The document describes 7 quality control tools: affinity diagram, relations diagram, tree diagram, matrix diagram, arrow diagram, and plan decision program chart. It provides details on how each tool is used, including examples, and discusses when each tool should be applied based on the type of problem or data being analyzed. The tools are designed to help organize information, identify relationships, schedule processes, and anticipate potential problems.
2. 1. Affinity Diagram
• A tool that gathers large amounts of language data
(ideas, opinions, issues) and organizes them into
groupings based on their natural Relationships.
• The tool is commonly used within project
management and allows large numbers of ideas to
be sorted into groups for review and analysis.
• The affinity diagram was devised by Jiro Kawakita
in the 1960s and is sometimes referred to as the KJ
Method.
3. When to Use the Affinity Process
1. Sift through large volumes of data.
For example, a process owner who is identifying customers and
their needs might compile a very large list of unsorted
data. In such a case, creating an Affinity Diagram might be
helpful for organizing the data into groups.
2. Encourage new patterns of thinking.
An Affinity exercise is an excellent way to get a group of people to
react on a "gut level" rather than mulling things over
intellectually. Since Brainstorming is the first step in
making an Affinity Diagram, the team considers all ideas
from all members without criticism. This stimulus is often
enough to break through traditional or entrenched
thinking, enabling the team to develop a creative list of
ideas.
4. Creating an Affinity Diagram
Step 1 Generate ideas
Step 2 Display ideas
Step 3 Sort ideas into groups
Step 4 Create header cards
Step 5 Draw finished diagram
5. 2. Relations Diagram
Relations Diagrams are drawn to show
all the different relationships between
factors, areas, or processes.
6. • Agree on the issue or question.
• Add a symbol to the diagram for every element involved in the
issue.
• Compare each element to all others. Use an "influence" arrow to
connect related elements.
• The arrows should be drawn from the element that influences to
the one influenced.
• If two elements influence each other, the arrow should be drawn
to reflect the stronger influence.
• Count the arrows.
• The elements with the most outgoing arrows will be root causes
or drivers.
• The ones with the most incoming arrows will be key outcomes or
results.
To create a Relations Diagram
8. 3. Tree Diagram
• A diagram used in strategic decision making,
valuation or probability calculations. The diagram
starts at a single node, with branches emanating to
additional nodes, which represent mutually
exclusive decisions or events.
• In the diagram below, the analysis will begin at the
first blank node. A decision or event will then lead
to node A or B. From these secondary nodes,
additional decisions or events will occur leading to
the third level of nodes, until a final conclusion is
reached.
9. The Tree is good for. . .
1) defining specific 'real-world' actions to support any
given goal
2) Ensuring that all actions being pursued by a team are
tied to the primary goal of the team
3) Training team members to come up with the
appropriate steps to achieve a higher goal
4) Facilitating the monitoring of the progress of various
activities since these are organized at different levels
that have their own sub-goals
5) Revealing the 'true' complexity level of a goal by
systematically presenting the actions and resources
needed to attain that goal
6) Making the distribution of assignments or
responsibilities to team members easier.
11. The Matrix Diagram is an analysis tool that
facilitates the systematic analysis of the strengths
of relationships between two or more sets of
elements.
It consists of a table whose main rows and columns
contain the elements being inter-related, with the
rest of its cells containing symbols or numbers that
denote the strengths of relationship between the
elements.
4. Matrix Diagram
12. The Matrix is good for. . .
1) equal distribution of major and minor
assignments among members of a given project
2) Selection of a process, equipment, or material
for a given purpose
3) Identifying the most critical factors affecting a
given problem area
4) Matching of tasks to objectives, etc.
5) The matrix diagram can be used in almost all
types of decision making that involves several
options or alternatives.
15. 5. Arrow Diagram
• The arrow diagram shows the required order
of tasks in a project or process, the best schedule
for the entire project, and potential scheduling and
resource problems and their solutions.
• The arrow diagram lets you calculate the
“critical path” of the project. This is the flow of
critical steps where delays will affect the timing of
the entire project and where addition of resources
can speed up the project.
16. When to Use an Arrow Diagram
• When scheduling and monitoring tasks within
a complex project or process with interrelated
tasks and resources.
• When you know the steps of the project or
process, their sequence and how long each step
takes, and.
• When project schedule is critical, with serious
consequences for completing the project late or
significant advantage to completing the project
early.
18. The process decision program chart systematically
identifies what might go wrong in a plan under
development.
Countermeasures are developed to prevent or
offset those problems. By using PDPC, you can
either revise the plan to avoid the problems or be
ready with the best response when a problem
occurs.
6. Plan Decision Program Chart
19. When to Use PDPC
• Before implementing a plan, especially when the
plan is large and complex.
• When the plan must be completed on schedule.
• When the price of failure is high.