Child rights in School

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Children and Women in Social Services & Human Rights (CWISH)
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ISBN : 978-9937-9080-4-7
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lzIff k|bfg ug{ / u/fpg ljBfnonfO{ ky k|bz{g x'g] u/L æu'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf
nflu afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?k, @)^&Æ tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . o;df pNn]v
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;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ kIfx?sf] klxrfg u/L ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgfdf ;d]6g / cg'udg
tyf d"NofÍg sfo{nfO{ j:t'ut / k|efjsf/L agfpg ljBfnosf k|zf;s Pjd
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xf] . u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?kdf pNn]lvt ;"rs
k|fKt ug{ ljBfno k|zf;g, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, lzIfs Pjd ljleGg
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lzIfsx?n] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . t/, ljBfnonfO{ afnd}qL
agfpg] kIfdf ljBfno / lzIfsx? ;Fu;Fu} afnaflnsfsf] klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
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cj:yfdf ;f]xL /fli6«o k|f?ksf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ / rfx]sf] kl/0ffd
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;a}eGbf 7"nf] Pjd dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f cf]u6]sf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf Pjd
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dxTjk"0f{ 5 . g]kfnsf ljleGg ;d'bfodf /x]/ ljleGg ljBfnodf cWoog/t
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afnaflnsf :j:Yf hGdg kfpg', hGd]kl5 kf]if0fo'Qm vfg] s'/f / pko'Qm sk8f
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afnaflnsfn] lagf s'g} e]befj clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug]{ s'/fsf] sfof{Gjog ug{
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cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ afFRg cfjZos dfkb08 k"/f ug{ ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .
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à s'g} klg lx+;f, e]befj, x]nf, b'Jo{jxf/af6 ;'/lIft x'g kfpg',
à cfˆgf ljrf/ / efjgf lgw{Ss;Fu JoQm ug{ kfpg',
à ljleGg ;ª3;+:yf tyf ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg' .
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1fg k|fKt ub{5g, hLjg lrGb5g, ;dfh a'emb5g / hLjg ofkg ug]{ ;/n /
;xh tl/sf a'emb5g . afn clwsf/ afnaflnsfsf] ljz]if dfgj clwsf/ xf] .
o;n] afnaflnsfnfO{ z}lIfs, zf/Ll/s tyf ;fdflhs, lx+;f, b'Jo{jxf/, e]befj,
åGå / zf]if0faf6 ;+/If0f / lbuf] hLjgsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] clwsf/ k|bfg ub{5 .
ljBfno afnaflnsfsf nflu ;'ne x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf afnaflnsfsf tL
clwsf/x¿ s'l07t x'g ;S5g, lsgls tL clwsf/n] afnaflnsfsf] bL3{
hLjg / pHofnf] eljiosf nflu lbzf lgb]{z ul//x]sf x'G5g .
ljBfyL{x?nfO{ lzIfsx?n] lbg] k|]/0ff, xf};nf, k|f]T;fxg / pgLx?;Fu af]lng] To;}
zAbx?, h:t} M /fd|f], :ofaf; cflbn] l;Sg pT;flxt Pjd pTk|]l/t ub{5g . t/,
ufnL, ;hfo, lk6fOh:tf gsf/fTds Jojxf/n] afnaflnsfnfO{ b'Mlvt agfpF5g
/ l;Sgaf6 xtf]T;flxt ub{5g . o;sf ;fy} lgDg sf/0fn] ubf{ ljBfnodf afn

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ul/Psf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljz]if Joj:yf g} afnclwsf/ ePsfn]
à afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxt g} afnaflnsfsf] cfwf/e"t ;/f]sf/ ePsfn]
à afnaflnsfsf] hLjgdf c;/ kfg]{ s'g} klg s'/fdf cfˆgf] ljrf/ /fVg],
;'Gg], ljrf/sf] ;Ddfg ug]{ / plrt ;'g'jfO{ x'g'kg]{ sf/0fn]
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à afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtf ljsf;df lzIfsn] lbg] k|]/0ff, xf};nf / k|f]T;fxgn]
;sf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ x'gfn]
à afnaflnsfdf pQ/bfloTjsf] efjgfsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{ x'gfn]
à afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] cEof; u/fpg] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg ljBfno
ePsfn]
à afnaflnsfdf ;xdlt / nf]stflGqs cEof;sf] ljsf; u/fpg'kg]{ ePsfn]
à afnaflnsfsf] /rgfTds, l;h{gfTds Pjd z}lIfs u'0f:t/df j[l4 ug'{kg]{
ePsfn]
à ljBfnodf x'g] zf/Ll/s Pjd dfgl;s b'Jo{jxf/sf] cGTo ug'{kg]{ ePsfn]
u_ s:tf] cj:yfdf xfd|f] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ePsf] dflgG5 <
jf:tjdf ljBfnodf afnclwsf/ ;'lglZrt ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq afnaflnsfn]
cfˆgf l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;S5g . s'g} klg sfo{, cEof;,
k|of;n] afnaflnsfsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ug{ ;s]df To;nfO{
k|efjsf/L dfGg ;lsG5 . afnclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg gePsf] :yfgdf afnaflnsfn]
ljleGg k|sf/sf x]nf tyf b'Jo{jxf/x? ef]Ug'kg]{ x'g ;S5 . To;}n] g]kfn
;/sf/n] afnaflnsfsf] lxt / lzIffnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfpg afnd}qL ljBfnosf]
cjwf/0ff NofPsf] 5 . afnd}qL ljBfnodf afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf clwsf/sf]
pkef]u ug{ kfpF5g . afnaflnsf cfk}mFn] tn pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf s'/fx?
pkef]u ug{ kfPsf] cj:yfdf afn clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 M
à ;a} lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof afnd}qL / l;sfOsf glthfx? u'0f:t/Lo x'g'kb{5 .

à k|efjsf/L l;sfOsf nflu lzIfs / ljBfyL{df kof{Kt pTk|]/0ff x'g'kb{5 .
à z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] kof{Kttf x'g'kb{5 .
à lzIfsx?n] leGg leGg ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L cWofkg u/fPsf] x'g'k5{ .
à afnaflnsfsf] ult cg';f/sf] l;sfO jftfj/0f / afnaflnsfsf] JolQmut
sl7gfOnfO{ dWo gh/ ub}{ lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk x'g'k5{ .
à ;a} k|sf/sf ckfªutf ePsf afnaflnsfn] ;dfg x}l;otdf cWoog ug]{
cj;/ k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 .
à ljBfno of]hgf lgdf{0fb]lv cGo ultljlwdf ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, cfly{s
cflb ;a} lsl;dn] lk5l8Psf ju{sf] ;xeflutf ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
à ;a} afnaflnsfsf nflu e]befj/lxt l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f / Ifdtfsf
cfwf/df lzIf0f l;sfO jftfj/0f ePsf] x''g'k5{ .
à ljljwtfk"0f{ ljz]iftf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'k5{ .
à jt{dfg lgod sfg'gn] Joj:yf u/] cg';f/sf 5fqj[lQ k|fKt ug]{ jftfj/0f
x'g'k5{ .
à ljBfnodf afnSnasf] u7g ePsf] / afnaflnsfn] afnSnadf ;dfg
¿kdf ;xefuL eO{ /rgfTds Pjd ;[hgfTds ;xeflutf hgfpg] cj;/
k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yf x'g'k5{ .
à slDtdf jif{sf] Ps k6s :jf:YosdL{x¿af6 ljBfyL{x¿sf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f
ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
à ljBfnodf k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
à w"d|kfg, dBkfg, nfu" kbfy{ lgif]wsf nflu cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f eO{ nfu"
ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
à ljBfno jl/kl/ ljBfyL{sf] :jf:Yodf xflg k'¥ofpg] vfg] s'/f laqmL ljt/0fdf
/f]s nufPsf] / ljBfyL{n] kf]lifnf] vfg] s'/f NofP gNofPsf] s'/f hfFr ug]{
u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .
à kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] lglZrt 7fpFdf kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] efF8f]sf] Joj:yf ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
à ljBfnodf ef}lts, zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo lgif]w ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . -ljBfnodf
zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo lbg gkfOg] tyf afnaflnsfsf] k[i7e"ld / Ifdtfsf

cfwf/df s;}nfO{ dfgl;s si6, b'Jo{jxf/, 3[0ff ug{ gkfOg] gLlt lgod agfO
nfu" u/]sf] / ;f]sf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . ljBfnoleq /
;d'bfodf ;d]t afnaflnsfdfly x'g] zf/Ll/s ;hfo, x]kfO, of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf]
cGTosf nflu ljBfnodf :ki6 of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/]sf]
x'g'k5{ ._
à ljBfnodf kf7oqmd, kf7ok':ts, ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L /flvPsf] k':tsfno
x'g'k5{ . ljifout lx;fan] ;fGble{s k':tsx?sf] clen]vLs/0f / ljt/0f
k|0ffnL ;lxtsf] k':tsfno x'g'k5{ .
à au}Frf lgdf{0f u/L To;sf] ;b'kof]u ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
à lzIfsx? lgoldt ljBfno / sIffsf]7fdf cfpg] u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .
à lzIfsx?n] k"/f ;do cWofkg u/fpg] u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .

afnd}qL ljBfno s] xf] <
efOalxgLx?, afnaflnsf cg's"nsf] l;sfO jftfj/0f ePsf], afnaflnsfleqsf
cGtlg{lxt Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ u/]sf] / :jod afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf] l;Sg
;Sg] Ifdtf / rfxgf cg';f/ /dfOnf];Fu l;Sg ;Sg] jftfj/0f ePsf] ljBfno
g} afnd}qL ljBfno xf] .
afnd}qL ljBfnodf afnclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg x'G5 . afnaflnsfsf] s'/f ;'lgG5
/ ;f] cg';f/sf] lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ul/G5 . o:tf ljBfnodf afnaflnsfn]
zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s Pjd ;+j]ufTds ¿kn] ;'/lIft tyf :j:y ePsf] cg'ej ug{
;S5g . o:tf ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf ¿lr, Ifdtf / :t/sf] sb/ ul/G5 /
;f]xL cg';f/ pgLx?sf l;sfOsf nflu cfjZos jftfj/0f Pjd kf7oqmdsf]
Joj:yf ul/G5 .
afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx?sf hft, lnª, wd{, efiff, cfly{s :t/, zf/Ll/s Pjd
dfgl;s b'a{ntfsf cfwf/df e]befj gu/L egf{ ug'{ / ljBfnoleq jf aflx/
/x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ klg e]befj/lxt Jojxf/ ug'{ afnd}qL ljBfnosf] u'0f
xf] . afnd}qL ljBfnodf k9fO n]vfOsf cltl/Qm afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo Pjd
;'/Iffdf ljz]if Wofg lbOG5 . ljBfnosf gLlt lgdf{0f, of]hgf th{'df, sfof{Gjog
/ d"NofÍgdf afnaflnsf, cleefjs / ;d'bfonfO{ k|ToIf ;xefuL u/fOG5 .
o:tf ljBfnodf s'g} klg k|sf/sf ef}lts, zf/Ll/s Pjd dfgl;s b08 ;hfo
afnd}qL ljBfno /
afn clwsf/

alh{t x'G5g / afnaflnsfnfO{ b'Jo{jxf/ / gf]S;fgLaf6 arfpg] sfd lg/Gt/
?kdf eO/x]sf] x'G5 .
afnd}qL ljBfno lsg<
xfd|f] b]zsf clwsf+z ljBfnox? cem} klg k/Dk/fut z}nLaf6 ;~rflnt
5g . k7gkf7gsf] ;du| kl/j]z ce}m klg 3f]sfpg] tk{m g} a9L s]lGb|t 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] s]Gb|Lo :t/af6 pknAw u/fPsf kf7o ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u afx]s
cGo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . o;n] ubf{ afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO,
cg'ej / Ifdtfsf cfwf/df x'Fb}g / l;sfO k|lqmof sdhf]/ x'g] a9L vt/f 5 .
ljBfno afnaflnsfk|lt d}qLk"0f{ ePdf pgLx?n] cfˆgf ult, Ifdtf, cg'ejsf
cfwf/df l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ /dfOnf] jftfj/0fdf n}hfg ;S5g, h'g lbuf] /
k|efjsf/L /xg ;S5 .
afnd}qL ljBfnosf k|d'v If]qx? -Key Areas_
efOalxgLx?, afnaflnsf clwsf/sf wf/s x'g . ljBfno, k|f}9 JolQm tyf
;ª3 ;+:yfx? afnclwsf/sf kl/kfns x'g . To;} cg';f/ cfˆgf] clwsf/sf]
bfaL / st{Josf] lgjf{x ug'{kb{5 . ljBfno afnclwsf/ ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f /
k|j4{g ug]{ /fHosf] lhDd]jf/ k|f/lDes ;+:yf xf] . ljBfnodf afnclwsf/sf]
;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / k|j4{gsf] sfo{ ul/gfn] afnaflnsfn] cfk"m ;'/lIft / ;xh
jftfj/0fdf ePsf] dx;'; ug'{sf ;fy} pgLx?sf] l;sfO k|lqmofdf tLj|tf /
l;sfO pknlAwdf k|ult klg x'g hfG5 . o;sf ;fy} pgLx? ;fdflhs hLjgdf
;dtf, ;Ddfg, ;befj, zflGt / nf]stflGqs ;+:s[ltsf] cEof; ug{ ;kmn eO{
lhDd]jf/ gful/ssf] ?kdf klg :yflkt x'g ;Sb5g .
u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?k, @)^&n] lgDg adf]lhdsf
dfkb08x?nfO{ afnd}qL ljBfnosf k|d'v If]qx? dfg]sf] 5 M
à k|efjsfl/tf ;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x?
à ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x?
à lzIffdf n}lËs kIf ;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x?
à ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf ;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x?

à :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff / arfj6 ;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x?
à k"jf{wf/ ;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x?
à lzIf0f l;sfO ;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x?
à dft[efiff lzIf0f l;sfO ;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x?
à ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x?
afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?ksf Go"gtd dfkb08 / xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L
k|efjsfl/tf / xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L
efOalxgLx?, lzIffsf] ;Gbe{df, æk|efjsfl/tfnfO{ ;du| z}lIfs k|lqmofn]
afnaflnsfsf] l;sfOdf s] s:tf] k|efj kf¥of] eGg] s'/fsf ?kdf a'emg'kg]{Æ
egL u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?kn] :ki6 ?kdf
tf]lslbPsf] 5 . ljBfnonfO{ afnd}qL agfpg] ;jfndf s]xL cGt/f{li6«o cEof;
tyf dfGotfx? klg 5g . h:t} M
à lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof hlxNo} klg afnaflnsfsf nflu ;'xfpFbf] / d}qLk"0f{
x'g'kb{5 eg] To;sf glthfx? u'0f:t/Lo / Jojxfl/s x'g'kb{5 .
à ljBfno;Fu k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] lzIfs, ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldlt, cleefjs lzIfs ;ª3, afn ;+/If0f ;ldlt, ljBfno k|zf;g,
cleefjsx?df ljBfnok|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj el/Psf] g}ltstf x'g'kb{5 eg]
ljBfnodf cWofkg u/fpg] lzIfsx?;Fu pRr :t/Lo Ifdtf, bIftf /
g}ltstf x'g'kb{5 .
à ljBfno l;Sg] / l;sfpg] :yfg ePsf x'gfn] l;Sg] / l;sfpg] b'j} kIfdf
kof{Kt pTk|]/0ff x'g'kb{5 .
à ljBfnodf z}lIfs ;fdu|L / v]n ;fdu|Lsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
à kf7oqmd tyf kf7o ;fdu|Lsf] ;dod} kof{Kt dfqfdf pknAwtf x'g'kb{5 .
efOalxgLx?, ;/;tL{ x]bf{ dfly pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf cj:yfdf clwstd
dfqfdf jo:s jf lzIfsx?sf] e"ldsf b]lvG5 . t/, ljBfnodf afnd}qL

jftfj/0fsf] ;'lglZrttf / To;sf] k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] afnaflnsfsf]
e"ldsf cToGt dxTjk"0f{ 5 . afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?kdf pNn]v ePsf
k|efjsfl/tfsf Go"gtd dfkb08 k"/f ug{ xfdL afnaflnsfn] lgDg cg';f/sf]
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kb{5 M
x'g}kg]{ M
lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof hlxNo} klg afnaflnsfsf nflu ;'xfpFbf] / d}qLk"0f{ x'g'kb{5
eg] To;sf glthfx? u'0f:t/Lo / Jofjxfl/s x'g'kb{5 .
xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
ljBfno afnd}qL x'g'kb{5 . o;sf] cy{ ljBfnodf lgdf{0f ul/g] ef}lts ;fdu|L
nufot ljBfnodf x'g] k|To]s ultljlw afnaflnsfsf nflu ;'xfpFbf] x'g'sf
;fy} afnaflnsfsf] ¿lr / cfjZostf cg'?k x'g'kb{5 . t/, oL ;a} s'/fx?
jo:sn] dfq lbP/ x'Fb}g . xfdL afnaflnsfsf] klg plQs} bfloTj 5 . o;sf
nflu xfdL afnaflnsfx?n] lgDg adf]lhdsf lhDd]jf/Lx? k"/f ug'{kb{5 M
à ljBfno lzIffdf x'g] l;sfO k|lqmofdf ;a} afnaflnsfx? ;dfg ?kdf
;xefuL x'g'kb{5 .
à cfk"mn] hfg]sf s'/fx? ;fyLx?nfO{ l;sfpg] ug'{kb{5 .
à xfdLn] kf7ok':ts afx]ssf cGo z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx?sf] cWoog ug'{kb{5 .
à ljleGg cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkx?df ;xefuL x'g'kb{5 . t/, o;/L cltl/Qm
lqmofsnfkx?df efu lnO/xFbf k9fOdf gsf/fTds c;/ gk/f]; eGg]
s'/fnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
à ljBfnodf l;s]sf s'/fx¿ 3/df bf]xf]¥ofP/ cWoog ug'{kb{5 . ;fy} l;s]sf
s'/fx¿ Jojxf/df nfu" ug]{ k|of; ub}{ hfg'kb{5 .
à lzIfsn] lzIf0f lqmofsnfkdf k|of]u u/]sf ;fdu|Lx?sf] x]/ljrf/ / ;'/Iff
ug{ ;xof]u ug'{sf ;fy} lzIf0f ;fdu|Lx? lgdf{0f tyf ;Íng ug]{ sfddf
lzIfsnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .
à ;a}sf 5'§f5'§} Ifdtf / bIftf x'G5g eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL z}lIfs
ultljlwdf sdhf]/ ePsf ;fyLx?nfO{ x]nf, b'Jo{jxf/ jf cGo s'g} klg

k|sf/sf e]befj gu/L l;sfO k|lqmofdf ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .
à zf/Ll/s dfgl;s ?kdf ckfËtf ePsf ;fyLx? ePdf pgLx?nfO{ ljz]if
;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .
à ljljw sf/0fn] kl/jf/af6 6f9f /xL >ddf ;+nUg ePsf ljBfyL{ ;fyLx?nfO{
;dfg Jojxf/ u/L z}lIfs ultljlwdf ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .
à c;n, Jofjxfl/s / u'0f:t/Lo lzIff kfpg' xfd|f] clwsf/ xf] . ;fy}, /fd|f];Fu
dg lbP/ k9g', sfkL lstfasf] htg ug'{ / Wofg lbP/ k9g' xfd|f st{Jo x'g
eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
à gofF s'/f l;Sg, hfGg, x]g{ kfpg' xfd|f] clwsf/ ePh:t} cfk"mn] ghfg]sf
s'/fx? l;Sg' / hfg]sf /fd|f s'/f c?nfO{ l;sfpg] ug'{kb{5 .
x'g}kg]{ M
ljBfno;Fu k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] lzIfs, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt,
cleefjs lzIfs ;ª3, afn ;+/If0f ;ldlt, ljBfno k|zf;g, cleefjsx?df
ljBfnok|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj el/Psf] g}ltstf x'g'kb{5 eg] ljBfnodf cWofkg
u/fpg] lzIfsx?;Fu pRr:t/Lo Ifdtf, bIftf / g}ltstf x'g'kb{5 .
xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
ljBfnosf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] g} ljBfnosf] ?k abNg ;S5g eg] ljBfnosf
;/f]sf/jfnfx?df xfdL afnaflnsf klg k5f}{F . To;}n] ljBfnosf] Joj:yfksLo
If]qdf klg xfdLn] cfˆgf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kb{5 .
à ljBfnodf aGg] jf lgdf{0f ug{ nfluPsf ;+/rgfx?df cfˆgf cleefjsx?nfO{
;xefuL x'g k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ .
à ljBfnodf x'g] e]nf, uf]i7L, 5nkmn, cGt/lqmof h:tf sfo{qmdx?df
;xefuL eO{ cfˆgf ljrf/ /fVg'k5{ .
à ljBfno xfd|f] kl/jf/ xf] / kl/jf/df /fd|f sfd, /fd|f Jojxf/ x'g'kb{5 .
xfdLnfO{ s'g} a]nf s;}sf] Jojxf/ jf sfd g/fd|f] nfu]df :ki6;Fu lzIfs
jf cleefjsx?nfO{ g8/fO{ eGg] ug'{kb{5 .
à xfdLn] s;}nfO{ klg hflt, lnË, ju{ jf cGo s'g} klg cfwf/df e]befj jf

b'Jo{jxf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g .
à olb xfdL b'Jo{jxf/ jf of}g b'Jo{jxf/af6 ;'/lIft ePsf] dx;'; ug{ rfxfG5f}F
eg] xfdLn] klg c? s;}nfO{ x]nf, b'Jo{jxf/ jf of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g .
;fy}, To:tf Jojxf/sf] lj/f]w ;d]t ug'{kb{5 .
x'g}kg]{ M
ljBfno l;Sg] / l;sfpg] :yfg ePsf] x'gfn] l;Sg] / l;sfpg] b'j} kIfdf kof{Kt
pTk|]/0ff x'g'kb{5 .
xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
l;Sg], l;sfpg] qmd eg]sf] lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf] . jf:tjdf xfdLnfO{ ljBfnodf
lzIfsx?n] l;sfpg] ug'{x'G5  . oxfF a'emg' kg]{ s'/f s] klg 5 eg], xfdL lzIfsx?af6
hlt l;ls/x]sf x'G5f}F, Tof]eGbf a9L lzIfsx?n] xfdLaf6 l;ls/x]sf x'G5g .
To;}n] xfdL lzIfsx?nfO{ l;sfpgsf nflu cem a9L pTk|]l/t ug{ ;S5f}F .
o;sf nflu lgDg lqmofsnfkx? ug{ ;lsG5 M
à ljBfyL{nfO{ k|Zg ug]{ 5'6 x'G5 . k|foM lzIfsx? ljBfyL{n] ga'e]msf s'/fx?
;f]w] eg] v';L x'G5g . To;}n] xfdLn] cfk"mn] ga'e]msf / ghfg]sf s'/fx?
lzIfsnfO{ ;f]Wg] ug'{kb{5 .
à k9fOdf ;xof]u x'g] ljleGg /rgfTds lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 .
h:t}M leQ] klqsf k|sfzg, jfbljjfb, jSt[Tjsnf, 5nkmn cflb . o:tf
ultljlwn] lzIfsx?nfO{ l;sfpg] s'/fdf k|]/0ff lbG5g eg] xfdLnfO{ l;Sg]
s'/fdf pT;'stf yKb5g .
à l;Sg], l;sfpg] qmd rln/xFbf cgfjZos xf]xNnf ug]{, em}emu8f ug]{, k|Zgsf
nflu k|Zg ug]{, Wofg glbg]h:tf lqmofsnfk ug'{ x'Fb}g . o:tf lqmofsnfkn]
ubf{ lzIfsnfO{ l;sfpg dg gnfUg ;S5 . ;fy} ;do klg v]/ hfG5 .
à lzIfsx?n] lgdf{0f ug]{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{, ljBfnodf
ePsf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx?sf] ;'/Iff ug]{ ug'{kb{5 .
x'g}kg]{ M

ljBfnodf z}lIfs ;fdu|L / v]n ;fdu|Lsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
xfdL afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;sf nflu geO{ gx'g] dxTjk"0f{
s'/f v]n tyf dgf]/~hg klg x'g . t/, v]n tyf dgf]/~hg cfjZostfeGbf
a9L ePdf 3fts klg x'g ;S5g . To;}n] lgDg s'/fx?df ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 M
à k9fOsf] ;dodf v]Ng' x'Fb}g .
à lglZrt / plrt ;dodf dfq v]Ng'kb{5 .
à zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ?kdf xflg k'¥ofpg] vfnsf
v]nx? v]Ng' x'Fb}g .
à v]Ng' /fd|f] xf] . t/, v]Ng kfPF eGb}df nfdf] ;do v]Ng], hf]lvdk"0f{ v]nx?
v]Ng] sfd /fd|f] xf]Og .
à v]n v]Ng kfpg' xfd|f] clwsf/ xf] . t/ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f s] klg 5 eg]
xfdLn] ;f] clwsf/sf] pkof]u ul//xFbf c?sf] clwsf/sf] xgg ug'{ x'Fb}g .
à v]Nbf e}memu8f ug'{ x'Fb}g / ;a}nfO{ cj;/ k|bfg ug'{kb{5 .
à v]n v]ln;s]kl5 v]ns'bsf ;fdu|Lx?sf] htg;fy Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 .
x'g}kg]{ M
kf7oqmd tyf kf7o ;fdu|Lsf] ;dod} kof{Kt dfqfdf pknAwtf x'g'kb{5 .
xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
kf7ok':ts xfd|f] k|d'v ldq xf] . o;sf] clwstd k|of]u / ;'/Iff xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L
xf] .
;dfj]zLs/0f / xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L
efOalxgLx¿, ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d'2f cr]n xfdL ljleGg ;dfrf/, ;ef, ;Dd]ng,
5nkmnh:tf sfo{qmdx?df ;'lg/x]sf x'G5f}F . cr]n x/]s If]qdf / ljifodf
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ljifodf 5nkmn x'g] u/]sf] 5 . slxn]sfxLF ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{
km/s z}nLdf k|:t't ug]{ u/]sf] klg kfpg'ePsf] xf]nf . hftLo, n}lËs, lk5l8Psf,

ljs6 If]qsf dfG5]nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg'nfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0f ePsf] cj:yfsf
?kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] klg kfpg'ePsf] 5 xf]nf . t/, oxfF ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{
cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf] ?kdf JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
efOalxgLx¿, ;dfj]zLs/0fn] ljleGg cj;/af6 jl~rt ePsf afnaflnsfsf]
cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 / afnaflnsfaLr ePsf ljljw leGgtfnfO{ :jLsf/
ub{5 . jf:tjdf cj;/af6 jl~rt ePsf afnaflnsfsf ;d"xnfO{ ;Daf]wg
ug]{ k|lqmof jf /0fgLlt g} ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] . ;dfj]zL lzIffn] c?nfO{ a'emg],
cfb/ ug]{, z}lIfs cfjZostfdf k|ltlqmof lbg], ;a} afnaflnsfsf] cg'ej,
rfxgf / d"No dfGotfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ eGg] a'emg'kb{5 . ;dfj]zLs/0fn] ;a}
afnaflnsfsf nflu lje]b/lxt jftfj/0fdf lzIff lng kfpg'kg]{ clwsf/
;'lglZrt ub{5 .
;dfj]zLs/0fn] ljBfnodf ;d'bfosf] :jfldTjnfO{ dxTj lbFb} afnaflnsfsf
cfjZostf cg'?k pko'Qm jftfj/0f / ;xof]u kfPdf ;a}n] l;Sg ;S5g eGg]
dfGotf ;d]t /fVb5 . o; cGtu{t lgDg s'/fx?sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kb{5 M
à ckfËtf ePsf, hflt jf wd{sf cfwf/df kl5 k/]sf, >dsf sf/0fn]
ljBfno lzIffaf6 jl~rt ePsf / cfly{s jf cGo sf/0fn] sdhf]/ ePsf
afnaflnsfsf] ljBfno egf{sf] ;'lglZrttf
à ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, cfly{s cflb ;a} lsl;dn] lk5l8Psf ju{sf] ljBfno
of]hgf lgdf{0fb]lv cGo ultljlwdf ;xeflutf
à ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ e]befj/lxt l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f, Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df
lzIf0f l;sfO jftfj/0f, afnaflnsfsf] ult cg';f/sf] l;sfO jftfj/0f /
afnaflnsfsf] JolQmut sl7gfO kQf nufO{ JolQmut leGgtfsf cfwf/df
pkrf/fTds pkfo ;lxtsf] lzIf0f l;sfOsf] ;'lglZrttf
à ljljwtfk"0f{ ljz]iftf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf
efOalxgLx?, ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu Psn k|of; lg/y{s x'g hfG5 . ljBfnodf
z}lIfs u'0f:t/sf] j[l4, afnaflnsfsf] ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] cEof; tyf pgLx?sf]

Ifdtfsf] klxrfg / ;f] cg';f/sf] cj;/sf nflu ;femf cEof; x'g' h?/L 5 .
o;sf nflu afnaflnsf :jodsf] cu|;/tf / ;xeflutf lagf kl/0ffd k|foM
z"Go x'g ;S5 . t;y{ afnaflnsfn] ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] k|of;df xft]dfnf] ug'{
h?/L 5 .
x'g}kg]{ M
ckfËtf ePsf, hflt jf wd{sf cfwf/df kl5 k/]sf, >dsf] sf/0fn] ljBfno
lzIffaf6 jl~rt ePsf / cfly{s jf cGo sf/0fn] sdhf]/ ePsf afnaflnsfsf]
lzIffsf] ;'lglZrttf
xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
s'g} klg hflt, wd{, ju{, lnËsf afnaflnsfsf] ljBfno egf{ eO{ u'0f:t/Lo
lzIff kfpg] clwsf/ 5 . ljBfnodf lzIfs jf ljBfno k|zf;geGbf a9L
ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x? Ps csf{aLr a9L glhs x'G5g . To;}n] ljBfnodf
ljBfnon] u/]sf] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cEof;nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;jfndf
afnaflnsfsf] k|d'v e"ldsf x'g ;S5 .
à cfˆgf 3/ jl/kl/ ljBfno guPsf ;fyLx? / ltgsf cleefjsx?nfO{
ljBfno egf{ v'Nnf ePsf] ;"rgf lbg'kb{5 .
à ljBfno / lzIffsf] cfjZostfsf af/]df atfP/ ljBfno guPsf ;fyLx?nfO{
ljBfno egf{ x'g k|f]T;flxt ug'{kb{5 .
à zf/Ll/s jf cGo ckfËtf ePsf sf/0f ljBfno lzIffaf6 6f9f /x]sf
jf ljBfno egf{ ePtf klg l;sfO cEof;df sl7gfO ePsf ;fyLx?nfO{
l;sfO k|lqmofdf ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .
à ljljw sf/0fn] k9fO sdhf]/ ePsf jf ljifout l;sfOdf sl7gfO ePsf
;fyLx?nfO{ l;Sgsf nflu ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .
x'g}kg]{ M
ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, cfly{s cflb ;a} lsl;dn] lk5l8Psf ju{sf] ljBfno
of]hgf lgdf{0fb]lv cGo ultljlwdf ;xeflutf

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
ljBfno cf}krfl/s lzIff lng] 7fpF dfq xf]Og . oxfF ljleGg hLjg pkof]uL
;Lkx? klg l;Sg ;lsG5 . hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ljleGg ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug]{
pkfox?, b}lgs hLjgdf ug'{kg]{ sfd, ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'Fbf
ug'{kg]{ sfd cflb ljBfnodf l;Sg ;lsG5 .
à ljBfnodf x'g] ;a} lg0f{o, of]hgf / sfof{Gjog ljBfyL{sf nflu x'g] u5{g .
t;y{ To:tf lg0f{o x'g] / of]hgf aGg] k|lqmofdf / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{
k|lqmofdf cfˆgf] ;xeflutf hgfpg'kb{5 .
à ljBfnodf x'g] of]hgf lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf cfˆgf] ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf
nflu lzIfsx?;Fu 5nkmn ug'{kb{5 .
à ljBfnodf ag]sf jf aGg] ;+/rgfx?df cfˆgf] ;xeflutf hgfpg'kb{5 .
x'g}kg]{ M
;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ e]befj/lxt l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f, Ifdtfsf cfwf/df
lzIf0f l;sfO jftfj/0f, afnaflnsfsf ult cg';f/sf] l;sfO jftfj/0f /
afnaflnsfsf] JolQmut sl7gfO kQf nufO{ JolQmut leGgtfsf cfwf/df
pkrf/fTds pkfo ;lxtsf] lzIf0f l;sfOsf] ;'lglZrttf
xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
e]befj/lxt jftfj/0fdf l;sfO cEof;df ;xefuL x'g kfpg' xfd|f] clwsf/ xf] .
xfdLn] cfˆgf l;sfO z}nLsf cfwf/df l;Sg kfpg'kb{5 . k|To]s JolQmsf] km/s
km/s l;Sg] z}nL x'G5 . tL ;a} z}nLx? ;a}nfO{ yfxf gx'g klg ;S5g . To;}n]
;f]sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg' xfd|f] st{Jo xf] . o;sf cltl/Qm xfdL ;a} hgf Pp6}
ultdf l;Sg ;S5f}F eGg] klg 5}g . xfdL ljBfYfL{dWo] sf]xL rfF8} l;Sg ;S5f}F
eg] sf]xL l9nf] l;S5f}F . sf]xL Pp6f z}nLdf l;Sg ;S5 eg] sf]xL km/s z}nL
ckgfpg ;S5 . xfdL ;a}n] tL ;a}sf] ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 / ;do lbg'kb{5 .
à l56f] l;Sg ;Sg] ;fyLn] l9nf] l;Sg] ;fyLnfO{ l;sfO k|lqmofdf ;xof]u
ug{'kb{5 / ;do k|bfg ug'{kb{5 .
à km/s z}nLn] l;Sg] ;fyLnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 / l56f] l;Sg ;lsg] z}nL jf
tl/sf l;sfpg'kb{5 .

à km/s z}nLn] l;Sg] ;fyLx?n] w]/} k|Zgx? ug{ ;S5g . tL k|Zg / k|Zg ug]{
;fyLsf] ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 . lzIfsnfO{ hlt w]/} k|Zg u¥of], cGo ;fyLx?nfO{
klg To;n] kmfObf k'¥ofpF5 .
à l;Sgsf nflu ufx|f] x'g'sf] sf/0f lzIfs jf ;fyLx?nfO{ atfpg'kb{5 -h:t}
M k9fOsf] cfwf/lznf gx'g' jf sdhf]/ x'g'_, h;n] ubf{ pgLx?nfO{ cfk"mnfO{
l;sfpg] z}nL jf k|lqmof kQf nufpg ;lhnf] xf]; .
x'g}kg]{ M
ljljwtfk"0f{ ljz]iftf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf
xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
;d'bfodf km/s km/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQmx? x'G5g . ljBfno xfd|f] ;d'bfo
xf] . To;}n] ljBfnodf klg km/s km/s Ifdtf ePsf ;fyLx? cWoog u5{g .
-h:t} M cfFvfdf ;d:of eO{ cfFvf gb]Vg] ;fyLx?sf] ;'Gg] / ;Demg ;Sg]
Ifdtf a9L x'G5 . t/ pgLx? cIf/ b]Vg ;Sb}gg . xfdLn] cWoog ug]{ kf7o
k':tssf nflu cfFvf b]Vg} kg]{ afWofTds kl/l:ylt klg 5 ._ To:tf ;fyLx?sf]
;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu xfdL zf/Ll/s ?kdf b'a{n gePsf ;fyLx?sf]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g ;S5 .
à cfFvfdf ;d:of eO{ b]Vg g;Sg] ;fyLx?sf] z}lIfs ljsf;df ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg xfdLn] ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 . o;sf nflu kf7o k':tsdf ePsf s'/fx?
pgLx?n] ;'Gg] u/L k9]/ a'emfpgsf nflu ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
à v'66fdf ;d:of ePsf ;fyLx?;Fu pgLx?n] v]Ng ;Sg] vfnsf v]nx?
-h:t} M n'8f], r];, af3rfn, sf]7]kb, zAbhfn cflb_ v]Ng ;lsG5 .
à ljleGg sf/0fn] >ddf ;+nUg ePsf ;fyLx?sf] k9fO sdhf]/ x'g ;S5 .
t/ pgLx?;Fu hLjg pkof]uL ;Lkx? k|z:t x'g ;S5g . xfdLn] oL ;Lkx?sf]
cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;S5f}F .

ljBfnodf afns / aflnsf b'j}sf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; / pkof]u ;dfg lsl;dn]
x'g'kb{5 . ljBfnosf x/]s ultljlwx?df afns / aflnsfsf] ;dfg ;xeflutfsf]
;'lglZrttf x'g'kb{5 .
jt{dfg kl/k|]Iodf ljBfno egf{b]lv lnP/ k|fylds tx, lgDg dfWolds tx /
dfWolds tx pQL0f{sf] b/ x]g]{ xf] eg] aflnsfsf] ;ªVof Go"g b]lvG5 . o;sf
cltl/Qm ljleGg cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkdf ;d]t afnssf] t'ngfdf aflnsfsf]
;xeflutfsf] b/ Go"g /x]sf] kfOG5 . ul/aL, afn ljjfx, r]tgfsf] sdL, 3/leq
/ aflx/ sfd ug'{kg]{ afWotf h:tf sf/0fx?n] aflnsfx? ljBfnodf ck]lIft
?kdf ;xefuL x'g g;s]sf] tYofÍ 5 . ljBfnoleq tyf aflx/sf] jftfj/0f
/ Jojxf/ aflnsfd}qL gx'g'n] klg pgLx?sf] ;xeflutf sdhf]/ agfPsf] 5 .
n}lËs kIfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] ljBfnodf lgDg s'/fx?sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kb{5 M
à ;a} aflnsfx?n] %) k|ltzt / blnt, hghflt, ;lxbsf 5f]/f5f]/L, ckfËtf
ePsfx?n] jt{dfg lgod sfg'gn] Joj:yf u/] cg';f/sf] 5fqj[lQ kfPsf]
à ljBfnosf z}lIfs ultljlw nufot cGo ultljlwdf afns / aflnsf
b'j}sf] ;dfg ;xeflutf /x]sf]
efOalxgLx¿, ljBfnosf] n}lËs kIfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg aflnsfx?n]
aflnsfx?s} nflu / afnsn] klg aflnsfx?sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x
ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
n}lËs kIf / xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L

x'g}kg]{ M
;a} aflnsfx?n] %) k|ltzt / blnt, hghflt, ;lxbsf 5f]/f5f]/L, ckfËtf
ePsfx?n] jt{dfg lgod sfg'gn] Joj:yf u/] cg';f/sf] 5fqj[lQ kfPsf]
xfdLn] ug'{kg{] M
à cfk"mn] kfpg] 5fqj[lQ lng]
à cfk"mn] k|fKt u/]sf] 5fqj[lQ a/fa/sf] /sd z}lIfs ultljlwdf -sfkL, ;Gbe{
;fdu|Lx? cflbsf nflu_ vr{ ug]{
à ;xL JolQmn] 5fqj[lQ kfP gkfPsf] lglZrt ug]{
x'g}kg]{ M
ljBfnosf] z}lIfs ultljlw nufot cGo ultljlwdf afns / aflnsf b'j}sf]
;dfg ;xeflutf /x]sf]
xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
à ljBfnosf ;a} ultljlwx?df ;xefuL x'g]
à h'g ljifosf] lqmofsnfkdf sdhf]/ 5' h:tf] nfU5, ;f]sf] cEof; ug]{
à c?nfO{ klg ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{
à km/s Ifdtf ePsf ;fyLx?nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ / plrt cj;/ k|bfg ug]{
à afnsn] aflnsfnfO{ / aflnsfn] afnsnfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] e]befj gug]{

efOalxgLx¿, afnaflnsf, kl/jf/ / ;d'bfolagf ljBfno aGg c;Dej 5 .
ljBfnonfO{ ljBfnosf] ?k lbg] sfd klg oL # kIfsf] xf] . x'g t ljBfno
;~rfngsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L ljBfno k|zf;g, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt,
cleefjs lzIfs ;ª3 / k|wfgfWofksdf x'G5 . t/ klg ljBfnosf] gLlt
lgdf{0f, of]hgf th'{df / sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf afnaflnsf, kl/jf/ / ;d'bfosf]
;lqmo Pjd lg/Gt/ ;xeflutf rflxG5 .
ljBfnodf x'g] ljljw sfo{x?df afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf x'g'kb{5 . o;f] ePdf
Psftk{m sfo{qmd ;dkmntfk"j{s ;DkGg x'G5 eg] csf{tk{m afnaflnsfsf]
cfTdljZjf; / sfd ug]{ Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'G5 .
afnaflnsfn] ljBfnodf kl/jf/sf] / cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf
ug]{ ;jfndf klg xft]dfnf] ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . ljBfnodf afnaflnsf, kl/jf/ /
;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfsf nflu lgDg s'/fx¿ ;'lglZrt ePsf] x'g'kb{5 M
à ljBfnodf afnSna u7g ePsf] / ;f] Snan] ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{qmdx?sf]
lgoldt cg'udg tyf ;dLIff ePsf]
à ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0fdf afnaflnsfåf/f k|]lift ;'emfjx?sf] k"0f{
sfof{Gjog ePsf]
à afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt cfGtl/s lgod agfpFbf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf
ePsf] / lgodsf] sfof{Gjogdf n]vfhf]vf ePsf]
afnaflnsf, kl/jf/ /
;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf / xfd|f]
lhDd]jf/L

à ljBfno Joj:yfkgåf/f afnSnasf ;b:ox?nfO{ Ifdtf clej[l4 u/fOPsf]
à ;a}h;f] lg0f{ox?df afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf ePsf] / pgLx?sf ;'emfjnfO{
k|fyldstf lbOPsf]
à ljBfnodf cleefjs e]nf x'g] u/]sf], cleefjs lzIfs ;ª3 ePsf] /
;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f ePsf]
efOalxgLx¿, ljBfyL{ ljBfnosf k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx? x'g . ljBfnodf jo:sn]
ug{ g;Sg] sfdx? ljBfyL{n] u/]/ b]vfPsf k|z:t} pbfx/0fx? ;'Gg kfOG5g .
afnaflnsf clwsf/ wf/s x'gfsf ;fy} lhDd]jf/ JolQm klg x'g . afnaflnsfn]
cfˆgf st{Jo lhDd]jf/Lsf ;fy lgjf{x gu/]sf cj:yfdf ljBfnonfO{ afnd}qL
/ lzIffnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfpg k|foM c;Dej 5 . ljBfnonfO{ afnd}qL agfpg
afnaflnsfsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ 5 .
x'g}kg]{ M ljBfnodf afnSna u7g ePsf] / ;f] Snan] ;~rfng ug]{
sfo{qmdx?sf] lgoldt cg'udg tyf ;dLIff ePsf]
xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
afnSnasf] cjwf/0ff / cEof;n] afnaflnsfdf 5'§} klxrfg agfpg] jftfj/0f
;[hgf ul/lbPsf] 5 . afnSna ;xeflutfsf] cEof; ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ ynf] klg
xf] . oxfF afnaflnsfn] ljleGg hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lkx? l;Sg ;S5g . ;xdltsf]
cEof;, 5nkmnsf] cEof;, lg0f{o ug]{ ;Lk, g]t[Tj ug]{ ;Lk cflb s'/fx?
l;Sgsf nflu afnSna pko'Qm :yfg xf] . o;sf nflu afnaflnsfn] lgDg
sfdx? ug'{kb{5 M
à afnSnadf cfkm" klg ;+ul7t x'g], c?nfO{ klg ;+ul7t x'g clek|]l/t ug]{ .
à afnSnasf kbflwsf/Lx? nufot ;a} ;b:ox?n] a}7sx?df lgoldt
9Ën] ;xefuL x'g] .
à afnSnan] cfkm"nfO{ lbOPsf] lhDd]jf/L ;lqmotfk"j{s jxg ug]{ .
à afnSnasf a}7ssf x'g] 5nkmnx?df pkl:yt ;a}n] cfˆgf ljrf/ /fVg] .
à s'g} ljifodf lg0f{o ug'{kbf{ ;a} ;b:ox?n] af]ln;s]kl5 dfq cWoIfn]

cfˆgf] /fo lbg] . ;fd"lxs lg0f{o ug]{ . a}7s k'l:tsfdf pQm lg0f{ox? ptf/L
;a}sf] x:tfIf/ u/fpg] .
à lg0f{o ul/Psf] s'/f nfu" ug{ ;a}n] kxn ug]{ .
à afnSnan] ljleGg k|ltof]lutf Pj+ sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug{sf nflu of]hgf
agfpg] .
à k|ltof]lutf tyf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o ubf{ ;+/Ifs lzIfs jf
;xhstf{sf] ;Nnfx ;'emfj lng] .
x'g}kg]{ M
ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0fdf afnaflnsfåf/f k|]lift ;'emfjx?sf k"0f{ sfof{Gjog
ePsf]
xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
à afnSnadf ;xefuL x'g] / afnSnasf a}7sx?df ;lqmo ;xeflutf
hgfpg]
à afnSnasf dfWodaf6 ljleGg /rgfTds sfo{qmdx?sf] cfof]hgf ug]{ /
;a} ;fyLx?nfO{ ;dfg txdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ h'6fpg]
à afnSnan] cfof]hgf u/]sf sfo{qmdx?sf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf nflu
ljBfno k|zf;g, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg ug{
cfdlGqt ug]{
à kflIfs jf dfl;s ?kdf afnSnasf] a}7s a:g] / cGo ljBfyL{ ;fyLx?sf]
;xdltdf ljBfno / z}lIfs :t/sf] ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfjx? lbg]
x'g}kg]{ M
afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt cfGtl/s lgod agfpFbf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf
ePsf] / lgodsf] sfof{Gjogdf n]vfhf]vf ePsf]
xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
jf:tjdf c?n] agfOlbPsf] lgod kfngf ug{ w]/} ufx|f] x'G5 . To;}n] xf]nf,

cfˆgf nflu cfkm}F ;+ljwfg n]Vg] sfd klg ;'rf? ?kdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 .
;+:sf/ /fd|f] x'G5, c;n x'G5 . o;n] xfdLnfO{ ;'dfu{df 8f]¥ofpF5, / lgodn]
;+:sf/ l;sfpF5 . o:tf] lgod, h'g xfdL cfk}mFn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf];, h'g xfdL
;a}sf nflu lxtsf/L xf];, h;n] xfdL ;a}nfO{ ;dfgtf, ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;xdlt
/ ;xsfo{sf] cEof; l;sfcf];, To:tf] lgod xfdLnfO{ rflxG5 . To:tf] lgod
Tolt a]nf ;Dej x'G5, hlt a]nf xfdL cfk}mF lgodsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|lqmofdf
;xefuL x'G5f}F .
à sIffut ?kdf jf afnSnasf dfWodaf6 ;a}sf] 5nkmn / ;xdltdf
cfk"mn] kfngf ug]{ lgodsf] lgdf{0f ug]{
à lgodsf] lgdf{0f ul/;s]kl5 pQm lgoddf yk36 ug'{kg]{ s'/fx?sf] ;'emfj
lng lzIfsx?nfO{ b]vfpg] . lzIfsn] lbPsf] ;'emfj 5nkmnsf nflu k'gM
a}7sdf nfg]
à lzIfsn] lbPsf ;'emfj nfu" ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf ePdf sf/0f ;lxt
lzIfsnfO{ a'emfpg]
à lgodsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ k"/f eO;s]kl5 ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'gfpg] / ;xdlt lng]
à lgdf{0f ePsf lgodnfO{ ;a}n] b]Vg] / a'emg] u/L 7"nf cIf/df Go'hlk|G6 jf
cGo s'g} 7"nf] lrhdf n]Vg] / ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L 6fF:g]
à ;a} ljBfyL{n] cfk}mFn] agfPsf] lgodsf] kfngf ug]{
à afnSna, ljBfno k|zf;g, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ cfk"mn] lgdf{0f
u/]sf lgodx?sf] sfof{Gjog / k|efjsf/L eP gePsf] cjnf]sg / d"NofÍg
ug{ eGg]
x'g}kg]{ M
;a}h;f] lg0f{ox¿df afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf ePsf] / pgLx?sf ;'emfjnfO{
k|fyldstf lbOPsf]
xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
à ljBfnon] ug]{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] . 5nkmnsf ljifo j:t'x?
a'emg] k|of; ug]{ / cfˆgf ljrf/ /fVg]

à ljBfno k|zf;g, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cleefjs lzIfs ;ª3nfO{
/rgfTds Pjd ;[hgfTds k[i7kf]if0f lbg]
à ljBfnonfO{ lbg] ;'emfjsf nflu afnSna jf ljBfyL{x?sf tk{maf6 ul/g]
;'emfj ;Íngdf ;a} txsf ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf eP gePsf] lgSof]{n ug]{
x'g}kg]{ M
ljBfnodf cleefjs e]nf x'g] u/]sf], cleefjs lzIfs ;ª3 ePsf] /
;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f ePsf]
xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
ljBfnon] dfGg] u/]sf] 7"nf] ;d:of cleefjsx? ljBfnodf gcfpg' xf] .
jf:tjdf cleefjs ljBfno;Dd guPsf] cj:yfdf ljBfnon] cfˆgf of]hgf
lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sb}g . o:tf] x'Fbf lg0f{o k|lqmofdf cj/f]w x'g ;S5 . ljBfnosf]
kf/blz{tfdf klg zªsf ug]{ k|z:t} :yfgx? /xg ;S5g . ljBfnon] klg
cfˆgf cfo Joo, k|fKt pknlAwx?sf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg kfpFb}g . olb
ljBfnodf lgoldt ?kdf cleefjs e]nf x'g] u/]sf 5g / To:tf e]nfx?df
cleefjsx?sf] pkl:ylt 5 eg] ljBfnosf, ljBfyL{sf / :jod cleefjssf
w]/} ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /xG5 .
o; k'l:tsf tof/Lsf qmddf ul/Psf] afnaflnsf;Fusf] 5nkmn sfo{qmddf
sljlz/f]dl0f df=lj=sL Ps hgf ;xefuLn] cleefjs ljBfnodf ghfg]
;d:ofsf] ljifodf cfˆgf cg'ej o;/L ;'gfOg M
ljBfnon] Ps k6s cleefjs e]nf u/L ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f
ug]{ sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . ljBfnon] xfdLnfO{ cfˆgf
cleefjsnfO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf pkl:yt u/fpg' eg]sf] lyof] . xfd|f]
afnSnasf] a}7s klg ;f]xL lbg lyof] . xfdLn] afnSnasf] a}7sdf
cleefjs e]nfdf cfˆgf cleefjs pkl:yt u/fpg] s'/fnfO{ k|d'v
Ph]G8f agfof}F . cl3Nnf a}7sx?df klg xfd|f cleefjs ljBfnodf
gcfPsf u'gf;fx? lzIfsx?n] u/]sf] x'gfn] xfdLn] To;f] u/]sf xf}F .

sd;]sd afnSnasf ;a} ;b:ox?n] xfd|f cleefjsnfO{ pkl:yt
u/fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] . pkl:yt gePdf s] ug]{ eGg]af/] klg lg0f{o u¥of}F .
;a}n] ljBfnosf] kq cfˆgf cfˆgf cleefjsnfO{ lbof}F / e]nfsf]
dxTjsf af/]df klg a'emfof}F .
cleefjs e]nfdf afnSnasf !& hgf ;b:ox?dWo] # hgfsf
cleefjs dfq e]nfdf pkl:yt x'g'eof] . xfdLn] u/]sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd
cleefjs e]nfsf] ef]lnkN6 afFsL xfdL !$ hgf ljBfno uPgf}F . xfdL
ljBfno gcfPsf] lbg 5'6]sf] k9fOaf/] a'emfpg] lhDdf ljBfno hfg] #
hgfdf lyof] .
xfdL ljBfno guPsf] b]v]kl5 xfd|f cleefjsn] ;f]sf] sf/0f ;f]Wg'eof] .
xfdL ;a}sf] Pp6} hjfkm lyof] . xfd|f] ljBfnosf lzIfsx?n] lbPsf]
lgdGq0ff, xfd|f] cg'/f]wnfO{ gsfb}{ tkfO{Fx? ljBfno ghfg] xf] eg] xfdL klg
tkfO{Fx?n] eg]sf] s'/f dfGb}gf}F . sd;]sd ljBfnosf] ljsf;sf nflu,
xfd|f] ;/f]sf/sf nflu kq lbP/ af]nfpFbf klg ghfg] xf] eg] xfdL klg ghfg]
eGof}F . jfbljjfb nfd} eof] . cGTodf cleefjsx?n] cfufdL lbgdf
o;/L ljBfnon] af]nfpFbf cfk"m pkl:yt x'g] k|lta4tf hgfpg'eof] .
cr]n ljBfnon] h'g;'s} sfo{qmddf lgdGq0ff k7fP klg clefefjsx?
ljBfno hfg] / 5nkmndf efu lng] ug'{x'G5 .
xfdL ljBfyL{x?n] klg cleefjs e]nf, cleefjs lzIfs ;ª3sf] u7g /
;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0fh:tf ljBfnosf sfo{qmdx?df ;xof]u ug{ ;S5f}F .
à cleefjs e]nfsf af/]df cleefjsnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] / ;f] sfo{qmddf
clgjfo{ pkl:yltsf nflu cg'/f]w ug]{
à ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f eGg] lalQs} xfdL cfDbfgL / vr{sf] dfq s'/f
a'em5f}F . jf:tjdf ;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f cfDbfgL / vr{df dfq ;Lldt
x'Fb}g . o;df ljBfnon] lgdf{0f u/]sf] jflif{s of]hgf / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog kIf,

z}lIfs k|ultsf] nIo / pknlAw cflb ;a} s'/fx? kg]{ u5{g . afnaflnsfn]
;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f sfo{qmddf ;xeflutf hgfO{ jflif{s of]hgf cg';f/
ePsf jf x'g g;s]sf k|ultsf af/]df k|Zg ug]{ / ;f] af/]df a'emg'k5{ .

efOalxgLx¿, zf/Ll/s Pjd dfgl;s ?kdf :j:y geO{sg xfdL afnaflnsfsf]
plrt ljsf; ;Dej x'Fb}g . xfd|f] :jf:Yon] xfd|f] l;sfO / ljBfnodf x'g] cGo
lqmofsnfkx?df k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . ljBfnodf xfd|f nflu pko'Qm
;'/Iffsf pkfox? cjnDag ug'{ klg cfjZos 5 . ljBfnosf] jftfj/0f, sIff
sf]7fx? :j:ys/ / ;'/lIft x'g', z'4 vfg] kfgLsf] Joj:yf x'g', ;kmf zf}rfno
/ 9nsf] Joj:yf x'g', JolQmut ;/;kmfOsf] aGbf]a:t x'g' h¿/L 5 . xfdLnfO{
;Defljt b'3{6gfaf6 arfpg ljBfnon] ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ .
oL ;a} s'/fx? ljBfnon] u/]/ dfq ;Dej x'Fb}g . xfdL ;a} afnaflnsfn]
cf–cfˆgf :yfgaf6 cfk"mn] ;Sg] sfd ug{ / xfdLn] ug'{ gx'g] hf]lvdk"0f{ sfd
gug{ klg ;Sg'k5{ . gLltut ?kdf afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?kn] lgDg Go"gtd
dfkb08x? tof/ u/]sf] 5 M
x'g}kg]{ M
à jif{sf] @ k6s ljBfnosf ;a} afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/]sf] / x]/s
afnaflnsfsf] JolQmut :jf:Yo ljj/0f b'¿:t /flvPsf]
à k|fylds pkrf/ afs; pknAw ePsf], k|fylds pkrf/ s;/L ul/G5 eGg]
ljifodf ;a} lzIfs Pjd 7"nf afnaflnsfnfO{ tflnd lbPsf], jif{sf] !
k6s cfFvf, d'v / sfgsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ u/]sf] / l;sfOdf ljz]if ;d:of
ePsf afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;+j]ufTds cj:yf k/LIf0f ug]{
ul/Psf]
:jf:Yo, ;'/Iff, arfj6 / xfd|f]
lhDd]jf/L

à lgoldt ?kdf h'sfsf] cf}ifwL ljt/0f ePsf]
à ljBfnodf k|To]s jif{ vf]k sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] / afnaflnsfn] vf]k
lnPsf] glnPsf] /]s8{ /fv]sf] / :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] afs;sf]
Joj:yf ePsf]
à w"d|kfg, dBkfg, nfu" kbfy{ lgif]wsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] cfrf/;+lxtfsf]
kfngf eP gePsf] d"NofÍg ePsf]
à ljBfno lbglbg} ;kmf ug]{ sfddf afnaflnsf nufot ;a}nfO{ lgoldt
¿kdf ;+nUg u/fOPsf]
à afnaflnsfsf] JolQmut ;/;kmfOsf] lgoldt hfFr u/L JolQmut ;/;kmfO
cjnDag ug{ l;sfOPsf] / cfjZostf cg';f/ cleefjsnfO{ klg ;Dks{
ul/Psf]
à ljBfnodf zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo lbg gkfOg] / afnaflnsfsf] k[i7e"ld /
Ifdtfsf cfwf/df s;}nfO{ dfgl;s si6, b'Jo{jxf/, 3[0ff ug{ gkfOg] gLlt
lgod agfO nfu" ul/Psf] / ;f]sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofªsg ul/Psf]
à ljBfnoleq / ;d'bfodf ;d]t x'g] zf/Ll/s ;hfo, x]kfO, of}g zf]if0f Pjd
b'Jo{jxf/sf] cGTosf nflu ljBfnodf :ki6 of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx? ePsf
xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
à :jf:Yodf c;/ kg]{ vfnsf s'g} klg k|sf/sf vfg] s'/f gvfg]Ù ;8]un]sf,
af;L, kmf]xf]/ vfg] s'/fn] xfd|f] :jf:YonfO{ c;/ kf5{g eGg] s'/f a'emg]
à bfndf]7, la:s'6, rfprfp, lrK;, rfpldg, rsn]6, lrhanh:tf klxNo}
ag]/ kfs]6df /fvL vfg tof/ ul/Psf vfg]s'/fx? hªs k'm8 x'g . o:tf
vfg] s'/fn] xfd|f] :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/ kfg]{ x'gfn] oL vfg] s'/f gvfg],
a? lbpF;f] vfhf vfgsf nflu 3/af6 e'6]sf ds}, ;ft', af/Ldf kmn]sf
kmnk"mnx? cflbsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
à JolQmut ;/;kmfOdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ . g'xfpg], gª sf6g], n'uf w'g], xft
w'g]h:tf lqmofsnfk b}lgs ug'{kb{5 .
à ljBfnodf ePsf] k|fylds pkrf/ afs;sf] k|of]u ug]{, k|of]u ug{ ghfg]df
lzIfs jf ljBfnos} 7"nf lbbL bfh'x?;Fu ;xof]u lng]
à ljBfnodf ePsf] k|fylds pkrf/ afs;sf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f ug'{ xfd|f]

bfloTj xf] . afs;sf] ;fdu|L ;lsPsf jf ToxfF ePsf ;fdu|Lsf ldlt ;dfKt
ePsf] k]mnf k/]df ;DalGwt lzIfsnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg]
à s'g} ;fyLx?nfO{ rf]6k6s nfu]df k|fylds pkrf/ afs;sf] k|of]u ug{
;Nnfx lbg] / ;xof]u ug]{
à ljBfno jf ;d'bfon] cfof]hgf u/]sf vf]k sfo{qmdx?df ;xefuL x'g] /
c?nfO{ klg ;xefuL x'g k|f]T;flxt ug]{
à ljBfnodf w"d|kfg, dBkfg lgif]w ;DaGwL cfrf/;+lxtfsf] lgdf{0f ug{
lzIfsx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ / ;f] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf ug]{
à r'/f]6, v}gL, u'6vf h:tf xflgsf/s j:t'x?sf] k|of]u gug]{
à ljBfnosf] ;/;kmfO sfo{df ;xefuL x'g]
à ljBfnonfO{ b'u{lGwt kfg]{ sfuhsf 6'qmf, vfg] s'/fsf vf]nx?h:tf j:t'
htftt} gkmfNg], To:tf j:t'x? ljBfnon] /fv]sf] 8:6lagdf kmfNg] . s'g}
sf/0fjz ljBfnon] 8:6lagsf] Joj:yf ug{ g;s]sf cj:yfdf xfdL
cfk}mFn] klg To;sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;S5f}F .
à xfdL lzIfsx?n] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] b08 Pjd ;hfo glbpmg eGg] rfxG5f}F
eg] xfdLn] klg xfd|f ;fyLx?nfO{ x]nf, b'Jo{jxf/, 3[0ff, e]befjh:tf g/fd|f
Jojxf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g . o:tf lqmofsnfk dfgl;s ¿kdf, zf/Ll/s ¿kdf /
;fdflhs ¿kdf xflgsf/s x'G5g .
à s;}nfO{ klg s'g} klg k|sf/sf b'Jo{jxf/, of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/ gug]{ / To:tf
Jojxf/sf] lj/f]w ug]{
à ;fgf, sdhf]/, zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ?kdf czQm ePsf ;fyLx?nfO{ x]Kg],
lh:sfpg] h:tf lqmofsnfk gug]{ / To:tf lqmofsnfksf] lj/f]w ug]{
à ljBfnodf ag]sf zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo, of}g b'Jo{jxf/, 3[0ff, x]kfO, pk]Iff,
ckx]ngf;DaGwL cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf ug]{ / ;f]sf] d"NofÍg ug]{ . o;/L
ag]sf] cfrf/;+lxtf ck"/f] eO{ kfngf ug'{kg]{ s'/fx? yk ug'{kg]{ l:ylt cfPdf
ljBfyL{ ;fyLx? / lzIfsx?;Fu ;/;Nnfx u/L yk ug{ kxn ug]{
à ljBfnodf ePsf ;+/rgfx?sf] ;'/Iff ug]{Ù emofn, lu|n, kvf{nh:tf
hf]lvdk"0f{ :yfgx?df r9g] jf v]n v]Ng] sfd gug]{

afnd}qL ljBfno lgdf{0f / ljBfnodf afnd}qL jftfj/0fsf] :yfkgfsf nflu
ljBfnosf] ef}lts ;+/rgfn] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg cf]u6g ;S5 . o;sf] cy{ k'/fgf]
;+/rgf eTsfP/ gofF agfpg' k5{ eGg] rflxF kSs} xf]Og . ePsf ;+/rgfnfO{
s;/L afnd}qL agfpg] / xfdL afnaflnsfn] To;sf] ;b'kof]u s;/L ug]{ eGg]
k|Zg k|d'v xf] . /fd|f] ef}lts cj:yfn] u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|fKt ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]Ng] x'Fbf ljBfnosf] ef}lts Joj:yfkgsf] kIfdf ljz]if Wofg lbg' cfjZos
5 .
x'g}kg]{ M
à ljBfno xftf, ljBfno ejg, sIffsf]7f, k|of]uzfnf, k':tsfno, kmlg{r/,
8]:s a]Gr ePsf
à afns / aflnsfsf nflu 5§f5'§} zf}rfno ePsf]
à kfgLsf] Joj:yf ePsf]
à /ªu/f]ug u/]sf]
à au}Frf ePsf]
à v]n d}bfgsf] Joj:yf ePsf]
à leq / aflx/ v]lng] v]nsf ;fdu|Lx? ePsf
à la/fdL ePsf] cj:yfdf tTsfn cf/fd ug{ 5'66} sf]7fsf] Joj:yf ePsf]
xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
ljBfnosf] ef}lts cj:yf /
xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L

à xfdLn] k|of]u ug]{ sIff sf]7f, k|of]uzfnf, k':tsfnosf] ;'/Iff xfd|f] klg
lhDd]jf/L xf] . tL :yfgx?sf] ;/;kmfO, k|of]u / ;'/Iffsf nflu cfrf/;+lxtf
lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{
à afnsn] aflnsfsf] / aflnsfn] afnssf] zf}rfno k|of]u gug]{, zf}rfno
k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 kof{Kt kfgL xfNg], zf}rfnodf kfgL cefj ePdf ljBfno
k|zf;g;Fu ;Dks{ ug]{
à kfgLsf] clwstd k|of]u ug]{, ;kmf kfgL lkpg] / kfgLnfO{ v]/ hfg glbg]
à ljBfnosf leQfx?df gsf]g]{, kmf]xf]/ gug]{
à ljBfno kl/;/df k"mn au}Frf lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug]{, To;sf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f
ug]{
à v]ns'b ;fdu|Lx?sf] k|of]u / ;'/Iffdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 . v]n v]Nbf
7Ls ;dodf dfq v]Ng] / ;fdu|Lsf] ;xL Joj:yfkg ug]{
lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof / xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L
efOalxgLx¿, ;/;tL{ x]bf{ lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofdf lzIfssf] e"ldsf b]lvG5 .
t/, xfdL afnaflnsf klg o;df a/fa/ lx:;]bf/ 5f}F . ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfpg] jf
l;Sg] jftfj/0fsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof elgG5 .
t/, xfdL afnaflnsfn] l;sfpg ;Sg] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf
lzIfsx?n] l;sfpg ;Sb}gg .
xfdL afnaflnsfsf] cGtlg{lxt Ifdtfsf] k|ik'm6g ug{ u/fpg sIff sf]7fdf dfq
lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ ;Lldt /fVg x'Fb}g . ;d'bfo, jftfj/0faf6 klg w]/}
s'/fx? l;sfpg ;lsg] ePsf] x'Fbf afnaflnsfnfO{ uLt, gfr, vf]hk"0f{ sfo{,
syf, v]nh:tf dgf]/~hgfTds lqmofsnfkdf klg ;+nUg u/fpg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf
/x]sf] 5 . xfdL afnaflnsfn] klg To:tf lqmofsnfkx?df lgw{Ss;Fu efu lng
/ ;xefuL x'g tof/ /xg'kb{5 .
x'g}kg]{ M
à z}lIfs ;qsf] ;'¿d} ;a} ljifosf kf7o k':ts nufot :yfgLo tj/df
ag]sf cGo kf7o ;fdu|Lx? ;a} ljBfyL{n] kfPsf]

à d"No gkg]{ / sd d"No kg]{ lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{ lgld{t jf ;ªslnt ;fdu|Lx?
x/]s sIffdf Joj:yf tyf k|of]u ePsf]
à sIff sf]7fdf kf7oqmd;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|Lx? k|bz{g ul/Psf]
à lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;d'bfosf] /]vb]v / ;xof]u x'g] u/]sf]
à ljBfyL{sf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf nflu xKtfsf] Ps k6s cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk
x'g] u/]sf]

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
à lgoldt ljBfno hfg], ljBfnoaf6 gefUg] / lstfa, sfkL, snd, emf]nf,
ljBfno kf];fssf] ;'/Iff ug]{
à z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f, k|of]u tyf ;+/If0fdf lzIfsx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{
à ljBfnosf] k9fO, lzIfsx?sf] Jojxf/, ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkgsf] ;xof]u,
k[i7kf]if0fsf nflu ;s];Dd kflIfs jf dfl;s ?kdf ljBfnosf] e|d0f ug{ /
lzIfsx?;Fu cGtlqm{of ug{ cleefjsx?nfO{ eGg]
à ljBfnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkx?df ;xefuL x'g] / c?nfO{
klg cj;/ k|bfg ug]{

efOalxgLx?, l;sfOsf] k|lqmofnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] efiff s]jn ;~rf/sf] dfWod
xf] . o:tf] ;~rf/ xfdLn] a'emg], hfGg] / k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] ePdf l;sfO k|lqmof
k|efjsf/L x'G5 . xfd|f] ;d'bfo ljljwtfdf Pstf ePsf] ;d'bfo xf] . jf:tjdf
xfd|f] ;d'bfosf] ;'Gb/tf klg oxL xf] . ;+:s[lt / l;sfO k|lqmof p:t}p:t} nfu]tf
klg o;df 7"nf] leGgtf 5 . æd]/f] dft[efiffsf] k|ult / pGgltsf nflu dnfO{ d]/f]
kl/jf/n] af]Ng] efiffdf k9fpg'k5{Æ eGbf klg æd}n] a'emg] efiffdf d}n] a'emg]
u/L k9g kfpg'k5{Æ eGg' pko'Qm x'G5, lsgeg] l;sfO k|lqmofdf efiff ;~rf/sf]
dfWod dfq xf] .
;a} :yfgdf Pp6} efiffsf] k|of]u x'G5 eGg] klg xf]Og . Ps} efiff af]Ng] ;d"xsf
afnaflnsfsf] nflu ;f]xL efiffsf kf7o k':ts, ;f]xL efiff af]Ng / a'emfpg
;Sg] lzIfssf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
km/s km/s efiff af]Ng] / a'emg] ;xefuL Ps} :yfgdf x'g ;S5g . o:tf] ;dodf
lzIfsx?n] cfˆgf :yfgaf6 k|oTg u/]s} x'G5g eg] xfdL afnaflnsfn] klg
To:tf ;fyLx?nfO{ lzIfsn] a'emfpg vf]h]sf s'/fx? a'emfpg ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .
dft[efiffdf lzIf0f l;sfO /
xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L

ljBfnodf / ljBfno ePsf ;d'bfodf leGgleGg ;|f]tx? x'G5g . ljBfno
/ ;d'bfodf ePsf ef}lts, dfgjLo, cfly{s tyf ;fd'bflos ;|f]t ;fwgnfO{
ljBfyL{x?sf] l;sfO;Fu ldnfpg' g} ljBfno Joj:yfkg xf] . xfdL afnaflnsfn]
tL ;|f]t / ;fwgx?sf] clwstd k|of]u ub}{ l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ cl3 a9fpg'k5{ .
o;n] ljBfno ljsf;sf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r, j:t'ut of]hgf, ;xeflutfTds
sfof{Gjog, k|efjsf/L cg'udg k|0ffnL, ljBfno ;'zf;gsf k|lqmofsf s'/fx?
xfdLnfO{ l;sfO/x]sf] x'G5 .
ljBfno Joj:yfkgsf nflu afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?kn] lgDg s'/fnfO{
Go"gtd Pjd ck]lIft dfkb08sf ?kdf /fv]sf] 5 M
x'g}kg]{ M
à ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] a}7saf6 x'g] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;b:ox?sf]
;lqmo ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ePsf]
à ;ldltsf] u7gkl5 o;sf sfo{ / lg0f{ox? ljjfb/lxt ePsf
à a}7ssf] b'O{ lbg cufj} Ph]G8f cWoogsf nflu ;b:ox? ;dIf k7fOg]
u/]sf]
à ljBfyL{x?sf] afnd}qL jftfj/0fdf l;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ ljifonfO{
s]Gb| dfgL Ph]G8f k|:t't, 5nkmn / lg0f{o x'g] u/]sf]
à k"0f{ ;xeflutfTds ?kdf lzIfs, ljBfYfL{, tyf cleefjsx?sf] cfrf/;+lxtf
lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog u/]sf] / o;sf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg u/]sf]
ljBfno Joj:yfkg / xfd|f]
lhDd]jf/L

xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
à ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ug]{ k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g cfˆgf
cleefjsx?nfO{ eGg]
à afnSna jf cGo ;fyLx¿aLr 5nkmn u/L ljBfyL{sf] cfjZostf jf
ljBfno ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ s'/fx? k[i7kf]if0fsf ?kdf ljBfno
Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf lbg]
à ljBfnosf] l;sfO k|lqmof / cfjZostfx?sf af/]df ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg]
à ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf ljBfnon] lgdf{0f u/]sf cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf
ug]{

ljBfnodf afnSna / afnSnadf k|hftflGqs cEof;
efOalxgLx?, ljBfno afnaflnsfsf nflu lzIff xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;xefuL
x'g] :yfg xf] . oxfF xfdL ljleGg lzIffj4{s s'/fx¿ l;S5f}F eg] afnSna
ljleGg cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ug]{ Pjd hLjg pkof]uL ;Lk / Ifdtf ljsf;
ug]{ ynf] xf] . afnSnan] xfdL afnaflnsfnfO{ g]t[Tj ug]{, lg0f{o ug]{ nufot
k|hftflGqs cEof; ug]{ ;Lk k|bfg ub{5 .
k|hftGq eGg] zAb cªu|]hL zAb 8]df]qm];L -Democracy_sf] g]kfnL ¿kfGt/0f
xf] . 8]df]qm];L zAb eg] lUf|s efiffaf6 lnOPsf] xf] / o;sf] cy{ ;Dk"0f{ /fhg}lts
zlQm -Power) hgtfdf /x]sf] zf;g k|0ffnL -Rule of the people_
xf] . xfd|f] afnSnasf] ;Gbe{df k|hftGqnfO{ hf]8]/ eGg] xf] eg], afnSnasf
;+of]hs nufotsf kbflwsf/Lx? :fDk"0f{ ljBfYfL{x?sf] e]nfaf6 5gf}6 ug]{, pQm
;ldltn] ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfsf] efjgf cg'?k sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ / ;a}sf]
;xeflutfdf sfo{qmd ;DkGg ug]{ eGg] a'lemG5 .
Kof/f efOalxgLx?, xfd|f afnSnan] k|hftflGqs cEof; cjnDag ubf{ tnsf
s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 M
à xfd|f] afnSna u7g k|lqmofdf ;a}sf] ;xeflutf tyf ;dfj]lztf ;lxt u7g
ul/of] ls ul/Pg
à xfd|f] afnSnasf] of]hgf lgdf{0fdf ;a}sf] efjgf ;d]l6g ;lsof] ls ;lsPg
jf ;fwf/0f ;b:oaf6 cg'df]bg eof] ls ePg
ljBfnodf afnSna /
afnSnadf k|hftflGqs cEof;

à a}7s ;~rfng k4lt s:tf] 5 < ;a}n] cfˆgf s'/f /fVg], 5nkmn ug]{ /
lg0f{o ug]{ ul/G5 ls ul/Gg
à afnSnan] ;~rfnGf ug]{ ultljlwdf ;a}sf] ;dfg ;xeflutf 5÷5}g jf
s'g} sfd ;DkGg ug{ lhDd]jf/L afF8kmfF8sf] k4lt s:tf] 5
à afnSnasf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;a} sIff÷tx, If]q jf ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj 5
ls 5}g
à cfˆgf clwsf/ jf ljrf/sf af/]df s'/f ubf{ c?sf] clwsf/sf] a]jf:tf
ug]{ u/]sf jf cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/Laf6 efUg]÷klG5g] u/]sf 5f}F ls
olb xfdLn] dflysf s'/f ljrf/ u/]/ sfd ug{ ;Sof}F eg] dfq afnSnan]
k|hftflGqs cEof;sf] k|lqmof cjnDag u/]sf] 5 egL a'‰g ;lsG5 .
k|hftflGqs cEof;df cfˆgf] clwsf/;Fu} lhDd]jf/L / st{JonfO{ klg a'emg'
h?/L 5 . xfdLn] xfd|f ultljlw, Jojxf/, cfr/0fh:tf s'/fdf o; s'/fnfO{
klxnf] ;t{sf ¿kdf /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . olb o;f] u/]df xfd|f] afnSnanfO{ ;a}n]
cjZo dfof / ;xof]u k|bfg ug'{x'g]5 / afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;df o;n] dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5 .
afnSna s] xf] <
afnaflnsfsf] ;xefuL x'g kfpg] tyf JolQmTj ljsf; ug]{ clwsf/sf]
Jofjxfl/s sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;ªul7t u/L agfOPsf]
;d"x afnSna xf] .
ljBfnodf afnSna lsg <
ljBfnodf xfdL afnaflnsfn] w]/} s'/fx? l;ls/x]sf x'G5f}F . afnd}qL ljBfnodf
lzIfsx?n] xfdLnfO{ kf7o k':tsdf ePsf ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ /dfOnf] /
dgf]/~hgfTds z}nLn] ;a}n] a'emg] u/L l;sfpg' x'G5 . t/, xfd|f] bL3{ hLjgnfO{
;'lglZrt ug{ Tolt dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g . To;}n] afnSnasf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
ljBfnodf klg k|of]u ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 / afnSnasf] dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfn]
w]/} /rgfTds Pjd ;[hgfTds lqmofsnfk ug]{ cfˆgf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{

u/]sf] kfOG5 . lgDg p2]Zosf nflu ljBfnodf afnSnasf] cfjZostf 5 M
à af]Ng], n]Vg] ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{
à g]t[Tj ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{
à hftLo, n}lËs e]befj x6fpg
à d]nldnfksf] efjgf ljsf; ug{
à afnaflnsfk|lt ul/g] cdfgjLo Jojxf/sf] /rgfTds z}nLdf lj/f]w ug{
à Ps cfk;df ;xof]usf] efjgf j[l4 ug{
à /rgfTds Pjd ;[h{gfTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{
afnSnadf k|hftflGqs cEof; s] xf] <
afnSna g]t[Tj ljsf;, ;fdflhsLs/0f, lg0f{o lgdf{0fh:tf ;Lkx?sf] cEof;
ug]{ :yfg xf] . o;n] afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ d2t ub{5 . xfdL
k|hftGq eGg] lalQs} :jtGqtf;Fu hf]8]/ a'emg] ub{5f}F . jf:tjdf k|hftGq eg]sf]
lhDd]jf/L klg xf] . k|hftGqdf :jtGqtf eGg] lalQs} ;fdflhs ;|f]t;Ddsf] kx'Fr,
To;sf] 5gf}6 / pkef]unfO{ a'emg'kb{5 .
afnSnadf ;a} If]q, hflt, txsf afnaflnsf ;b:o x'g] u/]sf] cEof; kfOG5
/ 5 . ljljwtfn] el/Psf] o:tf] ;d"xdf km/s Ifdtf ePsf afnaflnsf x''g' klg
:jfefljs xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf afnSnasf s'g} klg ;b:o s'g} klg cfwf/df
lje]bsf] l;sf/ x'g' x'Fb}g eg] s'g} klg ;b:on] csf]{ ;b:oeGbf ljz]if x}l;ot
/ :yfgsf] bfaL ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;a} afnaflnsf ;dfg 5g / ;dfg x}l;tdf /x]/
cfˆgf] ljrf/ k|s6 ug{ kfpF5g . To;}n] afnSnadf k|hftflGqs cEof;nfO{
;+:yfut ug'{kb{5 .
afnSnadf k|hftflGqs cEof; s;/L ug]{ <
à ;a} hft, ju{ / txsf ;fyLx?nfO{ afnSnasf] ;b:o agfpg]
à s;}nfO{ klg s'g} klg cfwf/df s'g} klg k|sf/sf e]befj gug]{
à ;a} ;b:onfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf ;|f]t;Ddsf] kx'FrnfO{ v'Nnf ug]{
à ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf ;a}df x'g] x'gfn] ;a}sf ljrf/nfO{ ;Ddfg
ug]{ / To:tf] ljrf/sf] plrt sb/ tyf ;'g'jfO{ ug]{

à 5nkmnsf cfwf/df lg0f{o ug]{ / To:tf lg0f{ox?df ;a}sf] ;xdlt h'6fpg]
à ;a}nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug]{
à afnSnadf ;DkGg u/]sf sfdsf af/]df ;a};Fu 5nkmn ug]{ / To;sf
pknlAw tyf sdhf]/ kIfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L cfufdL of]hgfdf ;'wf/ ug]{
à 5nkmnn] u/]sf lg0f{osf cfwf/df sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{Ù o;/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg
ug'{ cufl8 jo:s;Fu 5nkmn tyf ;Nnfx ug]{
afnSna ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts Pjd /fhgLlts cEof; ug]{ :yfg xf] -/fhgLlts
cEof; eGgfn] ;fªu7lgs cEof;nfO{ a'emg'kb{5_ . afnaflnsfn] ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts / /fhgLlts k|lqmof cEof; ul//xFbf s'g} klg ;fdflhs aGb]hx¿n]
afwf ug'{ x'Fb}g . o;sf nflu afnaflnsfn] klg ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
x'g}kg]{ M
à ljBfnodf u7g ePsf afnSnadf ;a} afnaflnsf ;dfg ?kdf ;xefuL
x'g kfpg'k5{ / ;f]xL cg';f/ g]t[Tj ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{ kfpg'kb{5 .
à afnSnasf ;b:ox?n] g]t[Tj ;Lksf] ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ ;dfg ?kdf
kfpg'k5{ / of] k|lqmofdf jo:s jf ;+/Ifssf] x:tIf]k x'g' x'Fb}g .
à afnSnan] ug]{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf k|hftflGqs cEof; ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . o:tf]
k|lqmofdf ;a}sf] ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kb{5 . lg0f{o k|lqmof k"/f
ePkl5 ;'emfjsf nflu jois jf ;+/Ifs;Fu 5nkmn ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
à afnSnan] ug]{ sfo{qmd jf afnSna ;xefuL x'g'kg]{ sfo{qmddf ;a}
;b:osf] ;dfg cj;/sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kb{5 .
efOalxgLx?, ljBfnodf :yfkgf ePsf afnSna ;~rfngsf qmddf slxn]sflxF
g]t[Tj k|bfg ug]{ cEof;df / lg0f{osf] k|lqmofdf jo:sn] ug]{ x:tIf]k afx]s
cGo ;a} k|lqmofdf afnaflnsf lhDd]jf/ x'g] u5{g . To;}n] afnSnanfO{
k|hftflGqs, ;dtfd"ns agfpg] s'/fdf afnaflnsf g} k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnf x'g .
afnSnasf] dfWodaf6 xfdL s:tf] aGg] / xfd|f] afnSnanfO{ s:tf] agfpg]
eGg] s'/f lgb]{lzt ug]{ lhDd]jf/ JolQm g} xfdL afnaflnsf g} xf}F .

afnSnadf x'g}kg]{ M
ljBfnodf u7g ePsf afnSnadf ;a} afnaflnsf ;dfg ?kdf ;xefuL x'g
kfpg'k5{ / ;f]xL cg';f/ g]t[Tj ;Lksf] ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ kfpg'kb{5 .
xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
à afnSna u7g ug'{k"j{ afnSnasf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] k|lqmofdf
;xefuL x'g] / pQm k|lqmofdf ;xof]u ug]{
à afnSnasf] k'gu{7g ug'{k"j{ afnSnadf ;xefuL x'g cGo ;fyLx?nfO{
k|f]T;fxg ug]{
à afnSnasf] g]t[Tj ug]{ sfo{df OR5f hfx]/ ug]{ / ;f] cg';f/sf] Ifdtfsf]
ljsf; ub}{ hfg]
à afnSna eg]sf] ;a} ;b:ox?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ ynf] ePsf] x'Fbf afn
Snasf] k'gu{7g ubf{ g]t[Tj x:tfGt/0f ug]{
à s'g} klg ;b:on] cWoIf, ;lrjh:tf dxTjk"0f{ kbx? cf]u6]/ a:g' x'Fb}g .
Ps sfo{sfn k"/f u/]kl5 ;f] kb cGo ;b:ox?nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ub}{ hfg]
à cfk"m !* jif{ k'u]kl5 afnSnaaf6 lg:sg tof/ /xg]
à ljBfnosf] xsdf ljBfnodf ePsf] clGtd sIff kf; u/] kZrft ;f]
afnSnasf] ;b:otf :jtM /2 x'g] s'/fdf lglZrt x'g] / cfk"mn] ;Dxfn]sf]
kb x:tfGt/0f ug]{
x'g}kg]{ M
à afnSnan] ug]{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf k|hftflGqs cEof; ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . o:tf]
k|lqmofdf ;a}sf] ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kb{5 . lg0f{o k|lqmof k"/f
ePkl5 ;'emfjsf nflu jo:s jf ;+/Ifs;Fu 5nkmn ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
à afnSna k|hftflGqs cEof; ug]{ :yfg ePsf] x'gfn] afnSnan] ug]{ ;a}
lg0f{ox¿ ;fd"lxs 5nkmnsf] cfwf/df ug'{kb{5 .
à afnSnan] 5nkmn ug]{ ljifo j:t'sf af/]df ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fpg'kb{5 .

à ;a}sf ljrf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf :yfg lbg'kb{5 .
à lg0f{o k|lqmof k"/f ePkl5 jo:s jf ;+/Ifs;Fu ;f] lg0f{osf af/]df ;'emfj
lng'kb{5 / pQm ;'emfj a}7sdf k|:t't ug'{kb{5 .
x'g}kg]{ M
à afnSnan] ug]{ sfo{qmd jf afnSna ;xefuL x'g'kg]{ sfo{qmddf ;a}
;b:osf] ;dfg cj;/sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kb{5 .
xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ M
à afnSnan] g]t[Tj ug]{ ;Lk k|bfg ug]{ x'Fbf afnSnan] ug]{ sfo{qmdsf]
g]t[Tjsf] lhDdf ;b:ox?nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf k|bfg ug'{kb{5 .
à afnSna ;xefuL x'g'kg]{ sfo{qmd, ;ef, tflnd, uf]i7Lh:tf sfo{qmdx?df
cWoIf / ;lrjn] dfq ;xefuL hgfpg] unt cEof; ljBdfg 5 .
afnSnasf ;a} ;b:ox? ;dfg x}l;ot /fVg] x'gfn] o:tf sfo{qmdx?df
;xefuL x'g] cj;/ ;a}n] kfpg'k5{ . To;}n] o;sf nflu kfn}kfnf] ;xefuL
x'g] lgod agfpg ;lsG5 .
o;sf cltl/Qm afnSnan] cfˆgf ;b:ox?sf nflu ;a}sf] ;xeflutfdf
cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ug'{kb{5 . afnSnan] lgdf{0f u/]sf] cfrf/;+lxtfdf
lgDg a'Fbfx?nfO{ clgjfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 M
à afnSnasf s'g} klg ;b:on] s;}nfO{ klg s'g} klg k|sf/sf e]befj, x]nf
tyf b'Jo{jxf/ gug]{
à ljBfnosf] ljsf; / ljBfnonfO{ afnd}qL agfpg] k|lqmofdf ;b}j tTk/ /xg]
/ lzIfsx?;Fu xft]dfnf] ub}{ hfg]
à afnaflnsf;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifoj:t'nfO{ /rgfTds z}nLdf k|:t't
ug]{
à s'g} klg ;b:on] ;'tL{hGo kbfy{x? -r'/f]6, v}gL, u'6vf cflb_ ;]jg gug]{
à s'g} klg cj:yfdf of}ghGo lqmofsnfksf] lj/f]w ug]{ / kLl8tsf] kIfdf
jsfnt ug]{
à s'g} klg cj:yfdf ljBfnosf] k9fOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] / sdhf]/ ;fyLnfO{
l;Sgsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ .

gfd sIff 7]ufgf
kjg d}gfnL & emfkf
/Ghgf sf]O/fnf ( emfkf
w/0fL ld> * emfkf
sfdgf clwsf/L ^ emfkf
lgzf s'OFs]n ^ emfkf
;lng vqL ( emfkf
;'hg bfxfn ( emfkf
dfl0fs cfrfo{ ( emfkf
/lj ;~h]n ^ emfkf
sdn uxt/fh ( emfkf
clgn e'h]n ( emfkf
;'bz{g ld> ( emfkf
ddtf Gof}kfg] & emfkf
zlQm tfdfª ( emfkf
t'n;f nf]s'r & emfkf
;'lgtf lji6 * emfkf
xft] k'l:tsf tof/Lsf nflu cfof]hgf ul/Psf] 5nkmn sfo{qmddf
;xefuL afnaflnsf
;lngf ;'Aaf * emfkf
l;h{gf kl/of/ * emfkf
;'lhtf ;'j]bL ^ emfkf
Plngf ;~h]n & emfkf
bLkf bfxfn & emfkf
b]j/fh Gof}kfg] ^ emfkf
s[ltsf yfkf ^ nlntk'/
>Ls[i0f dfgGw/ ^ nlntk'/
;fu/ k'g du/ ( nlntk'/
;ªuLt v8uL & nlntk'/
;'hg sf]O/fnf * nlntk'/
;'lgtf u'?ª ( nlntk'/
;'lgtf dfemL ( nlntk'/
;kg l;njfn ( nlntk'/
;/f]h a:g]t ( nlntk'/
cho rf}w/L ( nlntk'/
>Ls[i0f yfkf !! eQmk'/

à u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?k, @)^&, g]kfn
;/sf/
à ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª3, afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw, !(*(
à ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt xft] k'l:tsf, g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff tyf v]ns'b
dGqfno, lzIff ljefu
à afnaflnsf;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt, @)^(, g]kfn ;/sf/, dlxnf, afnaflnsf
tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno
à afn ;xeflutf lgb]{lzsf, g]kfn ;/sf/, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh
sNof0f dGqfno, s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldlt
à ljBfnodf afn clwsf/ ;+/If0f ;xof]uL k':ts, k|sfzsM lhNnf lzIff
sfof{no, sf7df8f}F, nlntk'/, eQmk'/ / l;lj;
à 3/]n' afn >d ;zQmLs/0f, 3/]n' afn>d zf]if0f pGd"ngsf pkfox?,
k|sfzs M l;lj;
à www.doe.gov.np/category/?cid=31
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

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