1 CDU APA 6th Referencing Style Guide (Febru.docx

1
CDU APA 6th
Referencing Style Guide
(February 2019 version)
2
Contents
APA Fundamentals
.......................................................................................... 3
Reference List
...............................................................................................
.... 3
Citing in the text
...............................................................................................
5
Paraphrase
...............................................................................................

.... 5
Direct
quotes.....................................................................................
............ 5
Secondary source
.......................................................................................... 6
Personal
communications.......................................................................
...... 6
Examples
...............................................................................................
........... 7
Book
...............................................................................................
............... 7
eBook
............................................................................................. ..
............. 7
Journal article with doi
................................................................................ 7
Journal article without doi
........................................................................... 7
Web page
...............................................................................................
....... 7
Books - print and online

................................................................................... 8
Single author
...............................................................................................
. 8
eBook/electronic book
................................................................................ 11
Journal articles, Conference papers and Newspaper articles
........................ 13
Multimedia
...............................................................................................
...... 16
YouTube or Streaming video
..................................................................... 16
Online images
...............................................................................................
.. 17
Web sources and online documents
................................................................ 20
Web page
...............................................................................................
..... 20
Document from a website
........................................................................... 21
Legislation and cases
...................................................................................... 23

Common abbreviations
.................................................................................. 24
Appendix 1: How to write an APA reference when information
is missing .. 25
Appendix 2: Author layout for in-text citations
............................................. 26
3
APA Fundamentals
Reference List
The reference list identifies the items cited in a document in
enough detail, so they can be located by another person. The
elements
required for a reference list are outlined below:
• The reference list appears at the end of the
article/report/document, starting on a new page.
• The reference list is headed by the title References, centred
and bold.

• The reference list is organised in alphabetical order by first
named authors or title if there is no author (ignore the words
‘A’,
‘An’, and ‘The’ when alphabetising by title). See “How do
I…?” on the APA Referencing Guide.
• Each reference should be separated from the next reference by
one empty line.
• All references should have a hanging indent (of 5-7 spaces)
for the second and subsequent lines of each entry. See “How
do I…?” on the APA Referencing Guide.
• Remove hyperlinks from URLs and DOIs. See “How do I…?”
on the APA Referencing Guide.
• When the reference entry includes a URL that must be divided
between two lines, break it before a slash or dash or at
another logical division point. i.e.:
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/mf/4102.0
/opendocument#frombanner=LN
/socialtrends/Australia/Northern Territory
• Capitalisation in APA style is very specific. In titles and
subtitles of articles, chapters, books, reports and webpage titles,
capitalise only the first letter of the first word of the title, the
sub title and any proper nouns.
For journal titles you must capitalise the first letter of every
word (except for words like ‘in’, ‘at’, ‘of’, ‘the’)

• Italicise book titles, journal titles, and volume numbers. Do
NOT italicise issue numbers.
• References cited in text must appear in the reference list and
vice versa. The only exceptions to this rule are personal
communications and entire websites; they are cited in text only
and are not included in the reference list.
http://libguides.cdu.edu.au/cdureferencing/apa
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/mf/
CDU APA 6th Reference Style Guide 2019
4
• Use only the initial(s) of the author’s given name(s), not the
full name. E.g. Robert Mark Smith will appear as Smith, R. M.
• If no date is listed on a resource, use n.d. (no date) instead.
Example of citation: (Author, n.d.) / Example of reference:
Author. (n.d.). Title. Retrieved from URL
• If the reference list includes 2 or more entries by the same
author(s), list them in chronological order with the earliest first:

Reference: Jones, J. (2012). Travel tips. Retrieved from URL
In-text citation: (Jones, 2012)
Reference: Jones, J. (2016). Worst holidays ever. Retrieved
from URL In-text citation: (Jones, 2016)
If the sources were published by the same author in the same
year add a letter after the date in-text and in the reference:
Reference: Smith, J. (2014a). Best food ever. Retrieved from
URL In-text citation: (Smith, 2014a)
Reference: Smith, J. (2014b). Chocolate is great. Retrieved
from URL In-text citation: (Smith, 2014b)
If the sources were published by the same author, and don’t
have a date, use (n.d.) and list as follows:
Reference: St John. (n.d.-a). Burns. Retrieved from URL In-
text citation: (St John, n.d.-a)
Reference: St John. (n.d.-b). Scalds. Retrieved from URL In-
text citation: (St John, n.d.-b)
• Place of publication: Follow the city name with the
abbreviation for the state or the full name of the country, e.g.
Melbourne,
Vic., or London, England. If you do not have the city, use the
state, e.g. NSW, Australia
• If a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is listed on an electronic
source it is included in the reference. A DOI is a unique
alphanumeric string that is used to identify a certain source
(typically journal articles). It is often found on the first page of
an
article. An acceptable DOI does not include any CDU or
‘ezproxy’ information:

▪ Acceptable DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014 - see
‘Journal article online: with doi’ (p. 13)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014 - see ‘Journal article
online: with doi’ (p. 13)
doi:10.1037/arc0000014 - see ‘Journal article with doi’ (p. 7)
▪ Not acceptable DOI:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/10.1016/j.colegn.2015.09.0
02
• If the article doesn’t have a DOI then provide the URL. E.g.
Retrieved from http://pit.sagepub.com/lookup/pmid =272
• It is possible to use an abbreviated version of an
organisational author in text, but you must use it in full the first
time. In-text
example: (World Health Organization [WHO], 2014). Use
square brackets if it is within parentheses. In your reference list
use the full name of the author.
5
Citing in the text
The purpose of citing in-text is to provide brief information
about the source used. The complete information about the
source is
listed in the alphabetical list of references at the end of the
document.

Paraphrase When paraphrasing only include author and year in
your citation – e.g. (Jones, 2015). However,
your lecturer may request you include a page number in your
citation – e.g. (Jones, 2015, p. 3).
Direct quotes
When you use a direct quotation in your writing you must
enclose the quote in double quotation
marks and cite the source including page numbers.
For example:
Issues surround the imitation of real world buildings as they
“serve the important function of
grounding users’ expectations and providing affordances for
them to effectively move through
space, they can also be limiting” (Ball & Bainbridge, 2008, p.
118).
Block Quotes If a quote is 40 words or more, omit quotation
marks and use a block format with the quote
indented about 1cm (or 5 spaces) from the left margin and
double-space the entire paragraph.
They had a less good walk back, simply because they hit the
upper waters of the north
west river at the wrong place and had to walk two miles
upstream to cross it. In the
middle of the crossing Thelma found a thalloid liverwort and to
Hugh’s astonishment
stopped to collect it. (Davies, 2010, p. 62)

Altering a direct quote
When you need to leave out part of a quotation to make it fit
grammatically or because it contains
irrelevant/unnecessary information, insert ellipses (three dots).
If you add or slightly change words
within a quotation for reasons of grammar or clarity, indicate
the change with square brackets.
“Drug prevention…[efforts] backed this up” (Gardner, 2007, p.
49).
Anonymous author When a work's author is designated as
"Anonymous", cite in the text the word Anonymous
followed by a comma and the date. For example: (Anonymous,
2006)
Multiple authors When citing multiple authors check the
“Author layout for in-text citations”
6
Pinpointing a specific part
of a resource with no
page number
Often electronic sources don’t include page numbers, or you
want to pinpoint a specific section of
a document. It may be useful to include a paragraph number;

section number or use the words
the source uses instead if the source is lengthy. For example:
ACARA (n.d., ACELA1443) aptly phrased it…
… (Beutler, 2000, para. 5)
Secondary source
(secondary citation)
You read Lister’s article. In that article Lister refers to Miller’s
ideas. You are encouraged to find
Miller’s work. If you can’t find Miller’s work, cite Miller’s
ideas like this:
… simple definition of social justice (Miller, as cited in Lister,
2007).
OR
Miller’s simple definition of social justice (as cited in Lister,
2007).
Do not include the date of Miller’s work.
You include the Lister article in your reference list:
Lister, R. (2007). Social justice. Benefits, 15(2), 113–125.
doi:10.33.44.555/list
Two or more references
within the same
parentheses

Order citations of two or more works by different authors
within the same brackets alphabetically
in the same order they appear in the reference list. Separate the
citations with semicolons.
For example: (Megarrity, 2018; Sullivan, 2014; Tafransky &
Mahoney, 2016).
Personal communications Cite personal communications in text
only, for example, personal unpublished photos,
conversations, emails, interviews, personal files, documents
from an intranet (e.g. hospital policy)
i.e. any resource that is not accessible to your reader.
Format: (Author, personal communication, Month date, year):
…as stated in the Infection control guideline (Royal Darwin
Hospital, personal communication,
September 4, 2018).
… guidelines were provided in a conversation with the Director
of Nursing (R. Smith, personal
communication, September 4, 2018).
Materials from Learnline should be referenced because they are
available to the reader (e.g. your
lecturer or marker).
7
Examples
Here are some basic examples of CDU-APA 6th style. More

detailed examples are included throughout this guide. Where no
exact
example is provided these general principles should be
followed.
Book
author date book title in italics edition place of
publication publisher
Dinham, J. (2014). Delivering authentic arts education (2nd
ed.). South Melbourne, Vic.: Cengage Learning.
eBook
author date book title in italics edition URL
Dinham, J. (2014). Delivering authentic arts education (2nd
ed.). Retrieved from https://ebookcentral-proquest
-
com.ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/lib/cdu/reader.action?ppg=2&docID=19
90987&tm=1545024544990
Journal article with doi
authors date article title journal title in
italics volume in italics(issue)
Fowler, M. D., & Davis, A. J. (2013). Ethical issues occurring
within nursing education. Nursing Ethics, 20(2), 126-141.
doi:10.1177/0969733012474290 doi
page numbers

Journal article without doi
author date article title journal
title in italics volume in italics(issue) page numbers
Levy, L. (2018). The role of podiatric medicine in public health.
Podiatry Management, 37(2), 119-122. Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=rzh&AN=1290
92815&site=ehost-live URL
Web page
author date web page title
webpage URL
Better Health Channel. (2013). Smoking tobacco is deadly.
Retrieved from https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health
/healthyliving/smoking-tobacco-is-deadly
8
Books - print and online
Important elements
Print book:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of

book (edition). Location of publication: Publisher.
eBook:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year of
publication). Title of book: Subtitle. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxx OR
Retrieved from URL of
the eBook
Reference Type
In-text example Reference list example EndNote
Reference
Type
Single author
… in relation to northern
developments
(Megarrity, 2018).
OR
Megarrity (2018) states
that ...
Megarrity, L. (2018). Northern dreams: The politics of northern
development in Australia. North Melbourne, Vic.: Australian
Scholarly Publishing.
Book

2 authors
Roitman and La
Fontaine (2012) ...
OR
“... achieve consistency”
(Roitman & La Fontaine,
2012, p. 45)
Cite both names every time
the in-text citation occurs
Roitman, J. L., & La Fontaine, T. P. (2012). The exercise
professional’s
guide to optimizing health: Strategies for preventing and
reducing chronic disease. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer
Health.
Book
9
3-5 authors First citation:
(Kerridge, Lowe, &
Stewart, 2013)

Subsequent citations:
(Kerridge et al., 2013)
Cite all the names the first
time the in-text citation
occurs; in subsequent
citations, use the surname
of the first author followed
by et al.
Kerridge, I., Lowe, M., & Stewart, C. (2013). Ethics and law for
the
health professions (4th ed.). Annandale, NSW: Federation
Press.
These rules for referencing and citing multiple authors also
apply for journal
articles, reports … see “Author layout for in-text citations”
Book
6 or 7 authors
Bergin et al. (2018)
found that...
OR
(Bergin et al., 2018)
Cite only the surname of

the first author followed by
et al.
Bergin, C. C., Bergin, D. A., Walker, S., Daniel, G., Fenton, A.,
&
Subban, P. (2018). Child and adolescent development for
educators. South Melbourne, Vic.: Cengage Learning Australia.
Include all authors in the reference.
apply for journal
Book
8 or more
authors
(Kersemakers et al.,
2017)
Cite only the surname of
the first author followed by
et al.
Kersemakers, A., Klesch, R., George, K., Royal, B., Williams,
A.,
Cartwright, J., … Bailey, K. (2017). The chocolate eating habits
of CDU librarians. Darwin, NT: CDU Press.

For works with 8 or more authors, list the first 6 authors,
followed by 3 full
stops (...) then the last author’s name.
apply for journal
Book
10
No author
(Employment the
professional way, 2000)
OR
the book Employment
the professional way
(2000)
Shorten title and put in
italics

Employment the professional way: A guide to understanding the
Australian job search process for professionally qualified
migrants. (2000). Carlton, Vic.: Australian Multicultural
Foundation.
Book
Book: different
editions
(Howitt & Cramer, 2016) Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2016).
Introduction to research methods
in psychology (5th ed.). Melbourne, Vic.: Pearson Australia.
Edition
Book: editor (Smith, 2015) Smith, J. A. (Ed.). (2015).
Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to
research methods (3rd ed.). London, UK: Sage.
Edited
book
Book:
organisation as
author
(Australian Institute of
Health and Welfare,
2018)

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2018). Australia’s
health
2018. Canberra: Author.
Where the author and publisher are identical, use the word
‘Author’ as the
name of the publisher. (In EndNote place a comma after the
corporate author)
Book
Chapter in an
edited book or
book series
(Germov & Belcher,
2018)
Germov, J., & Belcher, H. (2018). Power, politics and
healthcare. In J.
Germov (Ed.), Second opinion: An introduction to health
sociology (6th ed., pp. 448-477). Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford
University Press.
Chapter author. (year of publication). Chapter title. In Book
editor(s) (Ed. or Eds.),
Book title in italics (edition information, pp. chapter page
numbers). Place of

publication: Publisher or Retrieved from URL
If an author(s) is listed at the beginning of a chapter follow this
format,
otherwise reference as a whole book.
Edited
book
11
Book with
volumes
(Mizrahi, 2008)
(Kable & Govind, 2016)
Authored book:
Mizrahi, T. (2008). Encyclopedia of social work (20th ed., Vol.
1).
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Chapter in an edited book:
Kable, A., & Govind, N. (2016). Nursing care of people having
surgery.
In P. LeMone, K. M. Burke, G. Bauldoff, P. Gubrud-Howe, T.
Levett-Jones, T. Dwyer, … D. Raymond (Eds.), Medical
surgical
nursing: Critical thinking for person-centered care (3rd
Australian ed., Vol. 1, pp. 35-66). Melbourne, Vic.: Pearson
Australia.
Book
eBook/electronic
book online or
from library
database, incl.
eReadings
(Vandenberg, 2018)
eBook with doi
(Davies & Beech, 2018)
eBook with URL
(Robertson, 2014)
book in eReadings

Vandenberg, A. (2018). Education policy and the Australian
Education
Union. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68047-7
Davies, G., & Beech, A. (2018). Forensic psychology: Crime,
justice,
law interventions (3rd ed.). Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/login?url=http://ebookcentral.proques
t.
com/lib/cdu/detail.action?docID=5018401
Robertson, M. (2014). Sustainability: Principles and practice.
Retrieved
from https://ereadings.cdu.edu.au/eserv/cdu:53362
/ER09416.pdf
Electronic
book
Dictionary and
Encyclopedia -
eBook
See p. 21 for an
example of an
online dictionary
“Acid Rain” (2014) is …
OR

“… atmospheric
pollution” (“Acid Rain”,
2014, p. 3)
Acid rain. (2014). In D. Kemp (Ed.), The environment
dictionary (pp. 3-
9). Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com.ezproxy.
cdu.edu.au/lib/cdu/reader.action?docID=165278&ppg=8
Edited
book
12
Dictionary - print (“Bathyorographical”,
1993)
Bathyorographical. (1993). In R. H. Hill (Ed.), Dictionary of
difficult
words (p. 61). New York, NY: Wiley.
Book
Brochure or
pamphlet
(Cancer Council

Australia, 2012)
Cancer Council Australia. (2012). Skin cancer [Brochure].
Sydney,
Australia: Author.
Where the author and publisher are identical, use the word
‘Author’ as the
name of the publisher. (In EndNote place a comma after the
corporate author)
Book
13
Journal articles, Conference papers and Newspaper articles
Important elements
See Books-print and online for information on multiple authors.
Journal article:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of
article. Journal Title, volume number(issue number), page–page.

doi:xxxx OR Retrieved from URL
Newspaper article:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year, Month Day). Article title:
Subtitle. Newspaper Title. Retrieved from URL
Conference paper:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Conference paper title.
Paper presented at the Conference Title, Place, State/Country.
Retrieved from URL
Reference Type
In-text example Reference list example EndNote
Reference
Type
Journal article-
print
(Birbilis, 2018) Birbilis, J. (2018). When psychology and
politics commingle. Journal
of Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 730-733.
For journal titles you must capitalise the first letter of every
word (except for
words like ‘in’, ‘at’, ‘of’, ‘the’)
Journal
article

Journal article
online: with doi
(Levenson, 2017) Levenson, J. (2017). Trauma-informed social
work practice. Social
Work, 62(2), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swx001
Electronic
article
14
Journal article
online: no doi
(Moss, White, & Lee,
2018)
Moss, S., White, B., & Lee, J. (2018). A systematic review into
the
psychological causes and correlates of plagiarism. Ethics &
Behavior, 28(4), 261-283. Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/login?url=https://www.tandfonline.co
m/doi/abs/10.1080/10508422.2017.1341837
Electronic
article
Article retrieved

from Learnline,
eSpace or
eReadings
(Arnold & Boggs,
2007)
Arnold, E., & Boggs, K. U. (2007). Structuring the relationship.
Developmental Psychology, 25(2), 264-276. Retrieved from
http://ereadings.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:18679
Electronic
article
Newspaper article
online: available
via the Web or
electronic
database
(Parnell, 2018) Parnell, S. (2018, October 11). Health risk with
early obesity. The
Australian. Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.co
m/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=nfh&AN=9X9
A
USNEWSMMGLSTRY000376781678&site=ehost-live
Newspaper
article

Newspaper article:
no author
(“Two teen migrants”,
2018)
Use first few words of
article title in quotation
marks
Two teen migrants caught crossing Mediterranean on truck tyre.
(2018, December 16). The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved
from https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/two-teen-migrants-
caught-crossing-mediterranean-on-truck-tyre-20181216-
p50mj0.html
Newspaper
article
Newspaper article:
print
(Kelly, 2018) Kelly, P. (2018, December 15). Political catch-up
splits the nation.
Weekend Australian, p. 29.
Newspaper
article
Conference paper
(in published
proceedings)
Burton (2017) outlines

…
Burton, D. (2017). Flare: A national flash flood warning
resource. In
2017 Floodplain Management Australia National Conference
(pp. 1-9). Retrieved from
http://www.floods.org.au/site/index.cfm?display=730745
Conference
paper
http://ereadings.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:18679
15
Conference
Presentation
(Garces, 2017) Garces, E. (2017, July). Regulation of digital
and intangible assets.
Paper presented at ACCC/AER Regulatory Conference,
Brisbane, QLD. Retrieved from https://www.accc.gov.au/about-
us/conferences-events/accc-aer-regulatory-conference
Conference
proceedings
Theses-print
version

Rorrison (2006)
examines …
Rorrison, D. (2006). Jumping through spinning hoops, chance or
a
carefully constructed learning journey? A critical view of
learning in the secondary practicum. (Unpublished Master’s
thesis). Charles Darwin University, NT, Australia.
Thesis
Theses - online Azam’s analysis (2016,
p. 208) shows the
“spectral peak …
Azam, S. (2016). Detection of binaural processing in the human
brain.
(PhD Thesis, Charles Darwin University, 2016). Retrieved from
http://espace.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:59624
Electronic
article
Pre-print
submitted, before
peer review
Post –Print
accepted & peer
reviewed - not yet

published
It is recommended to
use the published
version of a paper if
it is available
Barclay (pre-print)
suggests that…
(Turnbull, post-print)
Barclay, L. (pre-print). Women and midwives: Position,
problems and
potential. Midwifery. Retrieved from
http://espace.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:6640
Turnbull, B. (post-print). Scholarship and mentoring: An
essential
partnership? International Journal of Nursing Practice.
Retrieved from http://espace.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:10014
Electronic
article

16
Multimedia
Important elements
DVD or Film:
Producer Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Producer), &
Director Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Director).
(Year). Title
of movie [Format e.g. Motion picture or DVD]. Country where
movie was produced: Name of Studio.
Video streaming: i.e. YouTube or Vimeo
Author, A. A. OR Author screen name. (Year, Month Day).
Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from URL of specific
video
Reference Type
In-text example
Reference list example

EndNote
Reference
Type
DVD or
videorecordings
(Hallam & Lam, 2010) Hallam, J. (Producer, Writer), & Lam,
K. (Producer, Director). (2010).
Staff relations in healthcare: Working as a team [DVD]. New
York, NY: Insight Media.
Film or
broadcast
Television
programs
(McDermott, 2013) McDermott, Q. (Reporter). (2013, February
4). Lance and the truth
[Television broadcast]. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au
/4corners/stories/2013/02/04/3680186.htm
Online
Multimedia
YouTube or
Streaming video
... paraphrasing other’s
work (CDUniLibrary,
2017)

CDUniLibrary. (2017, August 21). Cat capers: Adventures in
academic
integrity [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzCipTk71Bc
Online
Multimedia
Software (Physicians Interactive,
2017)
Physicians Interactive. (2017). Omnio: Clinical resource
(Version
3.24.6) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from
http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/id293170168?mt=8&ign=uo%3D
4
Computer
program
iPad and other
apps
(WebMD Health
Corporation, 2012)
WebMD Health Corporation. (2012). Medscape (Version 4.0)
[Mobile
application software]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com
Computer

program
http://itunes.apple.com/
17
Online images
When using images, you must be aware of copyright and
licencing restrictions. Not all images are freely available to use.
The best types of images to use are those with a Creative
Commons (CC) licence. Watch this video on how to find and
cite an appropriately licenced image.
Image caption: From “Title of Image,” by A. Author, Year
(URL). Licence (e.g. CC BY 2.0).
Reference: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of image. Retrieved from
URL
Place the in-text citation directly beneath the image as a
caption. It is acceptable to resize the caption to a smaller font if
it is too
long.
Example:

From “Sustainable Transport,” by A. Wellings, 2012
(https://flic.kr/p/cpBHSJ). CC BY-NC 2.0.
Reference:
Wellings, A. (2012). Sustainable transport. Retrieved from
https://flic.kr/p/cpBHSJ
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/
https://youtu.be/MJmTYP2Qz4E
18
Reference
Type
In-text/caption example Reference list example
Online image
– personal
author
From “Zebra Finch,” by C. Williamson, 2009
(https://flic.kr/p/6Jepim). CC BY 2.0.
From “Friendly Male Koala,” by Quartl, 2009
(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frien
dly_Male_Koala.JPG). CC BY-SA 3.0.
Give the author’s name exactly as it appears on the
source page of the image.

Williamson, C. (2009). Zebra finch. Retrieved from
https://flic.kr/p/6Jepim
Quartl. (2009). Friendly male koala. Retrieved from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
/File:Friendly_Male_Koala.JPG
Online image
-
organisation
as author
From “Instituting an Electronic Medical Record
System,” by CDC Global, 2014
(https://flic.kr/p/oGi1bs). CC BY 2.0.
If the image has a long title, use only the first few
words of the title in the in-text citation.
CDC Global. (2014). Instituting an electronic medical record
system reduces the need to manage and store growing
volumes of patient charts, a major challenge in resource-
limited settings. Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/oGi1bs
Include the full title of the image in the reference.
Image in the
public
domain or

with CC0
Licence
From “Schematic Diagram of the Human Eye,”
by Rhcastilhos, 2007
(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sche
matic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg). In
the public domain.
From “Dog Swimming,” by P. Singhto, 2013
(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dog_
swimming.jpg). CC0 1.0.
Cite images that are in the public domain or have a
CC0 Licence even if no attribution is required.
Rhcastilhos. (2007). Schematic diagram of the human eye.
Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
/File:Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg
Singhto, P. (2013). Dog swimming. Retrieved from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dog_swimming.jpg
19
Image with
no title

The photo of a brown bear is by Rasmus
Svinding, 2006
(https://www.pexels.com/photo/zoo-bear-
35435/). CC0.
Provide a brief description of the image.
Svinding, R. (2006). [Brown bear]. Retrieved from
https://www.pexels.com/photo/zoo-bear-35435/
Enclose the brief description of the photo in square brackets.
Image with
no author
From “Group of Female Top Tennis Players,
1902,” 2012
(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grou
p_of_female_top_tennis_players,_1902.jpg). In
the public domain.
Omit the author element.
Group of female top tennis players, 1902. (2012). Retrieved
from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
/File:Group_of_female_top_tennis_players,_1902.jpg

Put the title in place of the author.
Citing an
online image
without
reproducing
it
In-text citation without reproducing the image:
In the photo “Autumn Ivy” (Curtin University
Library, 2007) …
Curtin University Library. (2007). Autumn ivy [Image].
Retrieved
from https://www.flickr.com/photos/curtinuniversitylibrary
/1440410713
The APA blog explains what to do for images from other
sources:
https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2016/01/navigating-copyright-
part-4.html
https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2016/01/navigating-copyright-
part-4.html

20
Web sources and online documents
Important elements
Web Page:
Personal Author or Organisation as Author. (Date, if not known,
put n.d.). Title of web page. Retrieved from URL of web page
Document from a web page (e.g. PDF, Word, Excel,
PowerPoint):
Personal Author or Organisation as Author. (Last update or
copyright date; if not known, put n.d.). Title of document on a
web
page. Retrieved from URL of specific document or page where
the document is accessed from
Reference Type
In-text example

EndNote
Reference
Type
Web page:
Organisation as
author
Web page:
Personal author
(Australian Institute of
Health and Welfare,
2016)
(Wyatt, 2012)
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2016). How many
Australians have diabetes? Retrieved from
http://www.aihw.gov.au/how-common-is-diabetes/
Wyatt, H. (2012). WWF praises people power in spurring
Australia
marine parks decision. Retrieved from http://wwf.panda.org
/who_we_are/wwf_offices/australia/great_barrier_Reef
_ecoregion/?206737/WWF-praises-people-power-in-spurring
-Australia-marine-parks-decision
Web Page

Web page: no
date
(St John, n.d.) St John. (n.d.). Burns. Retrieved from
https://www.stjohn.org.nz/First-
Aid/First-Aid-Library/Burns/
Web Page
21
Document from a
website
(Nursing and Midwifery
Board of Australia,
2016)
Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2016). Registered
nurse
standards for practice. Retrieved from
http://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-
Statements/Professional-standards.aspx
Electronic
article
Document from

Learnline
(Moss, 2019) Moss, M. (2019). HSC210 – Module one:
Sociology for health
professionals. Retrieved from https://online.cdu.edu.au
/webapps/blackboard/content/listContentEditable.jsp?content
_id=_2692267_1&course_id=_44041_1&mode=cpview
Electronic
article
Standards (Standards Australia,
2018)
Standards Australia. (2018). Reinforced autoclaved aerated
concrete:
Construction (AS 5146.3:2018). Retrieved from https://www-
saiglobal-com.ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/online/autologin.asp
Electronic
article
Government
document
(Department of the
Environment and
Energy, 2017)
Department of the Environment and Energy. (2017). Australia’s
emissions projections 2017. Retrieved from
http://www.environment.gov.au/climate-
change/publications/emissions-projections-2017

Government
document
Australian Bureau
of Statistics (ABS)
(Australian Bureau of
Statistics, 2013)
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Regional population
growth:
Australia, 2011-2012 (cat. no. 3218.0). Retrieved from
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Previousp
roducts
/3218.0Main%20Features32011-12?opendocument&tabname
=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=201112&num=&view=
Electronic
article
Australian
Curriculum Online
(Australian Curriculum,
Assessment and
Reporting Authority,
n.d.)
Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority.
(n.d.).
The Australian curriculum: Literacy. Retrieved from
https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/f-10-
curriculum/general-capabilities/literacy/

Electronic
article
Reference from
eMIMS or eTG
“Panadol” (2012) as
listed in MIMS …
Panadol: Back & neck pain relief. (2012). In MIMS. Retrieved
from
https://www-mimsonline-com-au.ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/Search
/ShowPDF.aspx?xmlDoc=08393.xml&XSLKey=PIxsl_pdf&Pat
hKey=AbbrevPIxmlPath
Electronic
article
22
Article from a
health database
i.e.: Cochrane,
Joanna Briggs
Institute

(Nguyen, 2017)
(Winter, Hunter, Sim, &
Crome, 2011)
Nguyen, D. H. (2017). Wound packing: Clinical information.
Joanna
Briggs Institute Evidence Summary, (JBI241), 1-3. Retrieved
from http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com.ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/sp-
3.28.0a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=JCODFPAOIEDDKHDFNCFKFGMC
JNKNAA00&Link+Set=S.sh.39%7c5%7csl_190
Winter, J., Hunter, S., Sim, J., & Crome, P. (2011). Hands-on
therapy
interventions for upper limb motor dysfunction following
stroke.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 201(6), 1-35.
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006609.pub.2
Electronic
article
Online blog (Becker, 2012) Becker, D. (2012, October 4). Cite
what you see, cite what you use
[Blog post]. Retrieved from https://blog.apastyle.org
/apastyle/2012/10/cite-what-you-see-cite-what-you-use.html

Blog
Online Dictionary
or Encyclopedia
… art of teaching
(“Education”, 2016)
Education. (2016). In Dictionary.com. Retrieved January 5,
2017,
from http://www.dictionary.com/browse/education?s=t
Web page
Facebook page (Bureau of
Meteorology, 2018)
Bureau of Meteorology. (2018, December 3). Spring 2018 was
more
than a degree warmer than average for Australia. Full climate
summary at http://ow.ly/1nXc30mPQLD [Facebook update].
Retrieved from
https://www.facebook.com/bureauofmeteorology/photos/a.171
427712921137/2122857961111426/?type=3&theater
Twitter update or
Tweet
(Trump, 2018)
Trump, D. [realDonaldTrump]. (2017, May 31). Who can figure

out
the true meaning of “covfefe”? [Tweet]. Retrieved from https://
twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/869858333477523458
Instagram photo
(Fox, 2018) Fox, M. J. [@realmikejfox]. (2018, June 5). It takes
< than a min to
learn how to save a life. Watch the video at handsonly.nyc
#ICanSaveALife with #HandsOnlyCPR [Instagram photo].
Retrieved from https://www.instagram.com/p/BjppDLDBxRF/
For Instagram videos change text in square bracket
23
Legislation and cases
Important elements
Act or Bill:
Name of Act Year (Jurisdiction)
Case:
Case Name (Year) Volume Law Report Series Reporter

Abbreviated Starting Page
Reference
Type
In-text example
EndNote
Reference
Type
Acts and Bills ... according to s. 24.1 of the
Anti-Discrimination Act 2018
(NT) ...
The Social Security
Commission Bill 2018 (Cth)
establishes ...
Anti-Discrimination Act 2018 (NT)
Social Security Commission Bill 2018 (Cth)

If accessed electronically no additional details are required, cite
as you
would for print.
Legal Rule/
Regulation
Cases According to Carey v. Price
(2005) ...
... in a land rights case
(Mabo v. Queensland,
1988).
Carey v. Price (2005) 132 ALR 255
Mabo v. Queensland (1988) 166 CLR 186
Case
24
Common abbreviations
App. appendix
Art. article

Ca. Circa
Chap. chapter
Div. division
ed. edition
Ed. / Eds. Editor / Editors
et al. and others (Latin et al)
n.d. no date
No. Nos. Number / Numbers
n.p. no place
p. pp. page(s)
para. paragraph
Pt. Part
Rev. ed. Revised edition
Sec. Section
Ser. Series
Suppl. Supplement
s.v. under the word (Latin sub verso)
Trans. Translator(s)

Vol. / Vols. Volume / Volumes
All examples are based on the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association, 6th ed., 2010 available
in the Library. A sample essay is available with examples of in-
text citations and Reference list.
https://cdu-edu-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-
explore/fulldisplay?docid=61CDU_Alma2131811470003446&co
ntext=L&vid=61CDU&search_scope=default_scope&tab=defaul
t_tab&lang=en_US
25
Appendix 1: How to write an APA reference when information
is missing
26

Appendix 2: Author layout for in-text citations
In-text examples for first and subsequent citation.
Reproduced from American Psychological Association. (2010).
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association
(p. 177). Washington:
American Psychological Association.
Type of citation First citation with the
author being a part of your
text
Subsequent citations
with the author being
part of your text
First citation with all
citation information in
brackets
Subsequent citations with
all citation information in
brackets
One work by one author Walker (2017) Walker (2017) (Walker,
2017) (Walker, 2017)
One work by two authors Walker and Allen (2014) Walker and
Allen (2014) (Walker & Allen, 2014) (Walker & Allen, 2014)

One work by 3-5 authors Bradley, Ramirez, Soo and
Mitchell (2015)
Bradley et al. (2015) (Bradley, Ramirez, Soo, &
Michell, 2015)
(Bradley et al., 2015)
One work by 6-7 authors Jones et al. (2016) Jones et al. (2016)
(Jones et al., 2016) (Jones et al., 2016)
One work by 8+ authors Ahamad et al. (2015) Ahamad et al.
(2015) (Ahamad et al., 2015) (Ahamad et al., 2015)
Groups/Organisation
(readily identified through
abbreviation) as author
Australian Institute of Health
and Welfare (AIHW, 2018)
AIHW (2018) (Australian Institute of
Health and Welfare
[AIHW], 2018)
(AIHW, 2018)
Group/Organisation (no
abbreviation) as authors
Diabetes Australia (2017) Diabetes Australia (2017) (Diabetes
Australia, 2017) (Diabetes Australia, 2017)

Module 4: Attachment Theory & Trauma Informed Practice
SWK313 Engaging with Individuals and Families in Partnership
+
1
Module 4 Online Learning Activity
Case Study continued: Learning more about Jemima and Isaac
You have now seen Erica on 3 occasions. She tells you her
cultural background is Aboriginal. She begins to open up about
the problems in her relationship with Jim, and her worries about
the impact of this on her children. Erica explains that Jemima is
from a previous relationship and that her previous partner was
very violent towards her so she left him when Jemima was
around 3 years of age and they have not had contact with him at
all in the past six years. Erica is worried because she can see
signs that Jim is becoming increasingly angry and frustrated
with her.
+

2
Erica describes Jemima as a sensitive child. Erica tells you that
Jim is very harsh on Jemima, yelling at her often, sending her to
her room and seems to favour Isaac. Erica has spoken to Jim
about this but Jim responds by telling her she is ‘crazy’ and that
Jemima needs to ‘grow up’. Erica tells you that Jemima has
recently become very withdrawn.
+
3
Respond to the following questions:
How could you use attachment theory and trauma informed
practice to understand Jemima’s circumstances in this case?
Would there be any need for risk assessment in this situation?
Why or why not?
What specialist skills and knowledge would you need to work
directly with Jemima?
+
4

Week 7: Attachment Theory
Self care*
Relevance for practice
Human development
Neurobiology
Assessment
Critique and debates
+
*Self care – Equity services, personal support networks, be
aware of triggers in content of Module 4.
See also text – Payne: Psychodynamic practice – Chapter 4 pp
120 – 126
People’s behaviour is affected by experiences of attachments to
others
Psychological orientations however sociological perspectives
also important
AT focuses on child’s early experiences of relationships with
others
5
Attachment Theory & Assessment
Relevant to diverse fields of practice:
Child protection work
Family Law & post-separation arrangements
Corrections
Adoption
Parenting and family support programs

Education
Mental health
Therapeutic approaches
+
6
What do children need?
+
7
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
https://depdcblog.wordpress.com/2011/04/28/conventional-
wisdom-series-part-3-convention-on-the-rights-of-the-child/
+
8
Nature + Nurture…
“Genes provide a blueprint for the brain, but a child’s

environment and experiences carry out the construction.
The excess of synapses produced by a child’s brain in the first
three years makes the brain especially responsive to external
input. During this period, the brain can “capture” experience
more efficiently than it will be able to later, when the pruning
of synapses is underway. The brain’s ability to shape itself –
called plasticity – lets humans adapt more readily and more
quickly than we could if genes alone determined our wiring.”
From http://www.urbanchildinstitute.org/why-0-3/baby-and-
brain
+
9
Human Brain Development
Source: Corel, JL. The postnatal development of the human
cerebral cortex. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press;
1975.
Synapse density over time
+
10
Attachment Theory
“…a way of conceptualising the propensity of human beings to
make strong affectional bonds to particular others and of
explaining the many forms of emotional distress and personality

disturbance… to which unwilling separation and loss give rise”
Bowlby (1977 p.127)
+
11
Attachment
“a bond of psychological dependence that a child develops with
a caregiving adult”
McIntosh (2000)
+
12
Foundations
Evolution & ethology studies
Konrad Lorenz (1952) – imprinting
Harry Harlow (1960s) – monkey experiments
Erik Erikson (1963) – Stages of psychosocial development
Abraham Maslow (1943) – hierarchy of needs
John Bowlby (1951) – parent-child separation in WWII
Mary Ainsworth – Strange Situation Classification
+

13
14
Erik Erikson
Erikson’s work in the 1950s grew from, and then challenged
dominant psychodynamic perspectives of human development
Normative & descriptive (may not account for diversity or
action)
People need different things as they go through different stages
of development
First to look at interaction between biological and social factors
Language present in social work practice (e.g. psychosocial
assessments)
Caregiver focus – a key factor in development
+
Expanded on psychodynamic stages of development
Emphasizes cultural and social pressures
Influenced crisis intervention
15
Erikson’s Theory
Social development occurs through a combination of
psychological processes within individuals, and through their

interaction with others.
Development viewed as a progression through 8 psychosocial
stages
The child’s ability to successfully deal with the different
psychosocial crises at each stage is primarily dependent upon
relationships with parents/caregivers.
+
16
Stage 1 & 2
1. TRUST vs. MISTRUST
0-18 months
When a child develops a health sense of trust the infant will
view his world as predicable, safe, caring and happy place.
2. AUTONOMY vs. SHAME
18/24 months – 3 years
Successful attempts made by the child to establish their
independence contributes to a sense of autonomy.
+
17
Stage 3 & 4

3. INITIATIVE vs. GUILT
3-5 years
Children develop an increasing sense of their own power and
independence.
A child may develop a sense of guilt which will impact on the
child’s own choices
4. INDUSTRY vs. INFERIORITY
6-13 years
Child comparing self worth to others (e.g. classroom
environment).
Child can recognise major disparities in personal abilities
relative to other children.
+
18
Stage 5
5. IDENTITY vs ROLE CONFUSION
14 years until mid-20s
If parents allow the young person to explore, they will form
their own identity on the basis of their own experiences and
healthy sense of self
+

19
Stage 6, 7 & 8
6. INTIMACY vs ISOLATION
mid 20s – early 40s
7. GENERATIVITY vs STAGNATION
40s – mid-60s
8. INTEGRITY vs DESPAIR
from mid 60s
+
20
Harry Harlow
Konrad Lorenz
+
Lorenz: imprinting as the primary formation of social bonds –
special type of learning.
Harlow: research areas included learning motivation, affection –
used monkeys to demonstrate universal need for contact and this
is stronger than other needs/drives such as food.
Separated babies from mothers 6-12 hours after birth and raised

with surrogate mothers made of cloth or mesh. Food could be
obtained from some of both models. Babies chose to spend more
time with cloth surrogates rather than wire surrogates, even if
wire ones provided food – need for closeness and affection.
As adult monkeys – they had distinct behavioural patterns –
excessive aggression, rocking, mating behaviour affected
21
Imprinting
Konrad Lorenz (Austrian biologist) devised the term imprinting
to describe the behaviour of geese
Imprinting was looked at as the basis for biological survival in
animals and humans
Babies will imprint on a human face and this is how a baby will
learn from interaction with its mother or carer
Infants are genetically predisposed to form relationships and
respond to significant caregivers differently (preference).
+
22
Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment
John Bowlby
+
Psychoanalyst – mental health and behavioural problems stem
from early childhood
Evolutionary theory of attachment – children pre-programmed

to form attachments because this helps them to survive.
Fear of strangers is a survival mechanism
Behaviour of babies – to help ensure proximity and contact can
be maintained with the attachment figure (care giver)
Attachment figure provides a safe base for exploring the world
Food is of secondary importance – main determinant of
attachment is care and responsiveness
Disruption with initial attachment figure has consequences for
later relationships and behaviours
Critical period – 2.5-3 years
Risk continues until age 5
23
Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment
Bowlby’s theory grew from his work with children separated
from their parents in the UK during WWII.
Humans, like animals have a set of innate behaviours that
heighten the likelihood of survival – security is essential and
goes beyond biological needs
Adult caregivers interpret and respond to infant’s cues, to
remain close and thus protect and respond to a baby/child’s
needs
Infants and adult caregivers form an attachment at a critical
point (0-2 years)
+
24
Bowlby’s theory continued
Consistent care by a significant carer should be for the first two
years of life for a child and if this care was disrupted during

this period it could lead to long-term consequences.
Positive experiences through these stages impact on personality
development and provides a foundation for healthy future
relationships.
+
Moved from psychoanalytic interest in mother-child
relationships towards research and theory about maternal
deprivation – personal development is impacted by contact with
caregivers
Loss of parent/caregiver is significant – goes beyond impact of
mourning and bereavement for children
Death
Divorce
Abandonment
However there are also a broad range of social factors that can
impact on child development
25
Bowlby’s theory continued
The child develops a set of expectations of themselves and their
primary carer.
Attachment will then involve a view of self and a view of
others.
Trauma can impact on the brain and central nervous system
+

26
Ainsworth & the Strange Situation Classification
Mary Ainsworth
Strange Situation Classification
+
Categories of attachment – build a picture of how the
relationship between child and care giver works (Payne p.120-
121
Children aged 1-3 years
Preparation – child plays, parent is present but uninvolved
First appearance of stranger – chats to parent, offers toys to
child. Child looks for reassurance
First separation – parent leaves, If child stops playing stranger
interests child in toys. Most children do not go to stranger
First reunion – parent returns and waits for child to respond. 3
different reactions (categories) to seek proximity
Second separation – child settles and parent leaves – child cries
and goes to door
Second appearance of stranger – tries to interest child with toy
– most children don’t go to stranger
Second reunion – parent reenters & picks up child – three
reactions possible
Possible reactions:
Secure – go to carer and carer responds
Insecure avoidant – learnt not to display feelings – supress
anxiety – upset when carer leaves but unmoved when parent
returns (carer expects child to manage emotions)

Insecure ambivalent – learnt carer does not respond consistently
– children also react randomly and unpredictably
27
Categories of Attachment
Mary Ainsworth (1978) identified different patterns of
attachment through empirical studies of childrearing patterns in
Uganda and USA
Proposed 3 categories of infant attachment behaviours (Type D
later added by Main and Solomon in 1986)
Linked the child behaviours to the carer’s behaviours.
Primary caregivers may have differing levels of responsiveness,
nurturing and care toward an infant.
This will impact upon the type of attachment relationship
formed between infant and carer
+
Cultural factors taken into account?
Ainsworth’s research indicated
60% of children fall into secure category
25% avoidant
11% ambivalent
4 % disorganised - fearful – do not know if they can safely
achieve proximity
28
Secure Attachment (Type B)
Child feels secure and safe in a carer’s presence and is allowed
to safely explore and examine their environment.
Upon separation from the carer the child may be upset but can
be easily pacified until the carer’s return.
Children with a secure attachment tend to have positive self
esteem, autonomy, independence.

Carer responds readily responds to cries, communicates and
reciprocates with smiles and affection
+
29
Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
(Type A)
Child who is unaffected or not distressed by a caregiver’s
departure from an area.
The child is often unresponsive to the carer when available and
may show little preference for this individual in comparison to a
stranger
When carer returns the child may ignore them and keep their
distance (indiscriminate attachment)
Carers insensitive to child’s expressions of discomfort, little
physical contact or emotional responsiveness
+
30
Anxious-Resistant Attachment
(Type C)
Also referred to as Ambivalent
Little interest in exploring the environment
Child becomes extremely distressed when left alone or in the

presence of an unfamiliar adult.
When the carer returns, will respond in an angry manner and
will not be easily comforted or accept reassurance
Carers demonstrated clear inconsistency in in responding to
child’s needs, uninvolved, withdraws.
+
31
Disorganised-Disoriented
(Type D)
Child with this style of attachment shows confused, conflicting
or contradictory behaviour in the presence of their significant
caregiver.
This style of attachment may have resulted from a child who
should find comfort from their mother/carer but instead are
stressed by them.
Present in 80% of maltreated children (e.g. alcohol abuse and/or
intimate partner violence may be a factor)
+
32
Attachment
StyleParental StylesAdult characteristicsSecure (B)Aligned with
child. In tune with child’s emotionsAble to create meaningful
relationships; empathetic; appropriate boundariesAvoidant
(A)Unavailable or rejectingAvoids closeness or emotional

connection; critical; rigid; intolerantAmbivalent
(C)Inconsistent, intrusive parental communicationAnxious;
insecure; controlling; blaming; erratic;
unpredictableDisorganised (D)Ignored or didn’t see child’s
needs; frightening or traumatizingChaotic; explosive; abusive;
insensitive; untrusting but craves securityReactiveExtremely
unattached; malfunctioningCannot establish positive
relationships
33
Critique
Normative theory of secure attachment - assumptions of
universality not always supported)
Understood in terms of survival? Strengths?
Research has not expanded much into ‘natural settings’ (e.g.
home environment)
Cultural considerations - see Keller (2013)
Relies on dyadic relationship between carer and child and
ignores other parenting arrangements
What about resilience, repair and recovery…
+
34
Assessing Attachment
Range of tools, procedures and policies depending on the
context of practice (e.g. family court, caregiver assessments)
Use in decision making? Accountability? Purpose?

Transparency with client, acknowledgement of intrusiveness?
Training for staff?
+
35
Assessing Attachment
Normative standards combined with recognition of context
Evidence – observations, other sources of information? (time
required)
Practitioner-oriented or allow for participation and other
perspectives? (extended family, teachers etc.)
Strengths approach? Intervention/support available?
+
36
Discussion
Brainstorm the types of services that focus on the health and
wellbeing of children in your local area. How might these
services use attachment theory in practice?
+
Refer to materials on Learnline (e.g. You tube clips, links to

child protection information on AIFS, Life Matters pod cast) for
examples as needed.
37
Due Date: 4/5/2019 (1:00 pm Darwin Time)
Words: 800 (excluding references)
Reference type: APA 6th edition
References: Minimum 5 references among which 3 should be
from the suggested readings and reference list.
Background story of Erica and her family: this will help you to
understand Erica’s case.
Erica (age 30 years) has contacted a local community
centre. Erica says she lives with her partner James (Jim) and
two children Jemima (13) and Isaac (4). Jim works full time in
the building industry and the family relocated from interstate 8
months ago so he could take up a better paid job on the
recommendation of a friend who was already living here. All of
their extended family are back in their home town.
A couple of months ago, Jim was charged by the police for
driving under the influence of alcohol and now his driver's
license has been suspended for 12 months following a court
appearance. Erica said she has found out Jim has been having
problems at work. They can't afford for him to lose his job and
he has been spending a lot of the family budget going out and
drinking with friends on the weekends. Erica has a background
working in retail and administration, but hasn't been working
for some time as she wanted to settle the kids in after the move
and now Jemima has just changed schools again and Isaac has
started pre-school.
She has noticed Jim is often frustrated with the kids and things
are tense at home. Erica said she didn't really want to tell
anyone about their problems, but she spoke to her neighbour
about what has been happening when they noticed she looked
down and said they had heard her arguing again with Jim last

night. They gave her the name of the Centre and said they had
used this service when they needed help and found it useful.
Erica makes a visit to a social worker in regard to the problems
that are facing her family, she says that there are arguments
between her and her husband Jim as well as arguments ensues
between Jim and their daughter Jemima. She says that
apparently, Jim happens to be easily irritated the moment she
feels to have a discussion with him. She adds that she found out
Jim has been spending a lot of the family budget money going
out to drink with friends an issue that has largely contributed to
the misunderstandings. However, Erica confesses that she
wasn’t very honest with the social worker in regards to the
whole problem. She states that she didn’t want to talk about
how things were at her past relationships and how bad currently
things can get out of hand. Based on how she found the social
worker helpful, she is planning on visiting her again and
opening up about everything with the hope that the response she
gets will be more helpful.
Question: Case Study continued- Learning more about Jemima
and Isaac
Read the following and answer:
You have now seen Erica on 3 occasions. She tells you her
cultural background is Aboriginal. She begins to open up about
the problems in her relationship with Jim, and her worries about
the impact of this on her children. Erica explains that Jemima is
from a previous relationship and that her previous partner was
very violent towards her so she left him when Jemima was
around 3 years of age and they have not had contact with him at
all in the past six years. Erica is worried because she can see
signs that Jim is becoming increasingly angry and frustrated
with her.
Erica describes Jemima as a sensitive child. Erica also tells you
that Jim is very harsh on Jemima, yelling at her often, sending
her to her room and seems to favour Isaac. Erica has spoken to
Jim about this but he always responds by telling her she is

‘crazy’ and that Jemima needs to ‘grow up’. Erica tells you that
Jemima has recently become very withdrawn.
Respond to the following questions:
· How could you use attachment theory and trauma informed
practice to understand Jemima's circumstances in this case?
(Define attachment theory and trauma informed practice and
how this will help you understand Jemima's circumstances in
this case – 300 words)
· Would there be any need for risk assessment in this situation?
Why or why not? (Critically Examining the Process of Risk
Assessment in this situation-300 words)
· What specialist skills and knowledge would you need to work
directly with Jemima? (200 words)
Videos and Readings: Visit the links and see the videos to
understand, learn and answer the questions. To answer the
questions, you must read from the links and watch the videos.
The learnings from the videos and links should reflect
throughout your answers. Also go through the PowerPoint
slides.
· Domestic & Family Violence - 1800Respect Resources &
Tools
· Child protection contexts – Child Family Community Australia
- Risk assessment for children
· Watch: Attachment, Trauma Relationships -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYyEEMlMMb0
· Watch: Attachment & Circle of Security Parenting Program -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6DhnbgRAOo
· Watch: Parenting & Child Development- Nadine Burke Harris:
How childhood trauma affects health across a lifetime
· Watch: Attachment Theory - Strange Situation Classification-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_6rQk7jlrc
· Buchanan, F. (2013). A critical analysis of the use of
attachment theory in cases of domestic violence. Critical Social
Work 14(2). University of Windsor. Canada. Retrieved from

http://www1.uwindsor.ca/criticalsocialwork/critical_analysis_at
tachment_theory
· Cook, L. (2017). Making Sense of the Initial Home visit: The
Role of Intuition in Child and Family Social Workers’
Assessments of Risk. Journal of Social Work Practice, 31(4),
431-444.
· Ryan, F (2011) Kanyininpa (Holding): A way of nurturing
children in Aboriginal Australia. Australian Social Work, 64:2,
183-197.
· Knight, C. (2015). Trauma-Informed Social Work Practice:
Practice Considerations and Challenges. Clinical Social Work
Journal, 43(1), 25-37.

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