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Form 3 Chapter 9 stars and galaxies

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Hazwani Alias
Hazwani Alias

The Sun is a star located at the center of our solar system. It has three layers: the inner core, the photosphere, and the outer corona and chromosphere. Nuclear fusion in the core produces light and heat energy. Other stars vary in size, temperature, color, and brightness. Stars are formed from collapsing gas and dust clouds, and they die when they run out of hydrogen fuel. Larger stars end their lives as supernovae. Galaxies contain billions of stars and come in spiral, elliptical, and irregular shapes. The Milky Way is our home spiral galaxy.

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CHAPTER 9 : STARS AND GALAXIES Prepared by : Pn. Noor Hazwani bt.Alias SMK Sg.Maong,Kuching
The Sun
The Sun - Shape like a ball. - Made up of hot gases : hydrogen and helium - Surface temperature : 5 500 - 6 000 oC - The Sun is one of the many billions of stars. - Nearest star to Earth. That is why it appears bigger and brighter than other stars.
 Has three layers Structure of the Sun Corona Chromosphere Photosphere can only be seen clearly during solar eclipse. can be seen clearly everyday
Solar eclipse Corona and Chromosphere can only be seen during solar eclipse. Corona Chromosphere
Phenomena on The Surface of The Sun Prominence -arches or loops shape. -eruption of chromosphere (2nd layer) Solar flare - explosion near sunspots - release charged particles into outer space. (Examples: * Electrons, * X-rays, * Ultraviolet rays) Sunspot - cool spot - eruption of photosphere (1st layer)
Aurora  Dazzling,colourful light.  Occur at north pole and south pole of Earth.  Charged particles interact with Earth’s magnetic field. Solar flare -release charged particles (Examples: * Electrons, * X-rays, * Ultraviolet rays)
How the Sun produces energy? Nuclear reaction (in the core)  4 hydrogen atoms  1 helium atom + light energy + heat energy + Light and heat energy
Various types of Star  Size
 Temperature and colour Various types of Star Blue Hottest star Yellow Medium temperature Red Coolest star Colour Temperature Example: Blue 40 000 0C Spica Bluish- white 10 000 0C Rigel Yellow 6 000 0C The Sun Red 3 000 0C Betelgeuse Medium temperature
 Brightness. Various types of Star Rigel Sirius Sirius Rigel Procyon Achernar 5 brightest star
Formation of Stars Gases (hydrogen) Dusts A nebula A core is formed. -very hot and dense -The core becomes hotter. - Nuclear reactions take place. A STAR IS FORMED !! 1. *Nuclear reaction (in the core)  4 hydrogen atoms  1 helium atom + light energy + heat energy 3. 2. Gases and dusts in a nebula are pulled by strong gravity forces until it become compact (dense).
Death of Star *depends on the size of the star Nebula
Death of Star *medium size star, such as The Sun 2. *gravity pull weakens. *the star expands and forms red giant. 1. *Hydrogen atoms in the star are all used up. * Nuclear reaction stops. 3. *Substance at the outer part of the star escape to outer space. 4. *A white core or a white dwarf is formed. Medium size star Black Dwarf
Death of Star *large star and super large star star * DEATH OF LARGE STAR (10 x Sun’s mass) * DEATH OF SUPER LARGE STAR (100 x Sun’s mass) 1. *Hydrogen atoms in the star are all used up. * Nuclear reaction stops. 2. * Gravity pull weakens. * The star expands and forms red giant. * The red giant continue to expand to form red supergiant. 3. *Red supergiant explodes. *The explosion is known as supernova. Nebula Neutron star : *consists of neutrons. *rotates and gives out radio waves. Black Hole: *cannot be seen. *dense. *has very strong gravity force.
Constellation  A group of stars arranged in specific pattern.  In the past, constellation were used as : a) compass (to show direction). b) calender A constellation
Constellation North Big dipper Examples : South North Southern cross
Universe and Galaxies Universe Galaxies Solar System Earth Human being Milky Way (our galaxy) *Notes The Universe : -a very huge space -holds everything from the smallest particle to the largest galaxy. -there are billions of galaxies in the Universe. Galaxy : -Each galaxy has billions of stars.
Hubble Space Telescope -is used to observe galaxies
Galaxies Spiral galaxy Irregular galaxy (no obvious shape) Elliptical galaxy (oval shape) - A galaxy contains billions of stars. - Has many shapes.
Our Galaxy : The Milky Way Spiral shape

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Form 3 Chapter 9 stars and galaxies

  • 1. CHAPTER 9 : STARS AND GALAXIES Prepared by : Pn. Noor Hazwani bt.Alias SMK Sg.Maong,Kuching
  • 3. The Sun - Shape like a ball. - Made up of hot gases : hydrogen and helium - Surface temperature : 5 500 - 6 000 oC - The Sun is one of the many billions of stars. - Nearest star to Earth. That is why it appears bigger and brighter than other stars.
  • 4.  Has three layers Structure of the Sun Corona Chromosphere Photosphere can only be seen clearly during solar eclipse. can be seen clearly everyday
  • 5. Solar eclipse Corona and Chromosphere can only be seen during solar eclipse. Corona Chromosphere
  • 6. Phenomena on The Surface of The Sun Prominence -arches or loops shape. -eruption of chromosphere (2nd layer) Solar flare - explosion near sunspots - release charged particles into outer space. (Examples: * Electrons, * X-rays, * Ultraviolet rays) Sunspot - cool spot - eruption of photosphere (1st layer)
  • 7. Aurora  Dazzling,colourful light.  Occur at north pole and south pole of Earth.  Charged particles interact with Earth’s magnetic field. Solar flare -release charged particles (Examples: * Electrons, * X-rays, * Ultraviolet rays)
  • 8. How the Sun produces energy? Nuclear reaction (in the core)  4 hydrogen atoms  1 helium atom + light energy + heat energy + Light and heat energy
  • 9. Various types of Star  Size
  • 10.  Temperature and colour Various types of Star Blue Hottest star Yellow Medium temperature Red Coolest star Colour Temperature Example: Blue 40 000 0C Spica Bluish- white 10 000 0C Rigel Yellow 6 000 0C The Sun Red 3 000 0C Betelgeuse Medium temperature
  • 11.  Brightness. Various types of Star Rigel Sirius Sirius Rigel Procyon Achernar 5 brightest star
  • 12. Formation of Stars Gases (hydrogen) Dusts A nebula A core is formed. -very hot and dense -The core becomes hotter. - Nuclear reactions take place. A STAR IS FORMED !! 1. *Nuclear reaction (in the core)  4 hydrogen atoms  1 helium atom + light energy + heat energy 3. 2. Gases and dusts in a nebula are pulled by strong gravity forces until it become compact (dense).
  • 13. Death of Star *depends on the size of the star Nebula
  • 14. Death of Star *medium size star, such as The Sun 2. *gravity pull weakens. *the star expands and forms red giant. 1. *Hydrogen atoms in the star are all used up. * Nuclear reaction stops. 3. *Substance at the outer part of the star escape to outer space. 4. *A white core or a white dwarf is formed. Medium size star Black Dwarf
  • 15. Death of Star *large star and super large star star * DEATH OF LARGE STAR (10 x Sun’s mass) * DEATH OF SUPER LARGE STAR (100 x Sun’s mass) 1. *Hydrogen atoms in the star are all used up. * Nuclear reaction stops. 2. * Gravity pull weakens. * The star expands and forms red giant. * The red giant continue to expand to form red supergiant. 3. *Red supergiant explodes. *The explosion is known as supernova. Nebula Neutron star : *consists of neutrons. *rotates and gives out radio waves. Black Hole: *cannot be seen. *dense. *has very strong gravity force.
  • 16. Constellation  A group of stars arranged in specific pattern.  In the past, constellation were used as : a) compass (to show direction). b) calender A constellation
  • 18. Universe and Galaxies Universe Galaxies Solar System Earth Human being Milky Way (our galaxy) *Notes The Universe : -a very huge space -holds everything from the smallest particle to the largest galaxy. -there are billions of galaxies in the Universe. Galaxy : -Each galaxy has billions of stars.
  • 19. Hubble Space Telescope -is used to observe galaxies
  • 20. Galaxies Spiral galaxy Irregular galaxy (no obvious shape) Elliptical galaxy (oval shape) - A galaxy contains billions of stars. - Has many shapes.
  • 21. Our Galaxy : The Milky Way Spiral shape