The document discusses India's food security and the public distribution system. It provides context on food security definitions and dimensions of availability, accessibility, and affordability. It then discusses challenges to food security in India like land degradation, seasonal unemployment, and the impacts of natural disasters. The public distribution system and buffer stock schemes are introduced as government interventions to address food insecurity.
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Food security in india
1. SPECIALLY PREPARED BY -
Chapter IV ( Food Security of India )
TAANISHA
Siddhant Jaiyesh
Nandani Jaiswal
Nakul Chaudhary
Puneet Khurana
Ashish Gosowami
Rishabh Garg
Gurpreet Singh
2. INTRODUCTION
Food security refers to the availability of food and
one's access to it. A household is considered food -
secure when its occupants do not live in hunger or
fear of starvation.
According to the World Resources Institute,
global per capita food production has been
increasing substantially for the past several
decades. In 2006, MSNBC reported that globally,
the number of people who are overweight has
surpassed the number who are undernourished -
the world had more than one billion people who
were overweight, and an estimated 800 million who
were undernourished.
According to a 2004 article from the BBC, China,
the world's most populous country, is suffering
from an obesity epidemic. In India, the second -
most populous country in the world, 30 million
people have been added to the ranks of the hungry
since the mid-1990s and 46% of children are
underweight.
3. PREFACE
A text book of social science is a book for class IX and
X. Economics is an integral component of general
education up to secondary level. Economics is very
crucial subject which enables the learner to know
about the society of the world in which you are living .
The present series has been written strictly in
accordance with latest syllabus issued by N.C.E.R.T for
the year 2010 and onwards.
Main features of the series :
Brief Subject matter.
A judicious use of table , web chart and illustration
to make the subject matter lucid and clear .
The book presentation cantinas high quality
photographs that were carefully selected to aid
understanding , add realism and heighten the
interest of the reader .
Simple , lucid and student friendly language.
Glossary of difficult term
Recapitulation to have a quicker view.
Strictly in accordance with the latest syllabus
4. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The National Council of Education research and
Training acknowledges the valuable contribution
of all the involved in the development of
economics Presentation.
We also acknowledge the contribution made by
Mrs. Aradhna Malik Mam , teacher of D.A.V Public
School Rajendra Nager , Ghaziabad.
We are thankful for all the my friends and
Parent's for taking contribution to make this
wonderful Presentation.
5. FOOD SECURITY IN
INDIA
Food security means availability,
accessibility and affordability of food
to all people at all times.
6. What is Food
Security?
Food security refers to the
availability of food and one's
access to it. A household is
considered food-secure when
its occupants do not live
in hunger or fear of starvation.
According to the World
Resources Institute, global per
capita food production has
been increasing substantially
for the past several decades. In
2006, MSNBC reported that
globally, the number of people
who are overweight has
surpassed the number who are
undernourished - the world had
more than one billion people
who were overweight, and an
estimated 800 million who
were undernourished
7. Food security has following dimensions:-
(a) availability of food means food
production within the country, food
imports and the previous years stock
stored in government granaries.
(b) accessibility means food is within reach
of every person.
(c) affordability implies that an individual
has enough money to buy sufficient,
safe and nutritious food to meet one's
dietary needs. Thus, food security is ensured in a country
only if -
(1) enough food is available for all the persons.
(2) all persons have the capacity to buy food
of acceptable quality.
(3) there is no barrier on access to food.
8. Why food Security?
The poorest section of the
society might be food insecure
most of the times while
persons above the poverty line
might also be food insecure
when the country faces a
national disaster/calamity like
earthquake, drought, flood,
tsunami, widespread failure of
crops causing famine, etc.
How is food security Special Video on the half of Food Security
affected during a
calamity?
Due to a natural calamity, say
drought, total production of
foodgrains decreases. It
creates a shortage of food in
the affected bares. Due to
shortage of food, the prices go
up. At the high prices, some
people cannot afford to buy
food. If such calamity happens
in a very wide spread area or is
stretched over a longer time
period.
10. Food and Agriculture
Organization
In the 1970s, food security
was understood as the
“availability at all times of
adequate supply of basic
foodstuffs” (UN, 1975). Accordingly, there has been a substantial shift in
Amartya Sen added a new the understanding of food security. The 1995
dimension to food security World Food Summit declared, “Food security at
and emphasized the “access” the individual, household, regional, national and
to food through what he global levels exists when all people, at all times,
called ‘entitlements’ have physical and economic access to sufficient,
combination of what one can safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary
produce, exchange in the needs and food preferences for an active and
market along with state or healthy life” (FAO, 1996, p.3).
other socially provided
supplies.
11. A Famine is characterized
Do you know who were affected the most by
by wide spread deaths the famine?
due to starvation
The agricultural laborers, fishermen, transport
workers and other casual laborers were affected
A Famine is characterised by wide
the most by dramatically increasing price of rice.
spread deaths due to starvation
They were the ones who died in this famine
and epidemics caused by forced
use of contaminated water or
decaying food and loss of body
resistance due to weakening from Year Production Imports Exports Total
starvation. The most devastating ( Lakh ) ( Lakh ) ( Lakh ) Availability
famine that occurred in India
was the FAMINE OF BENGAL in 1938 85 - - 85
1943. This famine killed thirty 1939 79 04 - 83
lakh people in the province of
Bengal. 1940 82 03 - 85
1941 68 02 - 70
1942 93 - 01 92
1943 76 03 - 79
12. FOOD INSECURE
Approximately one out of six people are "food
insecure", including 17 million children, according to
the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
13. Who are food-insecure?
Although a large section of
people suffer from food and
nutrition insecurity in
India, the worst affected
groups are landless people
with little or no land to depend
upon, traditional
artisans, providers of
traditional services, petty self-
employed workers and
destitute including beggars. In
the urban areas, the food
insecure families are those
whose working members are
generally employed in ill-paid
occupations and casual labour
market.
14. STORY OF RAMU AND
AHMAD
Ramu works as a casual laborer in agriculture in Raipur
village. Ahmad is a rickshaw puller in Bangalore.
15. About Ramu About Ahmad
Ramu works as a casual labourer in agriculture in Raipur Ahmad is a rickshaw puller in Bangalore. He has shifted
village. His eldest son Somu who is 10 years old also from Jhumri Taliah along with his 3 brothers, 2 sisters
works as a pali to look after the cattle of the Sarpanch and old parents. He stays in a jhuggi. The survival of all
of the village Satpal Singh. Somu is employed for the members of his family depends on his daily earnings
whole year by the Sarpanch and is paid a sum of Rs from pulling rickshaw. However, he does not have a
1,000 for this work. Ramu has three more sons and two secured employment and his earnings fluctuate every
daughters but they are too young to work on the field. day. During some days he gets enough earning for him
His wife Sunhari is also (part time) working as house to save some amount after buying all his day-to-day
cleaner for the livestock, removing and managing cow necessities. On other days, he barely earns enough to
dung. She gets ½ litre milk and some cooked food along buy his daily necessities. However, fortunately, Ahmad
with vegetables for her daily work. Besides she also has a yellow card, which is PDS Card for below poverty
works in the field along with her husband in the busy line people. With this card, Ahmad gets sufficient
season and supplements his earnings. Agriculture being quantity of wheat, rice, sugar and kerosene oil for his
a seasonal activity employs Ramu only during times of daily use. He gets these essentials at half of the market
sowing, transplanting and harvesting. He remains price. He purchases his monthly stock during a
unemployed for about 4 months during the period of particular day when the ration shop is opened for
plant consolidation and maturing in a year. He looks for below poverty people. In this way, Ahmad is able to
work in other activities. Some times he gets eke out his survival with less than sufficient earnings
employment in brick laying or in construction activities for his big family where he is the only earning member.
in the village. By all his efforts, Ramu is able to earn
enough either in cash or kind for him to buy essentials
for two square meals for his family. However, during the
days when he is unable to get some work, he and his
family really face difficulties and sometimes his small
kids have to sleep without food. Milk and vegetables are
not a regular part of meals in the family. Ramu is food
insecure during 4 months when he remains unemployed
because of the seasonal nature of agriculture work.
16. LAND DEGRADATION
Land degradation is a concept in which the value
of the biophysical environment is affected by one
or more combination of human-induced processes
acting upon the land.
17. Land degradation
Land degradation is a concept
in which the value of
the biophysical environment is
affected by one or more
combination of human-induced
processes acting upon the
land. It is viewed as any change
or disturbance to the land
perceived to be deleterious or
undesirable. Natural
hazardsare excluded as a
cause, however human
activities can indirectly affect
phenomena such as floods and
bushfires. It is estimated that
up to 40% of the world's
agricultural land is seriously
degraded.
18. Overgrazing by livestock can lead to land
Cause of land degradation
degradation
Land clearance, such
as clearcutting and deforestation
Agricultural depletion of
soil nutrients through poor
farming practices
Livestock including overgrazing
Inappropriate Irrigation and
over drafting
Urban sprawl and commercial
development
Land pollution including industrial
waste
Vehicle off-roading
Quarrying of stone, sand, ore and
minerals
19. A buffer stock scheme is commonly implemented
as intervention storage, the "ever -normal granary”
BUFFER STOCK
SCHEME
20. What is Buffer stock?
A buffer stock
scheme (commonly
implemented as intervention
storage, the "ever-normal
granary") is an attempt to
use commodity storage for
the purposes of stabilising
prices in an entire economy
or, more commonly, an
individual (commodity)
market. Specifically, commo
dities are bought when there
is a surplus in the economy,
stored, and are then sold
from these stores when
there are economic
shortages in the
economy. Their usefulness is
debated by economists.
21. Operation of Buffer Stocks :-
Single price scheme Two price scheme
• As illustrated, the term "buffer stock scheme" • Most buffer stock schemes work along the same
can also refer to a scheme where the floor price rough lines: first, two prices are determined, a
and ceiling price are equal: in other words, an floor and a ceiling (minimum and maximum
intervention in the market to ensure a fixed price). When the price drops close to the floor
price. In order for such stores to be effective, the price (after a new rich vein of silver is found, for
figure for "average supply" must be adjusted example), the scheme operator
periodically to keep up with any broad trends (usually government) will start buying up the
toward increased yield. That is, it must truly be stock, ensuring that the price does not fall
an average of probable yield outcomes at that further.
given point in time.
23. Changes in Food
Consumption Pattern
Dramatic changes in food
consumption patterns have
taken place in India in the
post Green Revolution
period. Between 1972-73 and
1993-94, the food basket has
become much more
diversified, with the share of
cereals seeing a dramatic
decline of ten percentage
points in most regions.
24. MSP and Food
Procurement Policy
The stock of food grains
available with the
government agencies as on 1
July 2002 was 63.01 million
tonnes (mt) — 21.94 mt of
rice and 41.07 mt of wheat.
This was well above the
prescribed buffer stock
norms.
27. Public Distribution
System and Food
Subsidy
It is now well recognized that
the availability of food grains
is not a sufficient condition
to ensure food security to
the poor. It is also necessary
that the poor have sufficient Year Amount % of total Govt.
means to purchase food. The (Rs crore ) Expenditure
capacity of the poor to 1990-91 2450 2.33
purchase food can be 1991-92 2850 2.56
ensured in two ways – by 1992-93 2785 2.27
raising the incomes or 1993-94 5537 3.9
supplying food grains at 1994-95 4509 2.8
subsidized prices. While 1995-96 4960 2.78
employment generation 1996-97 5166 2.46
programmers attempt the 1997-98 7500 3.23
first solution, the PDS is the 1998-99 8700 3.11
mechanism for the second 1999-2000 9200 3.03
option. 2000-2001 12125 3.61
2001-2002 17612 4.83
2002-2003 21200 5.17
28. Targeted Public
Distribution System
The PDS in its original form
was widely criticized for its
failure to serve the below
poverty line (BPL)
population, its urban bias,
negligible coverage in the
states with the highest
concentration of the rural
poor and lack of transparent
and accountable
arrangements for delivery.
Realizing this, the
government streamlined the
system by issuing special
cards to BPL families and
selling food grains under PDS
to them at specially
subsidized prices with effect
from June 1997.
29. ECONOMIC
APPROACHES
There are many economic approaches advocated to
improve food security in developing countries. Three
typical approaches are listed below. The first is typical
of what is advocated by most governments and
international agencies. The other two are more
common to non-governmental organizations (NGO’s).
30. Westernized view
Conventional thinking in
westernized countries is that
maximizing the farmers profit
is the surest way of maximizing
agricultural production; the
higher a farmer’s profit, the
greater the effort that will be
forthcoming, and the greater
the risk the farmer is willing to
take.[citation needed]
Place into the hands of farmers
the largest number and highest
quality tools possible (tools is
used here to refer to improved
production techniques,
improved seeds, secure land
tenure, accurate weather
forecasts, etc.) However, it is
left to the individual farmer to
pick and choose which tools to
use, and how to use them, as
farmers have intimate
knowledge of their own land
and local conditions.
31. Food justice
An alternative view takes a
collective approach to achieve
food security. It notes that
globally enough food is produced
to feed the entire world
population at a level adequate to
ensure that everyone can be free
of hunger and fear of starvation.
That no one should live without
enough food because of
economic constraints or social
inequalities is the basic goal.
This approach is often referred
to as food justice and views food
security as a basic human right. It
advocates fairer distribution of
food, particularly grain crops, as
a means of ending chronic
hunger and malnutrition. The
core of the Food Justice
movement is the belief that what
is lacking is not food, but the
political will to fairly distribute
food regardless of the recipient’s
ability to pay.