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CONSTITUTION 1956,1962

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Nafeesa Naeem

The constitution of Pakistan failed in 1956 due to a lack of strong leadership, political training, and economic equality. It established a unicameral legislature that caused problems. Elections were also continually delayed. The constitution of 1962 established an authoritarian presidential system that concentrated power in the president's hands while limiting the national assembly. It used an indirect election method and lacked checks on presidential power and provincial autonomy. Both constitutions ultimately failed due to their authoritarian nature and inability to establish stable democratic systems of governance.

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Failure of Constitution of 1956 Introduction The first constitution of Pakistan 1956 was introduced on twenty third March 1956. First constitution was on presented on an important historical day. Lahore Resolution was presented on twenty third March 1940. Therefore, great expectations were attached with this constitution, but it did not only fail itself, but parliamentary system under it also failed. Causes of Failure of Parliamentary Systemin Constitution 1956 Lack of Leadership Lack of Leadership played its role in the failure of the constitution of 1956. For Lack of Leadership, Pakistan never found its way to development of its parliamentary system. So, parliamentary system under first constitution of Pakistan failed. Lack of Political Training There was lack of political training in the country. Many political parties made without any political goal. Their fight against another for gain power. So, under these circumstances, development of parliamentary system under this constitution failed. Unicameralism The constitution of 1956 was introduced unicameral legislature. Through unicameral legislature create many problems for Pakistan and the result martial law was imposed in country.
Delayin Elections Every political party try to gain power and no one was interested for elections. So, these circumstances, elections were delayed and such delay caused failure of parliamentary system under first constitution of Pakistan 1956. Non Existence ofEconomic Equality Non-existence of economic equality in the country was a cause of failure of constitution. Constitution of 1956 described some principles afor economic development of country, yet nepotism and feudalism checked the constitution from implementing those principles. Finally, parliamentary system under this constitution failed. Lack of State Parliamentary System Constitution of 1956 provided those principles which never proved convenient for development of parliamentary system. In this way, parliamentary system failed to develop under first constitution of Pakistan. Role of President After enforcement of constitution of 1956, role of President remained very authoritative. His undue interference with political parties and ministers kept Pakistan away from constitutional development, and consequently, parliamentary system under this constitution failed. Role of Army and Bureaucracy The intervention of the army which played havoc with democratic process. Bureaucracy played a very important role for the failure of the constitution 1956.
Lack of Education Unfortunately, the people were not well educated and the people were easily influenced by the demagogues. This lack of education also led to the failure of the constitution. One Unit All the provinces of West Pakistan was jointed together and made into one unit. It was thought that it would eliminate the prejudices among the Pakistanis but is proved to be a failure and its also led to the failure Failure of constitution 1962 Introduction History of Constitution of Pakistan is very unfortunately. Pakistan come into being 1949 after many sacrifices and the first constitution of 1956 was enforced 23 March 1956. But unfortunately it was abrogated in 1958. After abrogated constitution of 1956, the Ayub Khan appointed a team to drafted a constitution. The constitution of 1962 was enforced in 1962, but it lasted until 1969 when martial law was imposed. Cause of Failure of Constitution of 1962 Following are causes of failure of constitution of 1962. Constitution given by one man The constitution of 1962 was given by one man. In fact, it was framed to legalize undemocratic military regime. Under its Presidential system, President was granted vast power while power of national assembly was limited. So, that’s a fact to cause of failure of constitution of 1962.
Absence of Check and Balance The system of check and Balance was absent in the constitution of 1962 because the President of Pakistan made powerful and made National Assembly powerless. President appoints the ministers and ministers were not answerable to National Assembly, they were accountable to President. Indirect Elections The method of election of President, members of National Assembly and Provincial Assembly in the constitution of 1962 was indirect. It was not proper for the country like Pakistan. Lack of Provincial Autonomy Provinces were not given autonomy. The center was more powerful. This clash of power failed the constitution. PoliticalCauses There were many political causes for the failure of the constitution for example non-existence of political consciousness as well as negative attitude of political parties. NegationofIslamic Ideology The 1962 constitution promised to propagate an Islamic way of life in Pakistan so that Muslim could proceed with their lives according to Holy Quran and Sunnah but practically it was failed. 1965 War In 1965 in Muhammad Ayub Khan’s era Pakistan fought war with India. The 1965 war told upon the economy of the country, which created hatred among the people against the Muhammad Ayub Khan’s Government.
Increase ofPoliticalCrises The political crises raised their heads, which reflected that people were no longer satisfied with the Muhammad Ayub Khan’s policies. Unpopular PresidentialSystem Usually constitutions are adopted by parliament, referendum or conventions. Contrary to this, constitution of 1962 was adopted and enforced in such way. In fact, it was a gift from a dictator, and it imposed presidential system against norms of democracy. Therefore, its presidential system remained unpopular and proved a failure. PresidentialDictatorship In constitution of 1962, absence of separation of powers and granting of extensive powers to President revealed that presidential system of this constitution was just another form of presidential dictatorship. Such presidential dictatorship caused failure of presidential system of constitution of 1962. Policyof Suppressionof Fundamental Rights Although fundamental rights were made part of constitution of 1962 through its first amendment, yet presidential government practically never recognized and accepted them. In fact, policy of suppression of fundamental rights was adopted. Such policy finally caused failure of presidential system of constitution of 1962. Conclusion To conclude, it can be stated that main objective of constitution of 1962 was not to give nation a real democratic constitution, but its objective was to keep
military rule continued under its umbrella. Although it worked for military regime, yet it failed to gain popularity among common masses.

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CONSTITUTION 1956,1962

  • 1. Failure of Constitution of 1956 Introduction The first constitution of Pakistan 1956 was introduced on twenty third March 1956. First constitution was on presented on an important historical day. Lahore Resolution was presented on twenty third March 1940. Therefore, great expectations were attached with this constitution, but it did not only fail itself, but parliamentary system under it also failed. Causes of Failure of Parliamentary Systemin Constitution 1956 Lack of Leadership Lack of Leadership played its role in the failure of the constitution of 1956. For Lack of Leadership, Pakistan never found its way to development of its parliamentary system. So, parliamentary system under first constitution of Pakistan failed. Lack of Political Training There was lack of political training in the country. Many political parties made without any political goal. Their fight against another for gain power. So, under these circumstances, development of parliamentary system under this constitution failed. Unicameralism The constitution of 1956 was introduced unicameral legislature. Through unicameral legislature create many problems for Pakistan and the result martial law was imposed in country.
  • 2. Delayin Elections Every political party try to gain power and no one was interested for elections. So, these circumstances, elections were delayed and such delay caused failure of parliamentary system under first constitution of Pakistan 1956. Non Existence ofEconomic Equality Non-existence of economic equality in the country was a cause of failure of constitution. Constitution of 1956 described some principles afor economic development of country, yet nepotism and feudalism checked the constitution from implementing those principles. Finally, parliamentary system under this constitution failed. Lack of State Parliamentary System Constitution of 1956 provided those principles which never proved convenient for development of parliamentary system. In this way, parliamentary system failed to develop under first constitution of Pakistan. Role of President After enforcement of constitution of 1956, role of President remained very authoritative. His undue interference with political parties and ministers kept Pakistan away from constitutional development, and consequently, parliamentary system under this constitution failed. Role of Army and Bureaucracy The intervention of the army which played havoc with democratic process. Bureaucracy played a very important role for the failure of the constitution 1956.
  • 3. Lack of Education Unfortunately, the people were not well educated and the people were easily influenced by the demagogues. This lack of education also led to the failure of the constitution. One Unit All the provinces of West Pakistan was jointed together and made into one unit. It was thought that it would eliminate the prejudices among the Pakistanis but is proved to be a failure and its also led to the failure Failure of constitution 1962 Introduction History of Constitution of Pakistan is very unfortunately. Pakistan come into being 1949 after many sacrifices and the first constitution of 1956 was enforced 23 March 1956. But unfortunately it was abrogated in 1958. After abrogated constitution of 1956, the Ayub Khan appointed a team to drafted a constitution. The constitution of 1962 was enforced in 1962, but it lasted until 1969 when martial law was imposed. Cause of Failure of Constitution of 1962 Following are causes of failure of constitution of 1962. Constitution given by one man The constitution of 1962 was given by one man. In fact, it was framed to legalize undemocratic military regime. Under its Presidential system, President was granted vast power while power of national assembly was limited. So, that’s a fact to cause of failure of constitution of 1962.
  • 4. Absence of Check and Balance The system of check and Balance was absent in the constitution of 1962 because the President of Pakistan made powerful and made National Assembly powerless. President appoints the ministers and ministers were not answerable to National Assembly, they were accountable to President. Indirect Elections The method of election of President, members of National Assembly and Provincial Assembly in the constitution of 1962 was indirect. It was not proper for the country like Pakistan. Lack of Provincial Autonomy Provinces were not given autonomy. The center was more powerful. This clash of power failed the constitution. PoliticalCauses There were many political causes for the failure of the constitution for example non-existence of political consciousness as well as negative attitude of political parties. NegationofIslamic Ideology The 1962 constitution promised to propagate an Islamic way of life in Pakistan so that Muslim could proceed with their lives according to Holy Quran and Sunnah but practically it was failed. 1965 War In 1965 in Muhammad Ayub Khan’s era Pakistan fought war with India. The 1965 war told upon the economy of the country, which created hatred among the people against the Muhammad Ayub Khan’s Government.
  • 5. Increase ofPoliticalCrises The political crises raised their heads, which reflected that people were no longer satisfied with the Muhammad Ayub Khan’s policies. Unpopular PresidentialSystem Usually constitutions are adopted by parliament, referendum or conventions. Contrary to this, constitution of 1962 was adopted and enforced in such way. In fact, it was a gift from a dictator, and it imposed presidential system against norms of democracy. Therefore, its presidential system remained unpopular and proved a failure. PresidentialDictatorship In constitution of 1962, absence of separation of powers and granting of extensive powers to President revealed that presidential system of this constitution was just another form of presidential dictatorship. Such presidential dictatorship caused failure of presidential system of constitution of 1962. Policyof Suppressionof Fundamental Rights Although fundamental rights were made part of constitution of 1962 through its first amendment, yet presidential government practically never recognized and accepted them. In fact, policy of suppression of fundamental rights was adopted. Such policy finally caused failure of presidential system of constitution of 1962. Conclusion To conclude, it can be stated that main objective of constitution of 1962 was not to give nation a real democratic constitution, but its objective was to keep
  • 6. military rule continued under its umbrella. Although it worked for military regime, yet it failed to gain popularity among common masses.