This document provides an overview of a Web Programming course, including its goals of understanding Web technologies, tools for developing client-side and server-side applications, and languages like HTML, JavaScript, Java, and PHP. It then discusses the history and growth of the Internet and World Wide Web, distinguishing between the two. Finally, it covers static and dynamic Web pages, and client-side programming using JavaScript and Java applets versus server-side programming using CGI, ASP, and PHP.
1. 1
CSC 551: Web Programming
Spring 2004
See online syllabus at:
http://www.creighton.edu/~davereed/csc551
Course goals:
understand the technology and protocols underlying the World Wide Web
become familiar with common tools and techniques for developing Web-based
applications, both client-side and server-side
develop a working knowledge of HTML, JavaScript, Java, and PHP as languages
for developing Web applications
2. 2
Reasonable questions
What is the World Wide Web?
Is it the same thing as the Internet?
Who invented it?
How old is it?
How does it work?
What kinds of things can it do?
What does it have to do with programming?
3. 3
Web ≠ Internet
Internet: a physical network connecting millions of computers using the same protocols for
sharing/transmitting information (TCP/IP)
in reality, the Internet is a network of smaller networks
World Wide Web: a collection of interlinked multimedia documents that are stored on the
Internet and accessed using a common protocol (HTTP)
e.g., email, telnet, ftp, usenet, Instant Messenger, Napster, …
Key distinction: Internet is hardware; Web is software
Many other Internet-based applications exist
4. 4
History of the Internet
the idea of a long-distance computer network traces back to early 60's
Licklider at M.I.T.
Baran at Rand
National Physics Laboratory in U.K.
in particular, the Department of Defense was interested in the development
of distributed, decentralized networks
survivability (i.e., network still functions despite a local attack)
fault-tolerance (i.e., network still functions despite local failure)
contrast with phone system, electrical system
in 1969, Advanced Research Project Agency funded the ARPANET
connected computers at UCLA, UCSB, SRI, and Utah
allowed researchers to share data, communicate
56Kb/sec communications lines (vs. 110 b/sec over phone lines)
5. 5
Internet growth
throughout the 70's, the size of the ARPANET doubled every year
decentralization made adding new computers easy
~1000 military & academic computers connected by 1984
in 80', U.S. government took a larger role in Internet development
created NSFNET for academic research in 1986
ARPANET was retained for military & government computers
by 90's, Internet connected virtually all colleges & universities
businesses and individuals also connecting as computing costs fell
~1,000,000 computers by 1992
in 1992, control of the Internet was transferred to a non-profit org
Internet Society: Internet Engineering Task Force
Internet Architecture Board
Internet Assigned Number Authority
World-Wide-Web Consortium
. . .
6. 6
Internet growth (cont.)
Internet has exhibited exponential growth –
doubling in size every 1-2 years (stats from
Internet Software Consortium)
estimated >600 million Internet users in
2002 (www.nua.ie)
Year
Computers on
the Internet
2002 162,128,493
2000 93,047,785
1998 36,739,000
1996 12,881,000
1994 3,212,000
1992 992,000
1990 313,000
1988 56,000
1986 5,089
1984 1,024
1982 235
7. 7
History of the Web
the idea of hypertext (cross-linked and inter-linked documents) traces back
to Vannevar Bush in the 1940's
online hypertext systems began to be developed in 1960's
e.g., Andy van Dam's FRESS, Doug Englebert's NLS
in 1987, Apple introduced HyperCard
in 1989, Tim Berners-Lee at the European Particle Physics Laboratory
(CERN) designed a hypertext system for linking documents over the
Internet
designed a (Non-WYSIWYG) language for specifying document content
• which evolved into HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
designed a protocol for downloading documents and interpreting the content
• which evolved into HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
implemented the first browser -- text-based, no embedded media
the Web was born!
8. 8
History of the Web (cont.)
the Web was an obscure, European research tool until 1993
in 1993, Marc Andreessen (at the National Center for Supercomputing
Applications) developed Mosaic, the first graphical Web browser
the intuitive, clickable interface made hypertext accessible to the masses
made the integration of multimedia (images, video, sound, …) much easier
Andreessen left NCSA to found Netscape in 1994
cheap/free browser popularized the Web (75% market share in 1996)
in 1995, Microsoft came out with Internet Explorer
Netscape bought by AOL in 1999 for $10 billion in stock
today, the Web is the most visible aspect of the Internet
9. 9
Web growth
Stats from
Netcraft Web Server Survey.
recent estimates suggest 40-50 M Web sites, with 4-5 B Web pages!
Mosaic
Netscape
IE
Year
Computers on
the Internet
Web Servers on
the Internet
2002 162,128,493 33,082,657
2000 93,047,785 18,169,498
1998 36,739,000 4,279,000
1996 12,881,000 300,000
1994 3,212,000 3,000
1992 992,000 50
10. 10
Static vs. dynamic pages
most Web pages are static
contents (text/links/images) are the same each time it is accessed
e.g., online documents, most homepages
HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is used to specify text/image format
as the Web moves towards online services and e-commerce, Web pages
must also provide dynamic content
pages must be fluid, changeable (e.g., rotating banners)
must be able to react to the user's actions, request and process info, tailor services
e.g., amazon.com, www.thehungersite.com
this course is about applying your programming skills to the development
of dynamic Web pages and applications
11. 11
Client-side programming
JavaScript
a scripting language for Web pages, developed by Netscape in 1995
uses a C++/Java-like syntax, so familiar to programmers, but simpler
good for adding dynamic features to Web page, controlling forms and GUI
see www.creighton.edu/~davereed/Memory
Java applets
can define small, special-purpose programs in Java called applets
provides full expressive power of Java (but more overhead)
good for more complex tasks or data heavy tasks, such as graphics
see www.creighton.edu/~davereed/csc107.F03/Labs/MontePI.html
can download program with Web page, execute on client machine
simple, generic, but insecure
12. 12
Server-side programming
CGI programming
programs can be written to conform to the Common Gateway Interface
when a Web page submits, data from the page is sent as input to the CGI program
CGI program executes on server, sends its results back to browser as a Web page
good if computation is large/complex or requires access to private data
Active Server Pages, Java Servlets, PHP, Server Side Includes
vendor-specific alternatives to CGI
provide many of the same capabilities but using HTML-like tags
can store and execute program on Web server, link from Web page
more complex, requires server privileges, but secure
13. 13
Exercise
pick some of your favorite Web sites and try to identify
static components?
dynamic components?
client-side? JavaScript? Java applet?
server-side? CGI? ASP?
e.g., www.creighton.edu/~davereed/csc551
www.creighton.edu
www.thehungersite.com