reads only memory.  CD-RW: a device that allows you to read and write to a compact disk
  • 16.  Input Enters data into the computer  Processing Changes data into usable form  Output Sends data out of the computer  Storage Saves for use later CONCLUSION
  • 17. 17 Bibliography  Encyclopedia  www.wikepedia.com  NCERT Computer Book  www.google.com