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Christer Johansson - (Peatge urbà a Estocolm – efectes sobre la qualitat de l’aire i la salut)

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Medi Ambient. Generalitat de Catalunya
Medi Ambient. Generalitat de Catalunya

The document summarizes information from a presentation on the effects of the congestion tax implemented in Stockholm, Sweden. It led to a 15% reduction in traffic and associated emissions within the tax zone. Nitrogen oxide levels decreased by 5-10% and particulate matter by 13% at street levels. An estimated 25-30 fewer premature deaths per year occurred due to lower pollution exposure. Revenues from the tax were used to improve public transportation. The success of the congestion tax in reducing traffic, emissions and health impacts led to international attention.

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October 20-22 http://international.stockholm.se/-/web-in-web/ Stadsledningskontoret/ Welcome-to-Stockholm-and-the-first-European-Green-Capital-Conference/
International Conference on Road dust – Health effects and abatement strategies October 18-19, 2010 No charge www.slb.nu/roaddust
Stockholm not as clean as most slides indicate! ... actually Sweden to EU court... due to PM10 exceedances! “Sweden and Slovenia did not submit requests for time extensions. As both Member States that had received a final warning in November 2009 continue to exceed the PM10 limit values, the Commission has decided to refer the cases to the European Court of Justice”
Death accidents in traffic in the county of Stockholm 2008 60 persons killed annually in traffic accidents Particles from road traffic may cause >400 premature deaths per year* * Forsberg et al., Ambio, vol.,34, No. 1, 2005.
The Congestion Tax in Stockholm EFFECTS ON AIR QUALITY AND HEALTH Christer Johansson Environmental officer & Professor Environment and Health Administration, City of Stockholm Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm university
Refrendum Trial Permanent Jan-Jul tax system from Aug-2007 jan-05 jan-06 jan-07 jan-08
18 charging points… Automatic identification with cameras (license plates) Maximum amount per vehicle and day – 6 EURO (1-2 € per passage) Extended public transports More park-and-ride sites Essingeleden bypass is exempted (part of European route E4)
18 automatic toll stations
Toll vehicle registrations give high resolution fleet composition Vehicle categories Vehicle information • Personal cars • Model year • Light duty trucks • Weight • Heavy duty trucks • Reason for exemption • Buses
Time of day Tax (In other currencies) (weekdays) 00:00 – 06:29 0 SEK 06:30 – 06:59 10 SEK ~ 1 EUR 07:00 – 07:29 15 SEK 07:30 – 08:29 20 SEK 08:30 – 08:59 15 SEK Maximum amount per 09:00 – 15:29 10 SEK vehicle and day – 60 SEK 15:30 – 15:59 15 SEK - 6.3 EUR 16:00 – 17:29 20 SEK 17:30 – 17:59 15 SEK 18:00 – 18:29 10 SEK 18:30 – 23:59 0 SEK
23/06/2010 PAGE 11 THE CITY OF STOCKHOLM
Less traffic within the zone… Vehicle km within the zone, weekdays year 2005-2006: Total: Pass. cars LCV HGV Buses -15% -17% - 15% -8% +18% -15% Queueing time was reduced by one third in the morning and by half during afternoons
Changes in traffic
Estimated reduction of emissions… The inner-city, year tons/ % Inner-city: 2006: year ~8-14% reduction of Nitrogen oxides, NOx 45 -8,5 emissions (mainly due Carbon monoxide, CO 670 -14 to less traffic) Particles, PM10 total 21 -13 ” ”wear” particles 19 -13 Less congestion: ” ”exhaust” particles 1.8 -12 -2-3% for rush hours Hydrocarbons, VOC 110 -14 ” benzene 3.4 -14 Extended bus traffic: Carbon dioxide, CO2 38,000 -13 more NOx
Air Quality - Nitrogen oxides, NOx… µg/m3 Increased levels Decreased levels Urban background ~6% decrease Street level ~5-10% decrease ~ 1-2% increase Essingeleden & Southern Link tunnel ~1-2% increase
Long term exposure effect on population mortality NOX population exposure indicator of traffic exhaust Long term mortality risk: 8 % per 10 µg/m3 higher NOx-conc. - 0,23 (Nafstad et al. 2004; Oslo*) µg/m3 - 25 to 30 fewer premature deaths per year (1.44 million people) - 206 years of life gained/100 000 people in 10 years. *Nafstad, P., Haheim, L.L., Wisloff, T., Gram, F., Oftedal, B., Holme, I., et al., 2004. Environ Health Persp 112, 610–615. Effects on mortality – “tip of the iceberg”
PM10 & NO2 still exceeding limits PM10 exceedings in Stockholm city (90th percentile of daily mean values) Studded tyres - wear of road surface Sveavägen Hornsgatan 0 1 2 Kilometer 2004-03-01
Daily vehicle passages 600 000 P 550 000 Total Cars HGV Buses Fuel excemptions a 500 000 s PERMANENT s 450 000 TRIAL a 400 000 g 350 000 e s 300 000 250 000 p 200 000 e r 150 000 100 000 d 50 000 a y 0
Reduced emission 2006-2008 NOx PM10 PMc PMe VOC CO CO2 CO2 _ fossil
Increased public transport… Number of people passing into and out of the city centre + 80 000 passages (10%) Buses Under- Local Comm. In total ground trains trains
Boom in alternatively fuelled vehicles… Clean cars exempted from tax until Jan. 1st, 2009 (14 % of passages) 80 000 Etanol 9% 70 000 Fordonsgas El & elhybrid 60 000 Bränslesnål diesel* Personbilar i trafik Bränslesnål bensin* 50 000 6% 40 000 30 000 3% 20 000 10 000 1% 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 År
Location of measurement stations
NOx Mean conc. 101 2005-2008 -------------------Inner city streets------------------ Exempted bypass CO Weekdays 6-19 -------------------Inner city streets------------------ No tax PM10 With tax 36 Exempted bypass -------------------Inner city streets------------------
Revenues and surplus…
International attention • The demonstrated success of road pricing. “Other major cities around the world, including London, England and Stockholm, Sweden most recently, have reduced congestion and improved throughput almost immediately through the implementation of congestion pricing strategies.”
Reports www.slb.nu/lvf http://www.stockholmsforsoket.se/templates/page.aspx?id=183
Conclusions • Large traffic & emission reductions • Efficient way of decreasing exposure to polluttion • Expected big positive effects on health (long term effect on mortality) • Boom in alternatively fuelled vehicles Thank you!
Why we were awarded • Climate combat • District heating Presentation (2)* • Clean cars Dissimenation programme (2)* Sustainable land use (1)* • Congestion tax Sustainable management of the local authority (3)* • Public transport Waste water management (2)* Water consumption (6)* • Clean water Waste production and management (1)* • Waste treatment Noise pollution (1)* Quality of local ambient air (4)* • Recycling Availability of green areas open to the public (1)* • Clean air Local mobility and passenger transport (1)* Local contribution to global climate change (1)* • Green areas 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 • Noise reduction * Rating among the eight finalists Per cent (%) 23/06/2010 PAGE 28 THE CITY OF STOCKHOLM

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Christer Johansson - (Peatge urbà a Estocolm – efectes sobre la qualitat de l’aire i la salut)

  • 2. International Conference on Road dust – Health effects and abatement strategies October 18-19, 2010 No charge www.slb.nu/roaddust
  • 3. Stockholm not as clean as most slides indicate! ... actually Sweden to EU court... due to PM10 exceedances! “Sweden and Slovenia did not submit requests for time extensions. As both Member States that had received a final warning in November 2009 continue to exceed the PM10 limit values, the Commission has decided to refer the cases to the European Court of Justice”
  • 4. Death accidents in traffic in the county of Stockholm 2008 60 persons killed annually in traffic accidents Particles from road traffic may cause >400 premature deaths per year* * Forsberg et al., Ambio, vol.,34, No. 1, 2005.
  • 5. The Congestion Tax in Stockholm EFFECTS ON AIR QUALITY AND HEALTH Christer Johansson Environmental officer & Professor Environment and Health Administration, City of Stockholm Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm university
  • 6. Refrendum Trial Permanent Jan-Jul tax system from Aug-2007 jan-05 jan-06 jan-07 jan-08
  • 7. 18 charging points… Automatic identification with cameras (license plates) Maximum amount per vehicle and day – 6 EURO (1-2 € per passage) Extended public transports More park-and-ride sites Essingeleden bypass is exempted (part of European route E4)
  • 8. 18 automatic toll stations
  • 9. Toll vehicle registrations give high resolution fleet composition Vehicle categories Vehicle information • Personal cars • Model year • Light duty trucks • Weight • Heavy duty trucks • Reason for exemption • Buses
  • 10. Time of day Tax (In other currencies) (weekdays) 00:00 – 06:29 0 SEK 06:30 – 06:59 10 SEK ~ 1 EUR 07:00 – 07:29 15 SEK 07:30 – 08:29 20 SEK 08:30 – 08:59 15 SEK Maximum amount per 09:00 – 15:29 10 SEK vehicle and day – 60 SEK 15:30 – 15:59 15 SEK - 6.3 EUR 16:00 – 17:29 20 SEK 17:30 – 17:59 15 SEK 18:00 – 18:29 10 SEK 18:30 – 23:59 0 SEK
  • 11. 23/06/2010 PAGE 11 THE CITY OF STOCKHOLM
  • 12. Less traffic within the zone… Vehicle km within the zone, weekdays year 2005-2006: Total: Pass. cars LCV HGV Buses -15% -17% - 15% -8% +18% -15% Queueing time was reduced by one third in the morning and by half during afternoons
  • 14. Estimated reduction of emissions… The inner-city, year tons/ % Inner-city: 2006: year ~8-14% reduction of Nitrogen oxides, NOx 45 -8,5 emissions (mainly due Carbon monoxide, CO 670 -14 to less traffic) Particles, PM10 total 21 -13 ” ”wear” particles 19 -13 Less congestion: ” ”exhaust” particles 1.8 -12 -2-3% for rush hours Hydrocarbons, VOC 110 -14 ” benzene 3.4 -14 Extended bus traffic: Carbon dioxide, CO2 38,000 -13 more NOx
  • 15. Air Quality - Nitrogen oxides, NOx… µg/m3 Increased levels Decreased levels Urban background ~6% decrease Street level ~5-10% decrease ~ 1-2% increase Essingeleden & Southern Link tunnel ~1-2% increase
  • 16. Long term exposure effect on population mortality NOX population exposure indicator of traffic exhaust Long term mortality risk: 8 % per 10 µg/m3 higher NOx-conc. - 0,23 (Nafstad et al. 2004; Oslo*) µg/m3 - 25 to 30 fewer premature deaths per year (1.44 million people) - 206 years of life gained/100 000 people in 10 years. *Nafstad, P., Haheim, L.L., Wisloff, T., Gram, F., Oftedal, B., Holme, I., et al., 2004. Environ Health Persp 112, 610–615. Effects on mortality – “tip of the iceberg”
  • 17. PM10 & NO2 still exceeding limits PM10 exceedings in Stockholm city (90th percentile of daily mean values) Studded tyres - wear of road surface Sveavägen Hornsgatan 0 1 2 Kilometer 2004-03-01
  • 18. Daily vehicle passages 600 000 P 550 000 Total Cars HGV Buses Fuel excemptions a 500 000 s PERMANENT s 450 000 TRIAL a 400 000 g 350 000 e s 300 000 250 000 p 200 000 e r 150 000 100 000 d 50 000 a y 0
  • 19. Reduced emission 2006-2008 NOx PM10 PMc PMe VOC CO CO2 CO2 _ fossil
  • 20. Increased public transport… Number of people passing into and out of the city centre + 80 000 passages (10%) Buses Under- Local Comm. In total ground trains trains
  • 21. Boom in alternatively fuelled vehicles… Clean cars exempted from tax until Jan. 1st, 2009 (14 % of passages) 80 000 Etanol 9% 70 000 Fordonsgas El & elhybrid 60 000 Bränslesnål diesel* Personbilar i trafik Bränslesnål bensin* 50 000 6% 40 000 30 000 3% 20 000 10 000 1% 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 År
  • 23. NOx Mean conc. 101 2005-2008 -------------------Inner city streets------------------ Exempted bypass CO Weekdays 6-19 -------------------Inner city streets------------------ No tax PM10 With tax 36 Exempted bypass -------------------Inner city streets------------------
  • 25. International attention • The demonstrated success of road pricing. “Other major cities around the world, including London, England and Stockholm, Sweden most recently, have reduced congestion and improved throughput almost immediately through the implementation of congestion pricing strategies.”
  • 26. Reports www.slb.nu/lvf http://www.stockholmsforsoket.se/templates/page.aspx?id=183
  • 27. Conclusions • Large traffic & emission reductions • Efficient way of decreasing exposure to polluttion • Expected big positive effects on health (long term effect on mortality) • Boom in alternatively fuelled vehicles Thank you!
  • 28. Why we were awarded • Climate combat • District heating Presentation (2)* • Clean cars Dissimenation programme (2)* Sustainable land use (1)* • Congestion tax Sustainable management of the local authority (3)* • Public transport Waste water management (2)* Water consumption (6)* • Clean water Waste production and management (1)* • Waste treatment Noise pollution (1)* Quality of local ambient air (4)* • Recycling Availability of green areas open to the public (1)* • Clean air Local mobility and passenger transport (1)* Local contribution to global climate change (1)* • Green areas 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 • Noise reduction * Rating among the eight finalists Per cent (%) 23/06/2010 PAGE 28 THE CITY OF STOCKHOLM