14. Orchid.ppt

Orchids
(Orchidaceae)
Introduction
 The orchids are distinctive plants.
 Intricately designed spectacular flowers.
 Grown as a pot plant in most parts of the
world due to the epiphytic nature.

SPECIES AND HABITAT
 25,000 to 30,000 species
 700 to 800 genera
 Perennial herbs of varying growth habit
 Grow in the ground, on rocks, on trees or
shrubs; a few also grow in water like aquatics.
 They are not parasites.
 Divided into three groups:
Terrestrial, Ephyphytes and Saprophytes.

Vegetative structure
 2 types of growth:
MONOPODIAL and SYMPODIAL
 Monopodials
- Do not make separate new growths each season
- Do not have rhizome
- single stem increases its height throughout the
life period eg. Aerides, Rhynchostylis, Vanda,
Phalaenopsis, etc.
 In sympodial types, extension of the rhizome from
the basal part makes separate new growth.
 Each new growth produces its own set of roots.
 Plants of this group often have more than one stem.

MONOPODIALS
Aerides Rhynchostylis

Vanda
Phalaenopsis
Moth Orchid (Phal)

 Stems are generally thickened and bulbous and
have earned the name pseudobulbs
eg: Cattleya, Coelogyne, Epidenarum, Laelia and
Sophronitis.
 The roots of epiphytic orchids are very curious,
they are covered by a whitish spongy and pulpy
coat called vellamen.
 Rhizomes are found only in sympodial types of
orchids and are actually a primary stem, from
which arises the secondary stem.

Orchid flowers
 Flowers of orchids are perfect, terminal, solitary or in a
spike or raceme or panicle
 All orchids are made up of seven parts:
i) 3 sepals ii) 2 petals
iii) a lip or labellum showier than the rest
iv) Gynostemium – column enclosed in trumpet like part
of lip.
v) Pollinia – packets of pollen having anther
vi) Stigma - below the anther –shallow sticky cavity in
which the pollen is placed for fertilization.
vii) Rostellum - small growth -protective barrier to
prevent self pollination.

 The three inner floral segments are very irregular called
the petals.
 One of them termed the lip or labellum is typically very
much modified and enlarged.
 It is often the most prominent and distinctive part of the
flower.
 In the bud, the lip is the uppermost petal
 It becomes the lowermost one through a remarkable
twisting of pedicellate ovary, a process known as
RESUPINATION.
 Stamens are untied to the styles and stigma forming a
column.
 Sepaline tube - The sepals may be free from one another
or sometimes united on occasion forming a definite tube,

CLASSIFICATION OF ORCHIDS
 Based on growth habit
 Based on their habitats
 Classification based on Temperature requirement

 Based on growth habit :
- Monopodials and Sympodials
 Based on their habitats, orchids fall under 5 classes
- Terrestrial - Epiphytic
- Saprophytic - Lithophytic
- Subterranean Orchids
 Based on Temperature requirement
- Warm orchids
- Intermediate Orchids
- Cool Orchids

Based on growth habit
 Monopodials
Ex:Phalaenopsis,Vandas,Arachinis,Aerides,Ascocentum
 Sympodials
Ex : Dendrobiums,Cattleya,Oncidium,

Based on their habitats
 Terrestrial (or) Ground Orchids
 Grow in soil, Sympodial and perennial
 Example : Spathoglottis plicata, Arundina graminifolia, Phaius tankervilleae,
Cymbidiums,Paphiopedilum
 Epiphytic Orchids
 Grow well on other plants
 Abundant in humid tropical rain forests of India. - Elevation upto 3000m.
Example : Vanda, Vanilla, Dendrobium, Cymbidium, Cattleya,
Oncidium etc.

 Saprophytic Orchids
 Live on dead and decaying organic matter, - Found on the moist forest
floors.
 Example : Neottia, Galeola, Listera etc.
 Lithophytic Orchids
 Rarely found and they grow in moist, shaded rocks and crevices of walls.
 Example : Cymbidium munronianum, Diplomeris birsuta
 Subterranean Orchids
 Underground orchids, - Found in Australia
 Example : Rhizanthetta and Cryptanthemis

Classification
For growing purposes, orchids are usually divided into
three temperature groups.
Warm orchids Intermediate
Orchids
Cool Orchids
15.5oC 13oC to 18oC 10oC to 13oC
Phalaenopsis
Vanda
Rhynchostylis
and some
Dendrobium
species
Cattleya
Laelia
Brassavola,
Oncidium
Miltonia, etc
Cymbidium
Paphiopedilum
some species of
Miltonia,
Odontoglossum and
Dendrobium

Structure for growing orchids
 A flat roof orchid house of 3–metre height
supported by pillars and overlaid with a
framework of roof made of split bamboo or
wooden slots is ideal.
 Bamboo poles and roof covered with matting of
coconut or date palm leaves are also equally
good.
 In temperate climate for large – scale production
under protected cover Quonset style, ridge and
furrow type or gutter connected green houses
are preferred.

Environment
 Light requirement depends on latitude.
 Cypripedium and Phalaenopsis - 200-300 foot candles
 Vanda and Aranda thrive best under 800 foot candles
 Maintenance of proper humidity -50 to 70 per cent
 The best suitable range is 18 o C to 30o C
 A difference of 10o C - 20o C between day and night
temperature is beneficial
 Indirect sunlight is ideal for orchids
 DAY NEUTRAL and are not influenced by day length
 RH : 30% at night and 80% during day time

Growing media
 Hardwood charcoal
 Osmunda tree fern fibre.
 Sphagnum moss
 Mixture of chopped tree fern fibre, pieces of
charcoal and sphagnum moss
 Coconut husk, over burnt bricks, clear styrene
pellets.
 Solid polyurethane foam
 Coarse vermiculite (0.63 cm to 2.5cm)

Propagation
Conventional methods
Micro propagation method
 Tissue culture method
 Seed embryo culture
Division of clumps, keikis, back bulbs and tissue culture plants.
Monopodial orchids Sympodial orchids
Stem cuttings Divisions
Flower stalk cuttings Offshoots
Layering Back bulbs

Keiki :
 Plant produced asexually in some orchids
eg. Dendrobium, Epidendrum and Phalaenopsis orchids.
 Is an exact clone of the mother plant, sometimes
flowering while still attached to the mother.
 The word keiki is Hawaiian for "baby" or "child", y "the
little one".

On Phalaenopsis,
 grows from one node along the flower stem.
 induced by prolonged exposure to high temperature
during the final phase of spike growth.
 Sometimes produced at base of the orchid.
On Dendrobium
 sprouts along length of cane or from end of cane.
 induced by the accumulation of growth hormones at
that point, either naturally, or by the application of
keiki paste.

Nutrition
 Spray application of cowdung and oilcake
solution, and micronutrients
 Use of coated and slow release fertilisers.
 Foliar application of NPK 20:10:10 @ 0.2% at
weekly intervals starting from 30 days after
planting. ( for Dendrobium)
 Growth regulators
Foliar application of GA3 50 ppm at bimonthly
intervals starting from 30 days after planting.

Repotting
Orchids need repotting regularly, usually every two to three years:
1. When the plant grows large and overgrows its container.
2. When the potting material deteriorates
3. When the plant has to be split or divided
4. It is better to repot epiphytes every year.
The best time for repotting is when fresh roots emerge at the bases
of the previous year’s growth.
In monopodial climbers, repotting or division has to be done when
new leaf growth shows at the top and there is new root growth.

IMPORTANT HYBRIDS FOR CUT FLOWER PRODUCTION
Arachnis - Maggie Oei
Aranthera - James Storie
Aeridochnis - Bogor
Aranda - Christine
Dendrobium - Pompadour Sonia
Dendrobium - Walter Oume
Dendrobium - Tomie
Dendrobium - Spell Bound
Dendrobium - Ceasar
Vanda - Miss Joaquim.
Vanda - Rothschildiana
,
Asconcenda - Yip Sum Wah
Oncidium - Golden Shower'.

Orchids suitable for cut flower production in India
Tropical orchids
Arachnis Maggie Qei
Aranthera Annie Black James Storii
Aranda Ang Hee Sang Christine Kooi Choo
Mandai Fragrance Nooran
Dendrobium Caesor Ekapol red Fatim
Joaqulin Thomas King Kobra Panda
Kaseem Gold Mary Mak Sonia
Spell Bound Tomie
Madame Pompadour

Vanda
Diana profuse
John club
Kultana Gold
Miss Joaquim
Rothschildiana
Wirat
Worwatts
Oncidium
Golden shower
Gower Ramsey
Renanthera
Alsagoff
Peter Evert
Wendy Scott
Mokara
Alex Hawaks
Annie Black
Philippinaris Charkuon–orange

Temperate orchids
Cymbidium
Calfornia ‘Cascade’
Christmas Beauty ‘St Fransis’
Christmas ‘Song’
King Arthur ‘Salvador’
Kumamto ‘Yellow Bird’
Pendragon ‘Sikkim’
Red beauty ‘Crosses’
Show girl ‘Malibu’
Vanquard ‘mass
Cattleya
Beauty’
Embers ‘chris’
BLC Udom gold ‘Kanokpom’
‘Alexanderi’

DENDROBIUM VARIETIES
 PURPLE : Sonia Sonia 17 Sonia 28
AND WHITE Earsakul Bom Jo
 PURPLE : Renappa New Wanee
Sabine Red Jurie Red
 WHITE : Emma White Fairy White
Kasem White Snow White
 PINK : Sakura Pink New pink
 YELLOW : Sherifa Fatimah Kasem Gold
Tongchai Gold

Harvest & Yield
 Dendrobium flower fully matures only 3 or 4 days after it opens.
 Flowers are harvested when they are fully open
 flowers cut prior to their maturity will wilt early.
 Immediately after harvest, the lower 0.75cm of the peduncle is cut
off, and the flower is inserted into a fresh tube of water containing
preservative.
 Harvesting the spike when 75 per cent of the flowers are open and
remaining buds are unopen.
 Yield:
8 - 10 spikes/plant/year
Yield:
Yield:

Postharvest handling
Cymbidium
 Stage of harvest:
Almost all flowers on the spike should have
opened, when top buds started opening.
 Storage:
At 1 to 4oC for two weeks.
Less sensitive to chilling injury.
 Vase life:
15 to 21 days.
Holding solution -200 ppm 8HQC+ 1 % sucrose.

Orchids
Sorting And Packing Orchids

Dendrobium
 Stage of harvest : When all florests open
 Storage : Flower spikes can be wet stored at 5 to
7oC in water for 10 to 14 days.
 Vase life : 14 to 21 days
Generally floral preservatives not effective
But improvement seen with holding solution of:
- 2 % sucrose + 200 ppm 8 HQC.
- Other preservative solutions are
: 4 % sucrose + 30 ppm AgNO3
: 4%sucrose+30 ppm AgNO3+225ppm 8HQC

Insect pests and diseases
 Pests: Snail and Slug: Hand pick and destroy them immediately.
 Diseases:
1. Bacterial soft and Brown rot (Ervinia spp.) : Foliar application -
Streptomycin Sulphate @ 0.5 g + Copper Oxy Chloride @ 2 g/l.
2.Bacterial Brown spot (Acidovorax sp.) : Foliar application -
Streptomycin Sulphate @ 0.5 g + Copper Oxy Chloride @ 2 g/l.
3. Blackrot (Pythiumsp.and Phytothora sp.) : Foliar application
of Metalaxyl 2 g / lit. (or) Dimethomorph 50% WP 0.5 g / lit.
4. Anthracnose – Foliar application of Thiophanate Methyl 2 g / l
(or) Difenoconazole 0.5 ml/l

 Viral diseases
- Blossom brown necrotic streak
- mosaic flower break
- Cymbidium mosaic
- Cattleya leaf necrosis
- Odonotoglossum ring spot
- Brown spots, streaks or whole flower break
of Cattleya orchids.
 Use of sterilised knife, potting media, disease free
planting materials and spraying with insecticides
are controlling measures of viral diseases.

1. CATTLEYA
• Has 42 species.
• ‘Corsage orchids’.
• Showy flowers and are widely used for hybridization.
• All colors, except blue and black.
• Flowers originate from a pseudobulb and usually have three broad
petals.
• One of the petals forms the lip and features many markings, specks
and a frilly margin.

2. PHALAENOPSIS
• Has approximately 60 species
• most popular orchids in the trade for the development of artificial
hybrids.
• ‘Moth Orchids’ since some of the species resemble moths in flight.
• Some of the species grow in moist and humid forests and others
grow in dry and cool environments.
• THE PLANTS DO NOT POSSESS PSEUDOBULBS and the
flowers stay in bloom for long.

3. PAPHIOPEDILUM
• ‘Lady’s slippers’ due to the shape of the pouch like labellum of
the flower.
• The pouch is used to trap insects to help in pollination.
• 80 accepted species of the genus.
• They occur among humus layers on the forest floor and some are
epiphytic.
• The colorful orchids Bloom Only Once when the shoot is fully
grown.

4 . CYMBIDIUM
• 52 species
• ‘Boat orchids’.
• Distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia and Australia.
• Species with large flowers grow at high altitudes.
• These orchids derive their name from the form of the base of
the lip.

5. DENDROBIUM
• 1,200 species.
• occur in diverse habitats and derive their name from their
epiphytic nature.
• They grow quickly in summer but remain dormant during winter.

6. ONCIDIUM
• ‘Dancing ladies’
• 330 species of orchids.
• Flowers are brightly colored - yellow, red, white and pink.
• The petals and lip are ruffled on the edges.
• The lip is larger and partially blocks the smaller petals and sepals.
• They are mostly epiphytes and prefer dry areas.

7. Vanda
• 50 species
• Important florally.
• They are mostly epiphytic and produce some magnificent flowers.
• Some of the species produce blue flowers which also give it
horticultural importance.

8. EPIDENDRUM
• 1,100 species
• ‘Star orchids’.
• The genus derivers its name form its epiphytic growth habit.
• Fragrant and flowers are produced only once or after several
years from the same or new inflorescence.
• They are normally found in tropical and subtropical regions.

9. BRASSIA
• Epiphytic and are found in tropical America in wet forests.
• ‘Spider orchids’ owing to their unusual shape.
• Shape of the flower is used to mimic the spider to assist in
pollination.
• The wasps sting the lip to grasp their prey and in turn pollinate
the flowers.

10. MILTONIA
• 9 epiphytic species and 8 natural hybrids.
• Normally found in Brazilian Atlantic forest.
• The species have large and long lasting flowers.
• These orchids are relatively Easy To Grow so favorite
• They are also used to produce artificial hybrids.
• The flowers are beautiful and delicately fragrant.

ORCHIDARIUMS
1. The Agri-Horticultural Society of India 1, Alipore Road,
Kolkata - 700 027, India
2. Khonghampat Orchidarium, National Highway-39, 10 kms from
Imphal Centre, Imphal, Manipur, 795001, India
-- Read more: https://www.ixigo.com/khonghampat-
orchidarium-imphal-india-ne-1701020
3. National Orchidarium and experimental garden, run by the
botanical survey of India is situated on the way to Shervaroyan
temple. It has a greenhouse and a wide variety of orchids which
includes 30 orchid species that are exclusive. Many endangered
species of orchids are persevered in this Orchidarium. This is
ranked the third largest of all the orchidoriums in India.

 Aravalli Biodiversity Park, new Delhi
 Baguio Orchidarium
Shanum St, Baguio, Benguet, Philippines
 BSU Orchidarium and Ornamental garden
Bontoc Rd, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines

14. Orchid.ppt

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14. Orchid.ppt