26. Dr. Eng. Mostafa Elgamala - Optimal Vision - 01004413398 Page 25
جاءFCS or CRC"تصاياها "وليس ل المست ند االخطاء الكتشاف يستخدم
Network commands
1> ipconfig /all
To view IP address, Subnet mask, Gateway, DNS address, MAC address
In linux the equivalent command is #ifconfig
2> ping IP
Check connectivity to the specified IP – it send echo request message to the destination
IP
Example:
Ping 127.0.0.1 Test on the TCP protocol and IP protocol (locally)
Ping 10.0.0.1 (your IP – to test locally the whole network stack (up to NIC)
Ping 10.0.0.2 (remote IP)
3> netstat
To view the current established connections & listening ports.
4> arp –a
To view the ARP cache which store IP and the associated MAC
5> tracert [IP or hostname]
The view the routers IP in the path to remote IP
tracert 10.0.0.2
tracert www.yahoo.com
In linux the equivalent command is #traceroute
6> telnet IP or ssh IP
Remote login to the remote IP
27. Dr. Eng. Mostafa Elgamala - Optimal Vision - 01004413398 Page 26
7> nslookup www.yahoo.com
Map URL to IP
وجود صال فاRouterماتويا فا االختالفا بعض يادث اليه والمركل الراكل بينheaderMACارن م
ماتويا فا اختالف يادث ال ( ك الش نفس فا اليه والمركل الراكل بوجودTCP/UDP/IP headerيادث ولكن
فا ط ف اختالفMAC headerوضع يتم صيث )Router MAC addressن ًالبديDestination MAC
addressوم ي ثمrouterارن بمDestination IPبالـ الموجودpacketبسطورrouting tableالموجود
الـ فاrouter" تشابه يادث ان الاmatchوم في "routerبتوجيهpacketالاinterfaceبا ل المو
بها الموجود ك الشdestinationبكتاب وم ي والذىLayer two addressالعمبي ورح (كيتم مختبفح
)ًا الص بالتفصيل
QoS parameters
Bandwidth: bit per second needed for the application to work well.
Delay: the amount of time it takes one packet to flow from sender to receiver.
Jitter: delay variation.
Loss: the percentage of packets discarded by the network before they reach the
destination.