Nationalism and racialism are often confused concepts. Nationalism refers to a shared cultural identity among a group of people, such as a common language, religion, or traditions. In contrast, racialism asserts that humanity is divided into distinct biological groups with inherent differences. While nationalism can take liberal forms that promote self-determination and international harmony, it can also be expressed chauvinistically by asserting the superiority of one nation over others. Racialism inherently claims racial segregation and superiority. However, the concepts can overlap, such as in certain expressions of aggressive nationalism. Overall, nationalism encompasses a spectrum of doctrines from the progressive to the reactionary.