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Mortality refers to death and related issues. There are several ways to measure and compare mortality rates in different populations. Crude mortality rates provide the total number of deaths per population over a period of time but do not account for differences in age or sex. Specific mortality rates, like infant mortality rates, measure deaths from a particular cause or in a specific age group. Adjusted mortality rates like standardized mortality ratios allow for comparisons between populations while controlling for certain variable differences.
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- 1. Measures of Mortality & Mortality in Different Populations BY DR MUHAMMAD TAUSEEF JAVED CONSULTANT MINISTRY OF HEALTH MAKKAH & IPH LAHORE
- 2. Mortality is a term which means “death” or describes death and related issues
- 6. Rates • With rates, the numerator is included in the denominator • Rate is the number of or frequency of a disease per unit size of population
- 7. Ratio
- 8. Ratios • Ratio – the relation in number, degree or quantity existing between two similar things 25 ♀ : 30 ♂ • Ratio as a fraction 25/30 or 5/6
- 9. Proportions • Compare like populations or like illnesses within a population For example, 40 children are currently ill with measles, while 80 children all together have or have had the measles
- 10. Mortality • Deaths; describes death; related issues • Graunt 1600s – Bills of Mortality • Farr (1807-1883) Registrar general; vital statistics Causes Registration
- 12. Types of Mortality Rates/Ratio • annual death rate • crude death rates • infant mortality rates (ratio) • neonatal mortality rates • postneonatal mortality rates • perinatal mortality rates • fetal death rates • fetal death ratios • abortion rates • maternal mortality rates • adjusted mortality rates • standardized mortality ratio • specific death rates • proportionate mortality rate- case fatality rate • mortality crossover – mortality time trends Your Assignment: familiarize yourself with the definitions of these terms
- 13. Three Levels of Rates • Crude rates • Adjusted rates • Specific rates/ratios
- 14. Annual Death Rates • “General” (crude) mortality rate a population group exposed to risk of death a time period • Crude Mortality Rate = # of deaths occurring in that population during that period of time
- 15. Crude Death Rates • Does NOT account for differences of age, sex, etc. in any aspect of death • Info needed: total deaths total population a given period of time
- 16. Crude Death Rates (cont’d)
- 17. Cause Specific Mortality Rate
- 18. Cause Specific Mortality Rate
- 20. Specific Death Rates • For example: Early life mortality measures
- 21. Specific Death Rates • For example: infant mortality
- 22. Infant Death Rates in the U.S.
- 23. Specific Death Rates • Neonatal mortality rate (cont’d) • Postneonatal mortality rate
- 24. Neonatal & Postneonatal Death Rates
- 25. Specific Death Rates • Perinatal mortality rates (cont’d)
- 26. Specific Death Rates • Fetal death rate (cont’d)
- 29. Adjusted Death Rates • Allows comparisons by controlling for differences in some variables Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) Proportionate Mortality Ratio (PMR) Specific Mortality Rates • Does NOT account for differences of age, sex, etc. in any aspect of death • Info needed: total deaths total population a given period of time
- 30. Adjusted Death Rates Age Adjusted Rates • Direct Method
- 31. Adjusted Death Rates Age Adjusted Rates • Direct Method (cont’d)
- 32. Adjusted Death Rates Age Adjusted Rates • Direct Method (cont’d)
- 33. Adjusted Death Rates Age Adjusted Rates • Indirect Method Standard Mortality Ratio (cont’d)
- 37. Specific Mortality Rates • Age specific mortality rate
- 39. Other Issues Related to Mortality • Mortality Cross-over Death of a subject that started in one group but “crossed over” to another group during course of study • Mortality Time Trends • Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) YPLL Rate
- 40. Years of Potential Life Lost