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British Welfare November 2015

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Elhem Chniti
Elhem Chniti

This is November's lecture on welfare in the UK, as part of the British civ course for first year English sutdents at ISLN

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The Welfare StateThe Welfare State
The War: Equality of SacrificeThe War: Equality of Sacrifice  Both rich and poor suffered fromBoth rich and poor suffered from bombsbombs  Civilians lost their livesCivilians lost their lives  Homes were destroyedHomes were destroyed  Rationing applied to everyone,Rationing applied to everyone, regardless of social classregardless of social class  Women and men of all classes didWomen and men of all classes did war work togetherwar work together
The Welfare StateThe Welfare State  After the war, WilliamAfter the war, William Beveridge identifiedBeveridge identified fivefive issues that needed to beissues that needed to be tackled to make a bettertackled to make a better Britain: 5 giantsBritain: 5 giants  To achieve his aims,To achieve his aims, Beveridge proposed theBeveridge proposed the introduction of a welfareintroduction of a welfare state.state.
The Five Giants & the creationThe Five Giants & the creation of the Welfare Stateof the Welfare State
The Five GiantsThe Five Giants Beveridge slaying the 5 G’sBeveridge slaying the 5 G’s
Founding Principles of Welfare StateFounding Principles of Welfare State  IgnoranceIgnorance  SqualorSqualor  IdlenessIdleness  WantWant  DiseaseDisease  EducationEducation  HousingHousing  EmploymentEmployment  IncomeIncome  HealthHealth
Welfare state: the government plays a keyWelfare state: the government plays a key role in the protection and promotion of therole in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of itseconomic and social well-being of its citizens.citizens. The Beveridge Report started the WelfareThe Beveridge Report started the Welfare State in Britain in 1945 to address each ofState in Britain in 1945 to address each of the 5 Giants.the 5 Giants. It would provide security ‘from the cradle toIt would provide security ‘from the cradle to the grave’.the grave’.
Squalor/HousingSqualor/Housing  Council housing introduced at theCouncil housing introduced at the end of the nineteenth Century butend of the nineteenth Century but high demand and slumshigh demand and slums  Housing provided by local authoritiesHousing provided by local authorities & setting up of new towns in the& setting up of new towns in the coutnrysidecoutnryside  made sure that anyone who couldmade sure that anyone who could not afford to buy or wish to buy,not afford to buy or wish to buy, could have a comfortable home.could have a comfortable home.
Squalor/HousingSqualor/Housing  However, worryingHowever, worrying lack of availablelack of available council housingcouncil housing throughout thethroughout the country.country.  In Scotland alone, last year, 142,000In Scotland alone, last year, 142,000 households were on waiting lists for socialhouseholds were on waiting lists for social housing.housing.
Ignorance/EducationIgnorance/Education  Secondary education was only available toSecondary education was only available to those who could pay or who passed athose who could pay or who passed a scholarship at the age of 11.scholarship at the age of 11.  Most children left school at the end ofMost children left school at the end of elementary education when they were 14.elementary education when they were 14.
Ignorance/EducationIgnorance/Education  1944 education act1944 education act  Leaving age up from 14 to 15.Leaving age up from 14 to 15.  All children get secondary educationAll children get secondary education without paying fees.without paying fees. HoweverHowever  Student debt levels are risingStudent debt levels are rising  School dropouts rate higher inSchool dropouts rate higher in certain communities or placescertain communities or places  Education quality differs according toEducation quality differs according to social class and incomesocial class and income
Idleness/EmploymentIdleness/Employment  After the war, there was work forAfter the war, there was work for everyone as Britain rebuilt itself.everyone as Britain rebuilt itself.  By 1946, unemployment wasBy 1946, unemployment was reduced to 2.5 %reduced to 2.5 %  However huge post-war problemsHowever huge post-war problems such as shortages of raw materialssuch as shortages of raw materials and massive war debts.and massive war debts.
Idleness/EmploymentIdleness/Employment  Government nationalised someGovernment nationalised some industries and supported industries inindustries and supported industries in high areas of unemployment.high areas of unemployment.  Objective : providing full employmentObjective : providing full employment for all working age citizens.for all working age citizens.  Unemployment benefits (to be held toUnemployment benefits (to be held to a subsistence level)a subsistence level)
Disease/HealthDisease/Health  A National HealthA National Health Service was set upService was set up ‘free at the point of‘free at the point of use’ and available touse’ and available to all.all.
The NHS 1948The NHS 1948  Principles: - Free medical services- Free medical services - Every citizen is- Every citizen is registered with a GPregistered with a GP (General Practioners)(General Practioners) - Visits to GP are free,- Visits to GP are free, GP’s salary paid by NHSGP’s salary paid by NHS - Patient goes to GP of- Patient goes to GP of Residence AreaResidence Area - Symbolic fee for drugs- Symbolic fee for drugs (5 £)(5 £)
The NHSThe NHS  However - Charges for dental &- Charges for dental & ophthalmic careophthalmic care Problem for patients:Problem for patients: Time factor:Time factor: over 18 months for hip or eyeover 18 months for hip or eye surgerysurgery
The NHSThe NHS Problem for Government:Problem for Government: Cost of the system, modernCost of the system, modern medical techniques andmedical techniques and medication.medication. Ageing population requiring moreAgeing population requiring more medical care.medical care.
POVERTY:Social SecurityPOVERTY:Social Security  ServicesServices :: - Retirement pensions- Retirement pensions - Unemployment benefits- Unemployment benefits - Income support, etc. 5s a week- Income support, etc. 5s a week for each child after the first.for each child after the first.  Developments:Developments: - 1980’s major changes in the- 1980’s major changes in the system -> less generoussystem -> less generous - Benefits proportionate to- Benefits proportionate to earningsearnings
ProblemsProblems  Unemployment benefit said toUnemployment benefit said to discourage workdiscourage work  Notion of “Deserving poor”Notion of “Deserving poor”  Single parents forced back to workSingle parents forced back to work  Less social aids for the poor and theLess social aids for the poor and the needyneedy  Exclusion of the UnderclassExclusion of the Underclass
British Welfare November 2015

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British Welfare November 2015

  • 1. The Welfare StateThe Welfare State
  • 2. The War: Equality of SacrificeThe War: Equality of Sacrifice  Both rich and poor suffered fromBoth rich and poor suffered from bombsbombs  Civilians lost their livesCivilians lost their lives  Homes were destroyedHomes were destroyed  Rationing applied to everyone,Rationing applied to everyone, regardless of social classregardless of social class  Women and men of all classes didWomen and men of all classes did war work togetherwar work together
  • 3. The Welfare StateThe Welfare State  After the war, WilliamAfter the war, William Beveridge identifiedBeveridge identified fivefive issues that needed to beissues that needed to be tackled to make a bettertackled to make a better Britain: 5 giantsBritain: 5 giants  To achieve his aims,To achieve his aims, Beveridge proposed theBeveridge proposed the introduction of a welfareintroduction of a welfare state.state.
  • 4. The Five Giants & the creationThe Five Giants & the creation of the Welfare Stateof the Welfare State
  • 5. The Five GiantsThe Five Giants Beveridge slaying the 5 G’sBeveridge slaying the 5 G’s
  • 6. Founding Principles of Welfare StateFounding Principles of Welfare State  IgnoranceIgnorance  SqualorSqualor  IdlenessIdleness  WantWant  DiseaseDisease  EducationEducation  HousingHousing  EmploymentEmployment  IncomeIncome  HealthHealth
  • 7. Welfare state: the government plays a keyWelfare state: the government plays a key role in the protection and promotion of therole in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of itseconomic and social well-being of its citizens.citizens. The Beveridge Report started the WelfareThe Beveridge Report started the Welfare State in Britain in 1945 to address each ofState in Britain in 1945 to address each of the 5 Giants.the 5 Giants. It would provide security ‘from the cradle toIt would provide security ‘from the cradle to the grave’.the grave’.
  • 8. Squalor/HousingSqualor/Housing  Council housing introduced at theCouncil housing introduced at the end of the nineteenth Century butend of the nineteenth Century but high demand and slumshigh demand and slums  Housing provided by local authoritiesHousing provided by local authorities & setting up of new towns in the& setting up of new towns in the coutnrysidecoutnryside  made sure that anyone who couldmade sure that anyone who could not afford to buy or wish to buy,not afford to buy or wish to buy, could have a comfortable home.could have a comfortable home.
  • 9. Squalor/HousingSqualor/Housing  However, worryingHowever, worrying lack of availablelack of available council housingcouncil housing throughout thethroughout the country.country.  In Scotland alone, last year, 142,000In Scotland alone, last year, 142,000 households were on waiting lists for socialhouseholds were on waiting lists for social housing.housing.
  • 10. Ignorance/EducationIgnorance/Education  Secondary education was only available toSecondary education was only available to those who could pay or who passed athose who could pay or who passed a scholarship at the age of 11.scholarship at the age of 11.  Most children left school at the end ofMost children left school at the end of elementary education when they were 14.elementary education when they were 14.
  • 11. Ignorance/EducationIgnorance/Education  1944 education act1944 education act  Leaving age up from 14 to 15.Leaving age up from 14 to 15.  All children get secondary educationAll children get secondary education without paying fees.without paying fees. HoweverHowever  Student debt levels are risingStudent debt levels are rising  School dropouts rate higher inSchool dropouts rate higher in certain communities or placescertain communities or places  Education quality differs according toEducation quality differs according to social class and incomesocial class and income
  • 12. Idleness/EmploymentIdleness/Employment  After the war, there was work forAfter the war, there was work for everyone as Britain rebuilt itself.everyone as Britain rebuilt itself.  By 1946, unemployment wasBy 1946, unemployment was reduced to 2.5 %reduced to 2.5 %  However huge post-war problemsHowever huge post-war problems such as shortages of raw materialssuch as shortages of raw materials and massive war debts.and massive war debts.
  • 13. Idleness/EmploymentIdleness/Employment  Government nationalised someGovernment nationalised some industries and supported industries inindustries and supported industries in high areas of unemployment.high areas of unemployment.  Objective : providing full employmentObjective : providing full employment for all working age citizens.for all working age citizens.  Unemployment benefits (to be held toUnemployment benefits (to be held to a subsistence level)a subsistence level)
  • 14. Disease/HealthDisease/Health  A National HealthA National Health Service was set upService was set up ‘free at the point of‘free at the point of use’ and available touse’ and available to all.all.
  • 15. The NHS 1948The NHS 1948  Principles: - Free medical services- Free medical services - Every citizen is- Every citizen is registered with a GPregistered with a GP (General Practioners)(General Practioners) - Visits to GP are free,- Visits to GP are free, GP’s salary paid by NHSGP’s salary paid by NHS - Patient goes to GP of- Patient goes to GP of Residence AreaResidence Area - Symbolic fee for drugs- Symbolic fee for drugs (5 £)(5 £)
  • 16. The NHSThe NHS  However - Charges for dental &- Charges for dental & ophthalmic careophthalmic care Problem for patients:Problem for patients: Time factor:Time factor: over 18 months for hip or eyeover 18 months for hip or eye surgerysurgery
  • 17. The NHSThe NHS Problem for Government:Problem for Government: Cost of the system, modernCost of the system, modern medical techniques andmedical techniques and medication.medication. Ageing population requiring moreAgeing population requiring more medical care.medical care.
  • 18. POVERTY:Social SecurityPOVERTY:Social Security  ServicesServices :: - Retirement pensions- Retirement pensions - Unemployment benefits- Unemployment benefits - Income support, etc. 5s a week- Income support, etc. 5s a week for each child after the first.for each child after the first.  Developments:Developments: - 1980’s major changes in the- 1980’s major changes in the system -> less generoussystem -> less generous - Benefits proportionate to- Benefits proportionate to earningsearnings
  • 19. ProblemsProblems  Unemployment benefit said toUnemployment benefit said to discourage workdiscourage work  Notion of “Deserving poor”Notion of “Deserving poor”  Single parents forced back to workSingle parents forced back to work  Less social aids for the poor and theLess social aids for the poor and the needyneedy  Exclusion of the UnderclassExclusion of the Underclass