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1.1.4. common paracite infections [compatibility mode]

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This document discusses common parasitic infections in humans. It covers: 1. Types of parasites including protozoa, helminths (flatworms and roundworms), and ectoparasites. 2. Key protozoan parasites like Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Plasmodium spp. (which cause malaria), and their related diseases. 3. Important helminthic infections caused by tapeworms, flukes, roundworms, and filarial worms and their transmission and detection.

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Common Parasitic Infections DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Parasites Pin worms Amoeba Flukes Fish Tape worms Wipe worms Dwarf Tape worms Hook worms DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, Tape worm Mouth CON, BPKIHS
Cutaneous leishmaniasis DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
leishmaniasis DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Scabies DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Scabies DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
This skin disorder is due to infestation of the skin by fly larvae . The most common fly causing dermal myiasis is the screw worm fly. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Babesia: Babesiosis is a vector-borne illness usually transmitted deer tick or black legged tick DR. Ram Sharan .Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Parasite infection in lung DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Lyme disease by Tick bite DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Loa eye parasite in Eye DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Eye Worm DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Round worm DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Ascaris In Mouth and Nose DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Worm in Head DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Parasites In Humans Some facts: • Humans may be a host to over 100 different types of parasites. • In recent medical studies it has been estimated that 85% of the North American adult population has at least one form of parasites living in their bodies. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
1. Types of parasites a. Protozoa – Single celled, Organized cellular structure – May ingest solid particles – Require aquatic (watery) environment – Reproduce by binary fission at some point in life cycle b. Helminths (worms) – Multicellular, Organized internal structure; includes • Platyhelminths (flatworms) • Nematoda (roundworms) c. Ectoparasites – Insects and arachnida (spider, scorpions) found on the skin. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Classification, disease and detection of parasites DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Protozoa – Amoebae • Form cytoplasmic protrusions (pseudopodia). • Occur as trophozoites (active, growing) and cyst (environmentally protected) forms. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
• Pathogens –Entamoeba histolytica • Disease - Ranges from: asymptomatic, diarrhoea to dysentery and liver disease. • Transmission - Fecal-oral - contaminated water/food, (especially in the tropics). – Poor living conditions. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Flagellates – Propelled by flagella. – May occur in trophozoites and cyst forms. – Have shape because of rigid outer wall. • Pathogens - Giardia lamblia • Disease - Ranges from asymptomatic to acute or chronic diarrhoea • Transmission - Fecal-oral, waterborne,World wide. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
• Trichomonas vaginalis – Disease - Vaginitis. – Transmission - Sexual. – Detection - Microscopy of discharge, culture. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
• Trypanosoma spp – Cause: Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness) – Disease - Fever, encephalitis; cardiac complications. – Transmission - Fly, Bug – Detection - Parasites stained on blood smears, serology. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
• Sporozoa – Mature forms are non-motile. – Complex life cycles. – Pathogens - Plasmodium spp. Cause malaria. – Disease - Episodic fevers, anaemia - life threatening! – Transmission - Mosquito bites. – Detection: Parasites stained on blood film. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
• Cryptosporidium parvum – Disease: watery diarrhea (chronic in immunosuppressed) – Transmission: fecal-oral, water borne, animals (zoonosis), world wide distribution – Detection: microscopy of stool using special stains DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
• Cyclospora cayetanensis –Disease - Watery diarrhea, similar to above. –Transmission - Fecal - oral, especially in tropics. –Detection - As for Cryptosporidium. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
• Toxoplasma gondii – Disease - Mostly asymptomatic infection, but new infection in pregnancy causes fetal malformations; also infection in immuno-suppressed. – Transmission - By poorly cooked meat, from cat stool, rarely water. – Detection - By serology. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
• Helminths – Platyheminths (flatworms) • Cestodes – “tapeworms” • Ribbon like, segmented. No digestive system, adult attached to gut wall by scolex, larval forms in tissues. • Life cycle Definitive Host (gut contains adult worms ) • Environment ( Ova ) • Intermediate Host ( tissues contain larval stage) • When the intermediate host is eaten by the definitive host, the adult worm develops in the gut from the larval form, and later produces ova. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
• Principle Pathogens – Taenia saginata,Taenia solium • Disease: - Abdominal discomfort (man is definitive host {i.e. has adult}). • Transmission: - Larval forms ingested in food. • Detection: - Identification of ova or adult segments in stool. – Some cestodes infect humans by the adult form in the gut, some infect by larval forms in tissues, and some infect in both forms. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
–Cysticercosis (T. solium larvae) • Disease -Cysts throughout the body tissues. • Transmission - Ova are ingested; • Detection - Serology, also x-ray, ultrasound, and other methods to detect mass lesions. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
• Pathogens - Schistosoma spp. (schistosomiasis). • Disease - Effects of inflammation, hematuria. • Transmission - Penetration of skin . • Detection - Ova in stool/urine depending on species of schistosome. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
–Nematodes (roundworms) • Disease - Abdominal pain/discomfort (most found in the gut). • Transmission - Fecal-oral via ova in stool. • Detection –Recognition of ova using stool microscopy. –Identification of adult worms. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
–Hookworms • Disease - Chronic blood loss. • Transmission - Larvae penetrate skin. • Detection - Identification of ova or larvae in stool. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
–Filaria - filariasis • Disease - Fevers, elephantiasis, swelling and deformity of limbs, genitalia. • Transmission - Mosquito borne/Sand fly. • Detection - Marasites (microfilaria) stained on blood film. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Filarisis DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Elephantitis DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Ectoparasites – Colonize the body vs. Micropredators that bite only. • Insects - ( 6 legs) - fleas, head-, body- and pubic lice (singular – Louse) • Arachnida - ( 8 legs, but can have 6 in immature form) - ticks, mites – Their importance is as vectors of disease and to a lesser extent cosmetic. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Adaptations to a parasitic existence • Loss of structures or enzymes, e.g. GI tract. • Development of pathogenic adaptations, e.g. mechanisms of attachment (hookworms). • Defense mechanisms, e.g. resistance to digestion (nematodes). • Increased reproductive capacity, eg. Ascaris. Some parasites require infection of a host to complete their lifecycles. Other parasites may be free living in the environment and do not need to cause infection to persist. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Detection of GI protozoa – amoebae / flagellates • Microscopic identification of organisms from a concentrated extract of stool. • Microscopic identification of organisms using a stained slide made from a filtered stool suspension. Note: Parasite preservative kills all organisms; therefore, a preserved specimen cannot be used for culture. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Thank You DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
ARTHROPOD INFECTIONS/INFESTATIONS OF THE SKIN: Insect infections/infestations 1. Louse (Anoplura) infestations: Pediculus 2. Blood-feeding bugs (Hemiptera) 3. Fleas (Siphonaptera) 4. Blood-feeding flies and myiasis (Diptera) • Cutaneous myiasis – calliphorid blowflies; putsi flies, human botflies • Gastrointestinal myiasis – calliphorid blowflies • Ophthalmomyiasis – sheep nasal bot fly, Oestrus ovis41; screw worms • Genitourinary myiasis – calliphorid blowflies. • Sanguinivorous myiasis – the Congo Floor Maggot DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Arachnid infections/infestations 1. Mites 2. Ticks 3. Argasid ticks 4. Ixodid ticks DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Common Symptoms of Parasites • Constipation: Some worms, because of their shape and large size. can physically obstruct certain organs. Heavy worm infections can block the common bile duct and the intestinal tract, making elimination infrequent and difficult. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Diarrhoea: Certain parasites, primarily protozoa, produce a prostaglandin (hormonelike substances found in various human tissues) which creates a sodium and chloride loss that leads to frequent watery stools. The diarrhoea process in parasite infection is, therefore, a function of the parasite, not the body's attempt to rid itself of an infectious organism. Gas and Bloating: Some parasites live in the upper small intestine where the inflammation they produce causes both gas and bloating. The situation can be magnified when hard-to-digest foods such as beans and raw fruits and vegetables are eaten. Persistent abdominal distention is a frequent sign of hidden invaders. These gastrointestinal symptoms can persist intermittently for many months or years if the parasites are not eliminated from the body. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Irritable bowel syndrome: Parasites can irritate inflame, coal, the intestinal cell wall, leading to a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms and malabsorption of vital nutriens, particularly fatty substances. This malabsorption leads to bulky stools and steatorrhea (excess far in feces). Joint and muscle aches and pains: Parasites are known to migrate to encyst (become enclosed in a sac) in joint fluids, and worms can encyst in muscles. Once Ads happens, pain becomes evident and is often assumed to be caused by arthritis Joint and muscle pains and inflammation are also the result of tissue damage caused by some parasites of the body's ongoing immune response to then- presence. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Anaemia: Some varieties of intestinal worms attach themselves to the mucosal lining of the intestines and then leach nutrients from the human host. If they are present in large enough numbers, they can create enough blood loss to cause a type of iron deficiency or pernicious Allergy: Parasites can irritate and sometimes perforate the intestinal lining, increasing bowel permeability to large undigested molecules. This can activate the body's immune response to produce increased levels of eosinophils, one type of the body's fighter cells. The eosinophils can inflame body tissue, resulting in an allergic reaction. Like allergy, parasites also trigger an increase in the production of immunoglobulin E (IgE). DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
• Skin conditions: Intestinal worms can cause hives, rashes, weeping eczema, and other allergic-type skin reactions. Cutaneous ulcers, swellings and sores, popular lesions, and itchy dermatitis can afl result from protozoan invasion. Granuiomas: Granulomas are tumour-like masses that encase destroyed large or parasitic eggs. They develop most often in the colon or rectal walls but can also be found in the lungs liver, peritoneum, and uterus. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Nervousness: Parasitic metabolic wastes and toxic substances can serve as irritants to the central nervous system. Restlessness and anxiety are often the result of the systemic parasite infestation. (After completing a herbal cleanse, many people swear that their persistently grouchy mates or relatives have become a lot more pleasant and patient. "The most famous tapeworm of recent years belonged to the late opera singer Maria Callas. She had a serious weight and skin problem. When the tapeworm was detected and removed, ha" weight dropped, her skin improved and her temperament mellowed," says Gittleman.) Sleep disturbances: Multiple awakening during the night particularly between 2 and 3 AM, are possibly caused by the body's attempts to eliminate toxic wastes via the liver. According to Chinese medicine, these hours are governed by the liver. Sleep disturbances are also caused by nocturnal exits of certain parasites through the anus, creating the intense discomfort and itching. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Teeth grinding: Bruxism - abnormal grinding, clenching, and gnashing of the teeth - has been observed in cases of parasitic infection. These symptoms are most noticeable among sleeping for children. Bruxism may be a nervous response to the internal foreign irritant. Chronic fatigue: Chronic fatigue symptoms include tiredness, flu-like complaints, apathy, depression, impaired concentration, and faulty memory. Parasites cause these physical, mental, and emotional symptoms through malnutrition resulting from malabsorption of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and especially vitamins A and B-12. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
• Immunie Dysfunction: Parasites depress immune system functioning by decreasing the secretion of immunoglobulin A (I&A). Their presence continuously stimulates the system response and over time can exhaust this vital defense system, leaving the body open to bacterial and viral infections. The following conditions might also be tell-tale signs of a parasitic invasion: weight gain, excessive hunger, weight loss, bad taste in the mouth and bad breath, asthma, diabetes, epilepsy, acne, migraines, and even the biggest killers: heart disease and cancer. CON, BPKIHS MSND, DR. Ram Sharan Mehta,
Nematoda - Roundworms · Anisakis · Ascaris Lumbricoides - Giant Roundworm · Enterobius Vermicularis - Pinworm · Hookworms · Loa Loa - Eye Worm - Subcutaneous Filariasis · Strongyloides Stercoralis · Trichuris Trichiura - Whipworm · Wuchereria Bancrofti - Lymphatic Filariasis - Elephantiasis DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Trematoda - Flukes · Fasciola Hepatica - Liver Fluke · Fasciolopsis Buski - Intestinal Fluke · Paragonimus Westermani - Lung Fluke · Schistosoma - Blood Flukes DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Cestoda - Tapeworms · Diphyllobothrium Latum - Fish Tapeworm · Hymenolepis Nana - Dwarf Tapeworm · Taenia Saginata - Beef Tapeworm · Taenia Solium - Pork Tapeworm DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Protozoa · Balantidium Coli · Entamoeba Histolytica - Amoebiasis · Giardia Intestinalis · Leishmania · Plasmodium Falciparum - Malaria · Toxoplasma Gondii · Trypanosoma Brucei - Sleeping Sickness DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Skin Parasites · Cimex Lectularius - Bedbug · Dermatobia hominis - Human Botfly · Sarcoptes Scabiei - Scabies DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
Thank You DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS

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1.1.4. common paracite infections [compatibility mode]

  • 1. Common Parasitic Infections DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 2. Parasites Pin worms Amoeba Flukes Fish Tape worms Wipe worms Dwarf Tape worms Hook worms DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, Tape worm Mouth CON, BPKIHS
  • 3. Cutaneous leishmaniasis DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 4. leishmaniasis DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 5. Scabies DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 6. Scabies DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 7. This skin disorder is due to infestation of the skin by fly larvae . The most common fly causing dermal myiasis is the screw worm fly. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 8. Babesia: Babesiosis is a vector-borne illness usually transmitted deer tick or black legged tick DR. Ram Sharan .Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 9. Parasite infection in lung DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 10. Lyme disease by Tick bite DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 11. Loa eye parasite in Eye DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 12. Eye Worm DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 13. Round worm DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 14. Ascaris In Mouth and Nose DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 15. Worm in Head DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 16. Parasites In Humans Some facts: • Humans may be a host to over 100 different types of parasites. • In recent medical studies it has been estimated that 85% of the North American adult population has at least one form of parasites living in their bodies. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 17. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 18. 1. Types of parasites a. Protozoa – Single celled, Organized cellular structure – May ingest solid particles – Require aquatic (watery) environment – Reproduce by binary fission at some point in life cycle b. Helminths (worms) – Multicellular, Organized internal structure; includes • Platyhelminths (flatworms) • Nematoda (roundworms) c. Ectoparasites – Insects and arachnida (spider, scorpions) found on the skin. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 19. Classification, disease and detection of parasites DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 20. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 21. Protozoa – Amoebae • Form cytoplasmic protrusions (pseudopodia). • Occur as trophozoites (active, growing) and cyst (environmentally protected) forms. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 22. • Pathogens –Entamoeba histolytica • Disease - Ranges from: asymptomatic, diarrhoea to dysentery and liver disease. • Transmission - Fecal-oral - contaminated water/food, (especially in the tropics). – Poor living conditions. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 23. Flagellates – Propelled by flagella. – May occur in trophozoites and cyst forms. – Have shape because of rigid outer wall. • Pathogens - Giardia lamblia • Disease - Ranges from asymptomatic to acute or chronic diarrhoea • Transmission - Fecal-oral, waterborne,World wide. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 24. • Trichomonas vaginalis – Disease - Vaginitis. – Transmission - Sexual. – Detection - Microscopy of discharge, culture. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 25. • Trypanosoma spp – Cause: Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness) – Disease - Fever, encephalitis; cardiac complications. – Transmission - Fly, Bug – Detection - Parasites stained on blood smears, serology. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 26. • Sporozoa – Mature forms are non-motile. – Complex life cycles. – Pathogens - Plasmodium spp. Cause malaria. – Disease - Episodic fevers, anaemia - life threatening! – Transmission - Mosquito bites. – Detection: Parasites stained on blood film. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 27. • Cryptosporidium parvum – Disease: watery diarrhea (chronic in immunosuppressed) – Transmission: fecal-oral, water borne, animals (zoonosis), world wide distribution – Detection: microscopy of stool using special stains DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 28. • Cyclospora cayetanensis –Disease - Watery diarrhea, similar to above. –Transmission - Fecal - oral, especially in tropics. –Detection - As for Cryptosporidium. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 29. • Toxoplasma gondii – Disease - Mostly asymptomatic infection, but new infection in pregnancy causes fetal malformations; also infection in immuno-suppressed. – Transmission - By poorly cooked meat, from cat stool, rarely water. – Detection - By serology. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 30. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 31. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 32. • Helminths – Platyheminths (flatworms) • Cestodes – “tapeworms” • Ribbon like, segmented. No digestive system, adult attached to gut wall by scolex, larval forms in tissues. • Life cycle Definitive Host (gut contains adult worms ) • Environment ( Ova ) • Intermediate Host ( tissues contain larval stage) • When the intermediate host is eaten by the definitive host, the adult worm develops in the gut from the larval form, and later produces ova. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 33. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 34. • Principle Pathogens – Taenia saginata,Taenia solium • Disease: - Abdominal discomfort (man is definitive host {i.e. has adult}). • Transmission: - Larval forms ingested in food. • Detection: - Identification of ova or adult segments in stool. – Some cestodes infect humans by the adult form in the gut, some infect by larval forms in tissues, and some infect in both forms. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 35. –Cysticercosis (T. solium larvae) • Disease -Cysts throughout the body tissues. • Transmission - Ova are ingested; • Detection - Serology, also x-ray, ultrasound, and other methods to detect mass lesions. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 36. • Pathogens - Schistosoma spp. (schistosomiasis). • Disease - Effects of inflammation, hematuria. • Transmission - Penetration of skin . • Detection - Ova in stool/urine depending on species of schistosome. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 37. –Nematodes (roundworms) • Disease - Abdominal pain/discomfort (most found in the gut). • Transmission - Fecal-oral via ova in stool. • Detection –Recognition of ova using stool microscopy. –Identification of adult worms. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 38. –Hookworms • Disease - Chronic blood loss. • Transmission - Larvae penetrate skin. • Detection - Identification of ova or larvae in stool. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 39. –Filaria - filariasis • Disease - Fevers, elephantiasis, swelling and deformity of limbs, genitalia. • Transmission - Mosquito borne/Sand fly. • Detection - Marasites (microfilaria) stained on blood film. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 40. Filarisis DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 41. Elephantitis DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 42. Ectoparasites – Colonize the body vs. Micropredators that bite only. • Insects - ( 6 legs) - fleas, head-, body- and pubic lice (singular – Louse) • Arachnida - ( 8 legs, but can have 6 in immature form) - ticks, mites – Their importance is as vectors of disease and to a lesser extent cosmetic. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 43. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 44. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 45. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 46. Adaptations to a parasitic existence • Loss of structures or enzymes, e.g. GI tract. • Development of pathogenic adaptations, e.g. mechanisms of attachment (hookworms). • Defense mechanisms, e.g. resistance to digestion (nematodes). • Increased reproductive capacity, eg. Ascaris. Some parasites require infection of a host to complete their lifecycles. Other parasites may be free living in the environment and do not need to cause infection to persist. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 47. Detection of GI protozoa – amoebae / flagellates • Microscopic identification of organisms from a concentrated extract of stool. • Microscopic identification of organisms using a stained slide made from a filtered stool suspension. Note: Parasite preservative kills all organisms; therefore, a preserved specimen cannot be used for culture. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 48. Thank You DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 49. ARTHROPOD INFECTIONS/INFESTATIONS OF THE SKIN: Insect infections/infestations 1. Louse (Anoplura) infestations: Pediculus 2. Blood-feeding bugs (Hemiptera) 3. Fleas (Siphonaptera) 4. Blood-feeding flies and myiasis (Diptera) • Cutaneous myiasis – calliphorid blowflies; putsi flies, human botflies • Gastrointestinal myiasis – calliphorid blowflies • Ophthalmomyiasis – sheep nasal bot fly, Oestrus ovis41; screw worms • Genitourinary myiasis – calliphorid blowflies. • Sanguinivorous myiasis – the Congo Floor Maggot DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 50. Arachnid infections/infestations 1. Mites 2. Ticks 3. Argasid ticks 4. Ixodid ticks DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 51. Common Symptoms of Parasites • Constipation: Some worms, because of their shape and large size. can physically obstruct certain organs. Heavy worm infections can block the common bile duct and the intestinal tract, making elimination infrequent and difficult. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 52. Diarrhoea: Certain parasites, primarily protozoa, produce a prostaglandin (hormonelike substances found in various human tissues) which creates a sodium and chloride loss that leads to frequent watery stools. The diarrhoea process in parasite infection is, therefore, a function of the parasite, not the body's attempt to rid itself of an infectious organism. Gas and Bloating: Some parasites live in the upper small intestine where the inflammation they produce causes both gas and bloating. The situation can be magnified when hard-to-digest foods such as beans and raw fruits and vegetables are eaten. Persistent abdominal distention is a frequent sign of hidden invaders. These gastrointestinal symptoms can persist intermittently for many months or years if the parasites are not eliminated from the body. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 53. Irritable bowel syndrome: Parasites can irritate inflame, coal, the intestinal cell wall, leading to a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms and malabsorption of vital nutriens, particularly fatty substances. This malabsorption leads to bulky stools and steatorrhea (excess far in feces). Joint and muscle aches and pains: Parasites are known to migrate to encyst (become enclosed in a sac) in joint fluids, and worms can encyst in muscles. Once Ads happens, pain becomes evident and is often assumed to be caused by arthritis Joint and muscle pains and inflammation are also the result of tissue damage caused by some parasites of the body's ongoing immune response to then- presence. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 54. Anaemia: Some varieties of intestinal worms attach themselves to the mucosal lining of the intestines and then leach nutrients from the human host. If they are present in large enough numbers, they can create enough blood loss to cause a type of iron deficiency or pernicious Allergy: Parasites can irritate and sometimes perforate the intestinal lining, increasing bowel permeability to large undigested molecules. This can activate the body's immune response to produce increased levels of eosinophils, one type of the body's fighter cells. The eosinophils can inflame body tissue, resulting in an allergic reaction. Like allergy, parasites also trigger an increase in the production of immunoglobulin E (IgE). DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 55. • Skin conditions: Intestinal worms can cause hives, rashes, weeping eczema, and other allergic-type skin reactions. Cutaneous ulcers, swellings and sores, popular lesions, and itchy dermatitis can afl result from protozoan invasion. Granuiomas: Granulomas are tumour-like masses that encase destroyed large or parasitic eggs. They develop most often in the colon or rectal walls but can also be found in the lungs liver, peritoneum, and uterus. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 56. Nervousness: Parasitic metabolic wastes and toxic substances can serve as irritants to the central nervous system. Restlessness and anxiety are often the result of the systemic parasite infestation. (After completing a herbal cleanse, many people swear that their persistently grouchy mates or relatives have become a lot more pleasant and patient. "The most famous tapeworm of recent years belonged to the late opera singer Maria Callas. She had a serious weight and skin problem. When the tapeworm was detected and removed, ha" weight dropped, her skin improved and her temperament mellowed," says Gittleman.) Sleep disturbances: Multiple awakening during the night particularly between 2 and 3 AM, are possibly caused by the body's attempts to eliminate toxic wastes via the liver. According to Chinese medicine, these hours are governed by the liver. Sleep disturbances are also caused by nocturnal exits of certain parasites through the anus, creating the intense discomfort and itching. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 57. Teeth grinding: Bruxism - abnormal grinding, clenching, and gnashing of the teeth - has been observed in cases of parasitic infection. These symptoms are most noticeable among sleeping for children. Bruxism may be a nervous response to the internal foreign irritant. Chronic fatigue: Chronic fatigue symptoms include tiredness, flu-like complaints, apathy, depression, impaired concentration, and faulty memory. Parasites cause these physical, mental, and emotional symptoms through malnutrition resulting from malabsorption of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and especially vitamins A and B-12. DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 58. • Immunie Dysfunction: Parasites depress immune system functioning by decreasing the secretion of immunoglobulin A (I&A). Their presence continuously stimulates the system response and over time can exhaust this vital defense system, leaving the body open to bacterial and viral infections. The following conditions might also be tell-tale signs of a parasitic invasion: weight gain, excessive hunger, weight loss, bad taste in the mouth and bad breath, asthma, diabetes, epilepsy, acne, migraines, and even the biggest killers: heart disease and cancer. CON, BPKIHS MSND, DR. Ram Sharan Mehta,
  • 59. Nematoda - Roundworms · Anisakis · Ascaris Lumbricoides - Giant Roundworm · Enterobius Vermicularis - Pinworm · Hookworms · Loa Loa - Eye Worm - Subcutaneous Filariasis · Strongyloides Stercoralis · Trichuris Trichiura - Whipworm · Wuchereria Bancrofti - Lymphatic Filariasis - Elephantiasis DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 60. Trematoda - Flukes · Fasciola Hepatica - Liver Fluke · Fasciolopsis Buski - Intestinal Fluke · Paragonimus Westermani - Lung Fluke · Schistosoma - Blood Flukes DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 61. Cestoda - Tapeworms · Diphyllobothrium Latum - Fish Tapeworm · Hymenolepis Nana - Dwarf Tapeworm · Taenia Saginata - Beef Tapeworm · Taenia Solium - Pork Tapeworm DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 62. Protozoa · Balantidium Coli · Entamoeba Histolytica - Amoebiasis · Giardia Intestinalis · Leishmania · Plasmodium Falciparum - Malaria · Toxoplasma Gondii · Trypanosoma Brucei - Sleeping Sickness DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 63. Skin Parasites · Cimex Lectularius - Bedbug · Dermatobia hominis - Human Botfly · Sarcoptes Scabiei - Scabies DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS
  • 64. Thank You DR. Ram Sharan Mehta, MSND, CON, BPKIHS