Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, history and the processes that shape it. It involves studying topics like the origin and age of the Earth, its internal structure, various surface features and how they evolve and change over time. Geology has many branches that study different aspects like physical geology, geomorphology, mineralogy, petrology, economic geology, geochemistry, geophysics, hydrogeology, mining geology, engineering geology and more. Civil engineers and geologists work closely together in areas like planning, designing and constructing major civil engineering projects to ensure their safety, stability and cost-effectiveness by understanding the geological conditions and properties of the construction site and materials.
2. GEOLOGY
Definition:
• The sciences that deal with one or more
aspects of the Earth as a planet are grouped
together as Earth science.
Geo-Earth ; Loges – science
Earth science Geology
• It is the science that deals with the study of
Earth as a whole.
3. Study of Earth as a Planet
Origin
• Hypothesis
• Continental drift theory
• Palaeo Magnetism
• Plate Tectonics
Age
• By Radioactivity
Structure
• Internal structure
4. • Evolution, modification and Extinction – surface and
subsurface features
• Mountains
• Plateaus
• Plains
• Valleys
• Basins
• Caves
• Coastal, marine and submarine forms
• Deals with the materials making up the Earth
• Atmosphere
• Lithosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Biosphere
• Considered as fundamental basic science like Physics,
Chemistry, Biology
5. Branches of Geology
1. Physical Geology - The structural disposition of the rock bodies & huge bodies of
water & ice form other specific subjects of study is physical Geology. It deals with
internal agents (volcanism & earthquake) External agents (wind, water, ice &
atmosphere)
2. Geomorphology - The study of the features of the earth surfaces mainly the land like
mountains, plains, plateaus, valleys & basins.
3. Mineralogy - It deals with formation, occurrence, aggregation, properties & uses of
minerals crystallography branch mineralogy.
4. Petrology - It deals with formation of various types of rocks, their mode of
occurrence, their composition texture, structures, geological & graphical distribution
of rocks. It is subdivided into.
1. Palacogeography
2. Paleontology
3. Stratigiaphy
5. Economic Geology - It deals with study of minerals & rocks which can be exploited
for he benefits of man. These include.
1. Ore Iron, aluminum, copper
2. Non Ore building stones, rock salt, coal, petroleum, Natural gas
6. In addition,
1. Geochemistry - It is the branch of science that deals with the
chemical constitution of earth as a whole
2. Geophysics - It deals with important physics, processes & methods of
physics applied to solve many geological problems like geomagnetism
geo electrolyze etc.
3. Geo hydrology - It deals with interaction b/w hydrology & geology
4. Mining Geology - It is applied to mining practice
5. Engineering Geology - It deal with interaction b/w civil Engg
practices & geologist
6. Rock Mechanics – To check whether the load applied to rock is safe
for the construction
7. Geo mechanics - It is the Newly developing egg. Science which
concern with the study of Natural force fields as acting on the earth
8. Meteorology - The study of atmosphere/weather
9. Oceanography - Deals with oceans
7. Engineering Geology
• EG may be defined as that branch of
applied sciences which deals with the
application of geology for a
• safe,
• Stable,
• economical design & construction of civil
engineering projects
8. The basic objects are of two fold
It enables a civil engineer to understand Engg.
Implications of certain conditions related to the area of
construction, which are essentially geological in nature.
It enables a geologist to understand the Nature of
geological information which is absolutely essential for a
safe design & construction of a civil engineering projects.
Scope of Geology in Engineering
9. • The major activities of a
professional civil engineering are in
Construction job
Water Resource Development
Town & Regional Planning
10. I) Geology in construction jobs
In all heavy construction jobs like
• Dams & reservoirs
• Tower
• Tanks
• Highways & bridges
• Traffic & hydro power tunnels
• Embankments & retaining structures
• Lining of canals
• Laying of drainage pipes etc
• We need to have a clear idea about the site, Planning,
Design, Construction.
11. 1) Planning
Topographic Maps
• Relief features - essential to understand the merits & demerits
• The nature of slopes, depth of valley,
• Rate of change to elevation in various directions can be easily
computed.
Hydrological maps
• Surface & subsurface water channel, its occurrence & depth.
Geological Maps
• Rock types
• Structural disposition of rocks
• Materials of construction
• Exploratory operations (test holes etc.)
• Subsurface investigation
12. ii) Design
– The existence of hard bedrocks & their
depth from & inclination with the surface.
– The Mechanical properties of the rock
especially compressive, shear & transverse
strength, modulus of elasticity,
permeability & resistance to decay.
13. iii) Construction
– To check the quality control of the
construction materials like sands, gravels,
gushed rocks & soil.
– all are best understood in Geological
perspective.
14. II) Geology in water Resources Development
• Water is an basic needs to our life
• Water cycle is the term given to the sum total
of water cycle:
– evaporation of water from the hydrosphere + its
precipitation in the form of rain & snow + flow
back into the lakes, sea & oceans.
• It depends on Surface & subsurface water.
15. III. Geology in Town & Regional planning
• A town planner is concerned with landscape
& its utilization
– i.e. maximum benefits with minimum of
disturbance to Natural environment.
• A regional planner is responsible for adopting
an integrated approach in all such cases of
allocation of land for development projects.
16. Responsibilities of Civil Engineer
• Geological mapping
• Exploration
• Project planning
• Hydrological / surface water maps
• Hydrogeological maps
• Slope stability/landslide/landslip
• Hydraulic structure / Dams and Reservoirs
• Seismic hazard/seismicity
• Environmental Impact Assessment
Civil Engineers and Geologist work together in Major Civil Engg Srtucture
in different levels:
1. Planning
2. Design
3. Construction
4. Maintanence
17. Geology in other fields
• Land evaluation
• Oceanography
• Space exploration nuclear explosions