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A Strategy Study on Sustainable Rural Ghost Town Revitalization vis New Architecture in Sungai Lembing

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Teo Kean Hui
Teo Kean Hui

Since the last decades, ghost town is town which is rich in history, used to be populated and economic viable. Ghost towns has been created due to abandonment of the local community who are no longer capable to sustain themselves. The depopulations of younger generations, aging, urban migration and decreasing in local businesses profitability contributed large amount in the creation of rural ghost town in Malaysia especially ex-mining town. Therefore, this research paper aim to investigate possible strategies of new architecture that able to contribute to rural ghost town Sungai Lambing revitalization and at the same time allowing community sustainability. To achieve the research aim, literature review on effort and attempt of revitalization to preserve, enhance and treat the historical sites and in the rural context to form a framework of study. Case study as research method to investigate on effort and strategies of ghost town revitalization that has been done internationally supported by interviewing both locals and visitors at Sungai Lembing as primary data will be conducted as quantitative research. A research conclusion could be formed with goal in contributing to designers, planners and academic researchers on approach to rural ghost town revitalization through new architecture. At the same time providing guide for the developers who are interested in this field and benefiting the local communities, visitors and local historical value.

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A Strategy study on sustainable rural ghost town revitalization via new architecture in Sungai Lembing Keywords:- rural ghost town revitalization, historical site, ex-mining town, contribution of new architecture, architectural strategies, Sungai Lembing Teo Kean Hui 0310165
Background • Ghost town is normally an abandon village or city. (In rural or countryside) • Was once well-developed and rich until economic failure or events that causing the people no longer capable to sustain themselves. • Abandonment due to • Economic shifting • Human intervention • Massacres • Disasters • Disease • Many significance architectural gems, historical heritage, culture and memories in these ghost towns has being forgotten and cast aside, as the urbanization, time and technology past them through very quickly. J. Lorraine Ghost Town in Manor, Austin
Issue 54% of the world’s population lives in urban areas, a proportion that is expected to increase to 66% by 2050. Projections show that urbanization combined with the overall growth of the world’s population could add another 2.5 billion people to urban populations by 2050, with close to 90% of the increase concentrated in Asia and Africa, according to a new United Nations report launched 2014 May.
Kementerian Kemajuan Luar Bandar dan Wilayah
Problem statement The local economy could not generate the jobs needed to persuade young people to stay behind, offering only occupations in forestry and farming and manual labor such as construction work. (Knight, 1994) In Europe, ghost towns are geographical differences have always brought irreplaceable creative variation to art and architecture; a source of inspiration for current and future generations. As cultures and society homogenise, retaining, and not just conserving, Europe’s diverse industrial and agricultural heritage becomes ever increasingly important. Rural areas that have strong place identities, formed through the reproduction of traditional cultural practices alongside contemporary influences. These identities are performed and constructed through a varied repertoire of knowledge, histories, and customs. (Beel, D. E., Wallace, C. D., Webster, G., Nguyen, H., Tait, E., Macleod, M., & Mellish, C. (2017). Like outlaws and cowboys and wagon trains, ghost towns can seem too old-fashioned and unusual to be the subject of serious thought and inquiry. They seem instead, a more appropriate target for the passions of amateurish, unsophisticated historians. This dismissal of ghost towns is of some consequence because conventional approaches – popular or academic – to western American history have not taken failure seriously. (Limerick and Klett 1992: 22) Documentation poses difficulties in any historic preservation task, but the problem is especially severe when dealing with company and resource-based communities. Not only were these communities usually small, isolated, and short-lived, but they have seldom proved to be of interest to historians and other scholars. (Alanen 1979: 50)
Fraser’s Hill Cameron Highland Malaysia typical kampungSungai Lembing ?
Pekan Papan, Perak Kampung Kepayang, Perak Bukit Besi, TerengganuSungai Lembing ?
Aim: To investigate on potential contribution of architects/ new buildings to rural ghost town revitalization to ensure sustainability of the cultural identity and historical identity. A study on possible ways of rural ghost town revitalization for Sungai Lembing. Objectives:-  To explore the role of new architecture in assisting rural ghost town revitalization. (lit review & case study)  To explore on authoritative implication in preserving rural historical heritage. (lit review)  To explore on local identity of Sungai Lembing as an architectural input for rural ghost town revitalization. (precedent study)
Chapter1Chapter2Chapter3Chapter4 Background information Problem statement Literature Review Case studies & examples of rural ghost town revitalization Conservation Adaptive Reuse New Development Rural Tourism Sungai Lembing (Primary data) Findings of suitable approaches for Sungai Lembing revitalization Materials and construction methods Social and community Geographical and site Local culture and activities Tangible Intangible Building physical appearance and aesthetic Discussion and conclusion Chapter5 Dissertation2Dissertation1
Roles of architecture in reviving rural ghost town Conservation is a process through which the material, historical and design integrity of mankind’s built heritage are prolonged through planned interventions
2.1 Authenticity in conservation The idea of authenticity of historical heritage conservation from different point of view in conservation. To evaluate on how should a historical heritage consider legitimate? Understanding on historical heritage evaluation to examine on the historical value on a selected site worth studying.
All judgements about values attributed to cultural properties as well as the credibility of related information sources may differ from culture to culture, and even within the same culture. It is thus not possible to base judgements of values and authenticity within fixed criteria. In relation to authenticity, reconstruction of archaeological remains or historic buildings or districts is justifiable only in exceptional circumstances. Reconstruction is acceptable only on the basis of complete and detailed documentation and to no extent of conjecture.
Stage 1 The building’s architectural design and construction, probably over a period of time, and possibly on the site of an earlier building. Stage 2 Its useful life as a group of working buildings with all the alterations and additions that become necessary with changes in taste and use. Stage 3 The abandonment of the building for occupation or other functions. On monastic sites there is often an immediate period of demolition and robbing; in the case of a domestic or defensive building this event might take the form of fire, siege or obsolescence, and a deliberate slighting. Stage 4 The building is now a ‘ruin’. A period follows during which the ruins are derelict and the processes of decay advance dilapidation, possible accompanied by further salvage of building materials and casual use for agriculture or other purpose. Stage 5 A period when the visual or ‘picturesque’ value of the ruins is recognised. Some tampering may take place to enhance the visual effect. This period in the eighteenth or nineteenth centuries includes the deliberate creation of ruins for historic fabric. Stage 6 A period when the historical, as well as the visual, value of the ruin as a monument is recognised and attempts are made to arrest the process of decay and to protect the remains. Records, historical research and accurate drawings are undertaken. Stage 7 Finally preservation: a period when attempts are made to stabilise the structure, to reinstate the ruin following investigation, possibly including the reassembly of fallen masonry, or even reconstruction with new materials. Chitty G. (1987). A prospect of ruins. ASCHB (Association for Studies in the Conservation of Historic Buildings.
2.2 Adaptive re-use as an approach • Seek to bring new life rather than freezing a structure at a particular moment in time. • Offers an option that lies between demolition and a museum conversion. • Temporary uses offer prevention from deterioration. Conversion of a balding site or precinct from one use to another. Where the site being reused has heritage value the new use should support the ongoing interpretation and understanding of that heritage while also accommodating new functions. (Brand,S. (1994) How buildings learn. New York, NY, Penguin Group.)
Connection by association where in its simplest form, new piece of architecture can de designed to remind the observer of the other building. Detailed to reflect the industrial nature of the original building. Wapping’s Tobacco Dock, London Sculptural intervention recalls idea of castle basement and strength of the Basque people. ‘basement ruins’ & ‘historic fortification’. Eduardo Chillida’s Vitoria Square, Spain Response to the location where the location and setting of a historic building can influence the design of a new piece of architecture on site. Traditional materials for a modern design to enhance route to the monument. Fountains Abbey Visitor Centre.
Through monumental meaning the integration of new architecture into the fabric of historical building. Street enclosed with glazed canopy. Victoria Quarter, Leeds Space between building enclosed with modern tent roof, new staircase and bridges linked the accommodation. The Imagination Building, London. Connection between new architecture and historical site through assimilation. Link the old and new through designing new architecture generated by assimilation of the existing element of the site. Steal frame to delineate the site and profile of the demolished house. Benjamin Franklin Ghost House
2.3 New Development Bukit Gambang Water Park development • Injection of new element, new infrastructure, new facilities and programs. • New architecture style • New materials • Large scale • New identity & new community
2.4 Rural Tourism “Improvement and promotion of rural tourism is a tool that will contribute to protection not only the architecture, but also the lifestyle, and keeping the economy vibrant by suggesting alternative income sources apart from agriculture, such as rural tourism, are prominent issues in the maintenance and sustainability of rural cultural landscapes and vernacular architecture.” Danaci, H. M., & ATİK, M. (2014). Rural Tourism and Vernacular Architecture: An Example from Elmalı, Antalya. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 4(9). doi:10.30845/aijcr
“As far as contemporary rural Japan. If older rural industries were in decline, there were examples of other, newer industries being established. For many areas, the 1980s were a decade of tourist growth, with Japanese drawn to the countryside to visit hot- spring and seaside resorts, shrines, and temple. Knight, J. (1994). Rural Revitalization in Japan: Spirit of the Village and Taste of the Country Oldest onsen in Japan – Yunomine Onsen
Roles of architecture in reviving rural ghost town Narrative Historical narrative as connection between the local history, local lifestyle and architecture. Responsive Newly constructed spaces needed to be digested and included in the collective narratives of the new life after an incident. Suggests a strong link between architectural changes and the cultural shifts; both simultaneously influence each other. (Ibid, p. 155) Framing Framing the edge of time, active memory of the history and culture.
“Industrial tourism gives us a window into the daily lives of citizens, a look at how people spend their time and the way they make a living, as well as the things that they use every day to make life run more smoothly. How are these livelihoods tied to a place’s history, natural resources, skills and strengths? How does the community lean on the industry and what do they give in return? By learning about local industry, we can put a product or company in a greater context. And with that context, we can more fully appreciate the product and the world around us.”
Cornwall and West Devon Mining landscape, England
Hashima Island, Japan
Making Use of ghost settlements in various purpose. Distillery District industrial settlement with extraordinary architecture, located in Toronto was established in 1832, it was the largest liquor brewery center of the world and steered establishment and development of Toronto City. This place transformed into a ghost settlement after termination of production in 1990. Then, it was revived in 2003 and became the prominent cultural-tourism center of Canada (Torlak, 2013). Opening for Tourist Visitors. Italy - Balestrino – This town is located in Toscana territory and has the same appearance for centuries. As the town was established by San Pietro Prince around 1100s, its historical fortress and buildings exhibit medieval view. It is open for tourist visitors (Gençalp, Sabah, 2015). Film Studio. Namibia – Kolmanskop – Upon discovery of diamond in 1900s, the town was rushed by people; and casinos, hospital, luxury mansions were established in the middle of the dessert. As the demand for diamond reduced in 1950s, this brought end of the city. Abandoned city was raided by dust of dessert; houses and streets were covered by sand. "The King is Alive" (2000) and "Dust Devil" (1993) films were shot in this city because of its interesting scenery. It is open to visitor (Gençalp, Sabah, 2015). Museum-City. France- Oradour-sur-Glane – During the World War II, Germany brutally invaded by mistake; killed all residents and burned the whole town. Their real target was Oradour-sur-Vayres territory. After the war period, the city built on another location. The old town was preserved in the memory of this tragic event. Burnt buildings and goods witnessing the invasion are currently exhibited in this museum-city (Gençalp, Sabah, 2015). Opening for Tourism Settlement. Russia - Kizhi Island – The island was developed around the church built in the 16th century. Since there is tough winder season (-40), the residents who were mainly farmers left the island. Then in 1960, the island became an open archeological museum exhibiting Russian wooden architecture. It was acknowledged as world heritage by the UNESCO. Main income resource is tourism. All residents of the island have business in tourism (wikipedia, Kiji,2015)
Xihe village, China Pingtian village, China Corippo, SwitzerlandSanto Stefano di Sessanio, Italy
Xihe village, China Pingtian village, China Corippo, SwitzerlandSanto Stefano di Sessanio, Italy • Redesign and conversion of barn into community centre. • Private to public use. • Remove walls allowing visual permeability. • Designed corridor connecting buildings. • Facilities such as café and museum to support promoting local cultural characteristic. • Restoration works searching out original materials, furniture and textiles. • Convert medieval villages into almost invisible scattered hotel. • Visitors took part in daily life guided by the local. Learning local baking skills, weaving and craft. • Conversion of houses into hospitality. • Program teaching visitors about local culture such as tea plantation, colouring technique and etc. • Integrating modernity and traditional in both culture and architecture. • Only 12 population. • Saved by visitors who wanting to see the old heritages. • Award winning preservation village, preserved originality and identity of the place.
Significance of taking Sungai Lembing as a study.  It’s a rural town where its geographical location in valley surrounded by mountains.  Unique Achievement as deepest underground tin mining in the world. ensemble is an outstanding technological ensemble of industrial sites that reflected the rapid and distinctive industrialisation.  The identity of Sungai Lembing as the only underground tin mining in Malaysia.  Rich in historical value with over 100 years of mining history since 1888 till today.  Asia first cinema was located in Sungai Lembing.  The first hospital in Pahang state.  The town was a ghost town.
200 meters 200 meters
Stage 1: Timber construction, shopstyle style & vernacular architecture Stage 2: Timber and bricks hybrid construction, colonial style Stage 3: Contemporary style
Local community 1. Satisfaction of living in Sungai Lembing? 2. What Sungai Lembing meant to you? Memory? Culture? Architecture? 3. Do you like about the new architecture that currently have on site? 4. Prefer to have protection or conservation towards old buildings? OR 5. Having a new building that actually reflect to the site history, OR 6. Having new building with contemporary style? 7. Do you support new programs injecting into the existing old buildings? 8. How about renovating them to for the new programs? Having partially old/ new? 9. Do Sungai Lembing need of further revitalization or remain as it is? Why? 10. What do you think Sungai Lembing can actually attract more visitor/ bringing people back to this place through architecture? What kind of architecture? Visitors/ tourist 1. Purpose of travel? (Food? Nature? History? Architecture? Family?) 2. How do you find here? 3. How long are you staying here? 4. Does the buildings on site reflect the characteristic of the place as a historical ex-mining town? 5. What kind of building are you expecting to see before traveling to Sungai Lembing (Expectation)? 6. And what you actually see? (Reality) 7. Should new architecture more dominant in Sungai Lembing or the old to be more dominant? Why? (you like old or new? Why?) 8. Would you rather accommodate in the old building or new building? 9. The chance of coming back to SL if everything pretty much remain as it is now? 10. The chance of coming back to SL if new architecture reign over the old once? 3.0 Data collection- interviews
Satisfaction of living in Sungai Lembing? Agreed due to rural lifestyle, nature, historical enrich their lifestyle and business. What Sungai Lembing meant to you? Memory? Culture? Architecture? Memory of history from older generation along with old buildings. Retired lifestyle, away from modern technology. Do you like about the new architecture that currently have on site? Locals are ok because they doesn’t interrupt the existing much in terms of location and building scale. Prefer to have protection or conservation towards old buildings? OR Agree Having a new building that actually reflect to the site history, OR Agree Do you support new programs injecting into the existing old buildings? Agree Having new building with contemporary style? Disagree How about renovating them to for the new programs? Having partially old/ new? Support on minor renovation, remaining the essence of the originality. Do Sungai Lembing need of further revitalization or remain as it is? Why? Yes, Sungai Lembing is well celebrate on weekends especially in the morning but it turns quiet towards the afternoon. What do you think Sungai Lembing can actually attract more visitor/ bringing people back to this place through architecture? What kind of architecture? Community center, tourism hub. Instead having artefact display in museum, infusing museum into shophouses would be interesting so that visitors are well aware of what the town really is about. Tin mining industrial themed design to promote local history. Local community
Purpose of traveling? (Food? Nature? History? Architecture? Family?) Attracted by the nature activities supported by food, rural environment as a getaway and wanting to see historical mining town. How do you find here? Through friends and family from Kuantan. Social media for those who are from other cities besides Kuantan. How long are you staying here? 1 day trip for those who travelled here from Kuantan. 2 days 1 night for those who travelled here from other cities. Does the buildings on site reflect the characteristic of the place as a historical ex-mining town? Yes, the use of material shows the age of the buildings as they’re constructed at that period of time. But the design and theme not emphasizing on the industrialize of tin mining. What kind of building are you expecting to see before traveling to Sungai Lembing (Expectation)? Bad condition of old buildings, some newly built buildings serve tourism in Sungai Lembing. And what you actually see? (Reality) The shop are still in operating although there’re still a lot of them underutilized. Would you rather accommodate in the old building or new building? New buildings provide cleaner environment to stay. The chance of coming back to SL if everything pretty much remain as it is now? Yes and most likely. The chance of coming back to SL if new architecture reign over the old once? Yes, as long as the nature and programs remain. Visitors
Findings conclusion Local community Old buildings meant a lot to them, should be conserve and protect as they are the architectural gem left behind by the mining history. To revitalize the town, new buildings such as community hall and facilities that promote local culture should be implemented reinforced using local traditional materials, construction methods and tin mining industrial themed. Besides, the artefact left in the museum should be integrated into the town so that visitors can see it and appreciate the astonishing mining history and method as world longest and deepest tin mine. Visitors The activities started to reign over then local historical background as an ex mining town. Much effort should do integrating the celebrated activities with local history. Museum visitors only contributing to minority who travelled here from other cities as educational trip to their children and buses of secondary school students who travelled here through school trip just for the purpose of visiting museum. By injecting program such as learning local delicacy, lifestyle, things relating to tin mining and etc would make visitor stay longer.

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A Strategy Study on Sustainable Rural Ghost Town Revitalization vis New Architecture in Sungai Lembing

  • 1. A Strategy study on sustainable rural ghost town revitalization via new architecture in Sungai Lembing Keywords:- rural ghost town revitalization, historical site, ex-mining town, contribution of new architecture, architectural strategies, Sungai Lembing Teo Kean Hui 0310165
  • 2. Background • Ghost town is normally an abandon village or city. (In rural or countryside) • Was once well-developed and rich until economic failure or events that causing the people no longer capable to sustain themselves. • Abandonment due to • Economic shifting • Human intervention • Massacres • Disasters • Disease • Many significance architectural gems, historical heritage, culture and memories in these ghost towns has being forgotten and cast aside, as the urbanization, time and technology past them through very quickly. J. Lorraine Ghost Town in Manor, Austin
  • 3. Issue 54% of the world’s population lives in urban areas, a proportion that is expected to increase to 66% by 2050. Projections show that urbanization combined with the overall growth of the world’s population could add another 2.5 billion people to urban populations by 2050, with close to 90% of the increase concentrated in Asia and Africa, according to a new United Nations report launched 2014 May.
  • 4. Kementerian Kemajuan Luar Bandar dan Wilayah
  • 5. Problem statement The local economy could not generate the jobs needed to persuade young people to stay behind, offering only occupations in forestry and farming and manual labor such as construction work. (Knight, 1994) In Europe, ghost towns are geographical differences have always brought irreplaceable creative variation to art and architecture; a source of inspiration for current and future generations. As cultures and society homogenise, retaining, and not just conserving, Europe’s diverse industrial and agricultural heritage becomes ever increasingly important. Rural areas that have strong place identities, formed through the reproduction of traditional cultural practices alongside contemporary influences. These identities are performed and constructed through a varied repertoire of knowledge, histories, and customs. (Beel, D. E., Wallace, C. D., Webster, G., Nguyen, H., Tait, E., Macleod, M., & Mellish, C. (2017). Like outlaws and cowboys and wagon trains, ghost towns can seem too old-fashioned and unusual to be the subject of serious thought and inquiry. They seem instead, a more appropriate target for the passions of amateurish, unsophisticated historians. This dismissal of ghost towns is of some consequence because conventional approaches – popular or academic – to western American history have not taken failure seriously. (Limerick and Klett 1992: 22) Documentation poses difficulties in any historic preservation task, but the problem is especially severe when dealing with company and resource-based communities. Not only were these communities usually small, isolated, and short-lived, but they have seldom proved to be of interest to historians and other scholars. (Alanen 1979: 50)
  • 6. Fraser’s Hill Cameron Highland Malaysia typical kampungSungai Lembing ?
  • 7. Pekan Papan, Perak Kampung Kepayang, Perak Bukit Besi, TerengganuSungai Lembing ?
  • 8. Aim: To investigate on potential contribution of architects/ new buildings to rural ghost town revitalization to ensure sustainability of the cultural identity and historical identity. A study on possible ways of rural ghost town revitalization for Sungai Lembing. Objectives:-  To explore the role of new architecture in assisting rural ghost town revitalization. (lit review & case study)  To explore on authoritative implication in preserving rural historical heritage. (lit review)  To explore on local identity of Sungai Lembing as an architectural input for rural ghost town revitalization. (precedent study)
  • 9. Chapter1Chapter2Chapter3Chapter4 Background information Problem statement Literature Review Case studies & examples of rural ghost town revitalization Conservation Adaptive Reuse New Development Rural Tourism Sungai Lembing (Primary data) Findings of suitable approaches for Sungai Lembing revitalization Materials and construction methods Social and community Geographical and site Local culture and activities Tangible Intangible Building physical appearance and aesthetic Discussion and conclusion Chapter5 Dissertation2Dissertation1
  • 10. Roles of architecture in reviving rural ghost town Conservation is a process through which the material, historical and design integrity of mankind’s built heritage are prolonged through planned interventions
  • 11. 2.1 Authenticity in conservation The idea of authenticity of historical heritage conservation from different point of view in conservation. To evaluate on how should a historical heritage consider legitimate? Understanding on historical heritage evaluation to examine on the historical value on a selected site worth studying.
  • 12. All judgements about values attributed to cultural properties as well as the credibility of related information sources may differ from culture to culture, and even within the same culture. It is thus not possible to base judgements of values and authenticity within fixed criteria. In relation to authenticity, reconstruction of archaeological remains or historic buildings or districts is justifiable only in exceptional circumstances. Reconstruction is acceptable only on the basis of complete and detailed documentation and to no extent of conjecture.
  • 13. Stage 1 The building’s architectural design and construction, probably over a period of time, and possibly on the site of an earlier building. Stage 2 Its useful life as a group of working buildings with all the alterations and additions that become necessary with changes in taste and use. Stage 3 The abandonment of the building for occupation or other functions. On monastic sites there is often an immediate period of demolition and robbing; in the case of a domestic or defensive building this event might take the form of fire, siege or obsolescence, and a deliberate slighting. Stage 4 The building is now a ‘ruin’. A period follows during which the ruins are derelict and the processes of decay advance dilapidation, possible accompanied by further salvage of building materials and casual use for agriculture or other purpose. Stage 5 A period when the visual or ‘picturesque’ value of the ruins is recognised. Some tampering may take place to enhance the visual effect. This period in the eighteenth or nineteenth centuries includes the deliberate creation of ruins for historic fabric. Stage 6 A period when the historical, as well as the visual, value of the ruin as a monument is recognised and attempts are made to arrest the process of decay and to protect the remains. Records, historical research and accurate drawings are undertaken. Stage 7 Finally preservation: a period when attempts are made to stabilise the structure, to reinstate the ruin following investigation, possibly including the reassembly of fallen masonry, or even reconstruction with new materials. Chitty G. (1987). A prospect of ruins. ASCHB (Association for Studies in the Conservation of Historic Buildings.
  • 14. 2.2 Adaptive re-use as an approach • Seek to bring new life rather than freezing a structure at a particular moment in time. • Offers an option that lies between demolition and a museum conversion. • Temporary uses offer prevention from deterioration. Conversion of a balding site or precinct from one use to another. Where the site being reused has heritage value the new use should support the ongoing interpretation and understanding of that heritage while also accommodating new functions. (Brand,S. (1994) How buildings learn. New York, NY, Penguin Group.)
  • 15. Connection by association where in its simplest form, new piece of architecture can de designed to remind the observer of the other building. Detailed to reflect the industrial nature of the original building. Wapping’s Tobacco Dock, London Sculptural intervention recalls idea of castle basement and strength of the Basque people. ‘basement ruins’ & ‘historic fortification’. Eduardo Chillida’s Vitoria Square, Spain Response to the location where the location and setting of a historic building can influence the design of a new piece of architecture on site. Traditional materials for a modern design to enhance route to the monument. Fountains Abbey Visitor Centre.
  • 16. Through monumental meaning the integration of new architecture into the fabric of historical building. Street enclosed with glazed canopy. Victoria Quarter, Leeds Space between building enclosed with modern tent roof, new staircase and bridges linked the accommodation. The Imagination Building, London. Connection between new architecture and historical site through assimilation. Link the old and new through designing new architecture generated by assimilation of the existing element of the site. Steal frame to delineate the site and profile of the demolished house. Benjamin Franklin Ghost House
  • 17. 2.3 New Development Bukit Gambang Water Park development • Injection of new element, new infrastructure, new facilities and programs. • New architecture style • New materials • Large scale • New identity & new community
  • 18. 2.4 Rural Tourism “Improvement and promotion of rural tourism is a tool that will contribute to protection not only the architecture, but also the lifestyle, and keeping the economy vibrant by suggesting alternative income sources apart from agriculture, such as rural tourism, are prominent issues in the maintenance and sustainability of rural cultural landscapes and vernacular architecture.” Danaci, H. M., & ATİK, M. (2014). Rural Tourism and Vernacular Architecture: An Example from Elmalı, Antalya. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 4(9). doi:10.30845/aijcr
  • 19. “As far as contemporary rural Japan. If older rural industries were in decline, there were examples of other, newer industries being established. For many areas, the 1980s were a decade of tourist growth, with Japanese drawn to the countryside to visit hot- spring and seaside resorts, shrines, and temple. Knight, J. (1994). Rural Revitalization in Japan: Spirit of the Village and Taste of the Country Oldest onsen in Japan – Yunomine Onsen
  • 20. Roles of architecture in reviving rural ghost town Narrative Historical narrative as connection between the local history, local lifestyle and architecture. Responsive Newly constructed spaces needed to be digested and included in the collective narratives of the new life after an incident. Suggests a strong link between architectural changes and the cultural shifts; both simultaneously influence each other. (Ibid, p. 155) Framing Framing the edge of time, active memory of the history and culture.
  • 21. “Industrial tourism gives us a window into the daily lives of citizens, a look at how people spend their time and the way they make a living, as well as the things that they use every day to make life run more smoothly. How are these livelihoods tied to a place’s history, natural resources, skills and strengths? How does the community lean on the industry and what do they give in return? By learning about local industry, we can put a product or company in a greater context. And with that context, we can more fully appreciate the product and the world around us.”
  • 22. Cornwall and West Devon Mining landscape, England
  • 24. Making Use of ghost settlements in various purpose. Distillery District industrial settlement with extraordinary architecture, located in Toronto was established in 1832, it was the largest liquor brewery center of the world and steered establishment and development of Toronto City. This place transformed into a ghost settlement after termination of production in 1990. Then, it was revived in 2003 and became the prominent cultural-tourism center of Canada (Torlak, 2013). Opening for Tourist Visitors. Italy - Balestrino – This town is located in Toscana territory and has the same appearance for centuries. As the town was established by San Pietro Prince around 1100s, its historical fortress and buildings exhibit medieval view. It is open for tourist visitors (Gençalp, Sabah, 2015). Film Studio. Namibia – Kolmanskop – Upon discovery of diamond in 1900s, the town was rushed by people; and casinos, hospital, luxury mansions were established in the middle of the dessert. As the demand for diamond reduced in 1950s, this brought end of the city. Abandoned city was raided by dust of dessert; houses and streets were covered by sand. "The King is Alive" (2000) and "Dust Devil" (1993) films were shot in this city because of its interesting scenery. It is open to visitor (Gençalp, Sabah, 2015). Museum-City. France- Oradour-sur-Glane – During the World War II, Germany brutally invaded by mistake; killed all residents and burned the whole town. Their real target was Oradour-sur-Vayres territory. After the war period, the city built on another location. The old town was preserved in the memory of this tragic event. Burnt buildings and goods witnessing the invasion are currently exhibited in this museum-city (Gençalp, Sabah, 2015). Opening for Tourism Settlement. Russia - Kizhi Island – The island was developed around the church built in the 16th century. Since there is tough winder season (-40), the residents who were mainly farmers left the island. Then in 1960, the island became an open archeological museum exhibiting Russian wooden architecture. It was acknowledged as world heritage by the UNESCO. Main income resource is tourism. All residents of the island have business in tourism (wikipedia, Kiji,2015)
  • 25. Xihe village, China Pingtian village, China Corippo, SwitzerlandSanto Stefano di Sessanio, Italy
  • 26. Xihe village, China Pingtian village, China Corippo, SwitzerlandSanto Stefano di Sessanio, Italy • Redesign and conversion of barn into community centre. • Private to public use. • Remove walls allowing visual permeability. • Designed corridor connecting buildings. • Facilities such as café and museum to support promoting local cultural characteristic. • Restoration works searching out original materials, furniture and textiles. • Convert medieval villages into almost invisible scattered hotel. • Visitors took part in daily life guided by the local. Learning local baking skills, weaving and craft. • Conversion of houses into hospitality. • Program teaching visitors about local culture such as tea plantation, colouring technique and etc. • Integrating modernity and traditional in both culture and architecture. • Only 12 population. • Saved by visitors who wanting to see the old heritages. • Award winning preservation village, preserved originality and identity of the place.
  • 27. Significance of taking Sungai Lembing as a study.  It’s a rural town where its geographical location in valley surrounded by mountains.  Unique Achievement as deepest underground tin mining in the world. ensemble is an outstanding technological ensemble of industrial sites that reflected the rapid and distinctive industrialisation.  The identity of Sungai Lembing as the only underground tin mining in Malaysia.  Rich in historical value with over 100 years of mining history since 1888 till today.  Asia first cinema was located in Sungai Lembing.  The first hospital in Pahang state.  The town was a ghost town.
  • 28. 200 meters 200 meters
  • 29. Stage 1: Timber construction, shopstyle style & vernacular architecture Stage 2: Timber and bricks hybrid construction, colonial style Stage 3: Contemporary style
  • 30. Local community 1. Satisfaction of living in Sungai Lembing? 2. What Sungai Lembing meant to you? Memory? Culture? Architecture? 3. Do you like about the new architecture that currently have on site? 4. Prefer to have protection or conservation towards old buildings? OR 5. Having a new building that actually reflect to the site history, OR 6. Having new building with contemporary style? 7. Do you support new programs injecting into the existing old buildings? 8. How about renovating them to for the new programs? Having partially old/ new? 9. Do Sungai Lembing need of further revitalization or remain as it is? Why? 10. What do you think Sungai Lembing can actually attract more visitor/ bringing people back to this place through architecture? What kind of architecture? Visitors/ tourist 1. Purpose of travel? (Food? Nature? History? Architecture? Family?) 2. How do you find here? 3. How long are you staying here? 4. Does the buildings on site reflect the characteristic of the place as a historical ex-mining town? 5. What kind of building are you expecting to see before traveling to Sungai Lembing (Expectation)? 6. And what you actually see? (Reality) 7. Should new architecture more dominant in Sungai Lembing or the old to be more dominant? Why? (you like old or new? Why?) 8. Would you rather accommodate in the old building or new building? 9. The chance of coming back to SL if everything pretty much remain as it is now? 10. The chance of coming back to SL if new architecture reign over the old once? 3.0 Data collection- interviews
  • 31. Satisfaction of living in Sungai Lembing? Agreed due to rural lifestyle, nature, historical enrich their lifestyle and business. What Sungai Lembing meant to you? Memory? Culture? Architecture? Memory of history from older generation along with old buildings. Retired lifestyle, away from modern technology. Do you like about the new architecture that currently have on site? Locals are ok because they doesn’t interrupt the existing much in terms of location and building scale. Prefer to have protection or conservation towards old buildings? OR Agree Having a new building that actually reflect to the site history, OR Agree Do you support new programs injecting into the existing old buildings? Agree Having new building with contemporary style? Disagree How about renovating them to for the new programs? Having partially old/ new? Support on minor renovation, remaining the essence of the originality. Do Sungai Lembing need of further revitalization or remain as it is? Why? Yes, Sungai Lembing is well celebrate on weekends especially in the morning but it turns quiet towards the afternoon. What do you think Sungai Lembing can actually attract more visitor/ bringing people back to this place through architecture? What kind of architecture? Community center, tourism hub. Instead having artefact display in museum, infusing museum into shophouses would be interesting so that visitors are well aware of what the town really is about. Tin mining industrial themed design to promote local history. Local community
  • 32. Purpose of traveling? (Food? Nature? History? Architecture? Family?) Attracted by the nature activities supported by food, rural environment as a getaway and wanting to see historical mining town. How do you find here? Through friends and family from Kuantan. Social media for those who are from other cities besides Kuantan. How long are you staying here? 1 day trip for those who travelled here from Kuantan. 2 days 1 night for those who travelled here from other cities. Does the buildings on site reflect the characteristic of the place as a historical ex-mining town? Yes, the use of material shows the age of the buildings as they’re constructed at that period of time. But the design and theme not emphasizing on the industrialize of tin mining. What kind of building are you expecting to see before traveling to Sungai Lembing (Expectation)? Bad condition of old buildings, some newly built buildings serve tourism in Sungai Lembing. And what you actually see? (Reality) The shop are still in operating although there’re still a lot of them underutilized. Would you rather accommodate in the old building or new building? New buildings provide cleaner environment to stay. The chance of coming back to SL if everything pretty much remain as it is now? Yes and most likely. The chance of coming back to SL if new architecture reign over the old once? Yes, as long as the nature and programs remain. Visitors
  • 33. Findings conclusion Local community Old buildings meant a lot to them, should be conserve and protect as they are the architectural gem left behind by the mining history. To revitalize the town, new buildings such as community hall and facilities that promote local culture should be implemented reinforced using local traditional materials, construction methods and tin mining industrial themed. Besides, the artefact left in the museum should be integrated into the town so that visitors can see it and appreciate the astonishing mining history and method as world longest and deepest tin mine. Visitors The activities started to reign over then local historical background as an ex mining town. Much effort should do integrating the celebrated activities with local history. Museum visitors only contributing to minority who travelled here from other cities as educational trip to their children and buses of secondary school students who travelled here through school trip just for the purpose of visiting museum. By injecting program such as learning local delicacy, lifestyle, things relating to tin mining and etc would make visitor stay longer.

Editor's Notes

  1. Although much effort put into developing rural, still could not stop depopulation
  2. What can be conclude is Nara supported reconstruction, habitation, restoration & adaptive reuse While UNESCO want things to be original, so they supported only preservation and restoration
  3. Before all conservation project took place, evaluation on stages are important to evaluate what to be done.
  4. Association is copy, edit and paste. The way people perceive towards a piece of work that remind them of its origin. The idea of representing something. Response got to do with regionalism adapting local materials and method of construction. Reinterpretation it in contemporary way
  5. Monumental meaning integration of new architecture into the fabric of historical building. Act as structure to protect and enhance the historical heritage. Assimilation used to commemorate old buildings that have been lost, idea of reinterpreting them in modern way as commemorative.
  6. Looked into Bukit Gambang, a rural development project in outer area Kuantan.
  7. Developing countryside through integrating hot spring and etc.
  8. Looking into similar cases
  9. Looking into similar cases
  10. To collect data, ive generated some questions revolving around interviewees point of view towards the old and new buildings in sungai lembing