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Godadaw Misganaw
Godadaw Misganaw

The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of mammalian reproductive systems. It describes the key organs involved in both male and female reproductive tracts, including testes, scrotum, urethra, and accessory sex glands in males, and vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, uterine horns, fallopian tubes, and ovaries in females. It also discusses the importance of compatibility and timing between male and female anatomy and physiology for successful reproduction.

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Anatomy and Physiology: Reproductive Systems (3025B) By Jessi Spry and Kathryn Shaull
General Information 1 • Reproduction is a complicated process in all species of animals http://piximg.corbis.com/cpe/256wm/101http://asnet.tamu.edu/www/ansc108/PICS/Boar.jpg53713.jpg
General Information 2 • The anatomy of both the male and female must be compatible.
General Information 3 • Physiological compatibility and timing is also required – Must have similar genetic makeup – The female must be willing in heat to accept the male – Ovum must be mature and ready to be fertilized – Dependent on the proper function of many organs
General Information 4 • Any abnormality in the anatomy or physiology of the reproductive tract result in lower fertility or complete sterility of the animal
Anatomy of the Male Reproductive Tracts • Less complex than the females. • Goal is to produce large numbers of viable male sex cells called spermatozoa. • Contributes ½ of the chromosomes to each of his offspring
Male Reproductive Tracts • After mating the role of the male is over • Reproductive organs in the various mammalian species are similar in form and function
Male Reproductive Tract-Picture http://frost.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/asc106/reprmale.htm
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Scrotum • Testes or testicles in the male are the primary sex organs and are held in a sac called the scrotum – Produce spermatozoa and testosterone – Normally two testicles in a scrotum
Scrotum – Functions as a heat regulating mechanism. • 4 or 5 degrees below body temp. is essential for spermatogenesis – growth and maturation of the sperm
Testicles • Some animals only have one or neither testicle drop out of the body cavity into the scrotum – A monorchid as one fertile testicle – Although the testicle in the body does not produce viable spermatozoa, it does produce testosterone – Cryptorchid is sterile and means neither dropped.
Urethra • Begins at the opening of the bladder and is continuous with the penis. – In mature bulls, the posterior portion of the urethra is S-shaped – known as the sigmoid flexure
Urethra • Extends the penis outside of the body and into the vaginal cavity of the female so that the semen can be deposited.
Urethra – If the Sigmoid flexure does not work you have the equivalent of the sterile male – The retractor muscle retracts the penis into the protective sheath
Urethra • “Accessory Sex Glands” along the urethra include the: – Prostate Gland – Two seminal vesicles – Two Cowper’s
Urethra • The accessory Sex Glands provide a medium for the transport of the sperm from the testes to the vagina. • The Medium includes: – Adds Volume – Provides Nutrients for the sperm – Cleans and flushes out the urinary tract. – Makes a plug to hold the semen in the vagina (in some species)
Any Questions?
Important Roles of Females • Provides 1/2 of the chromosomes of the young • Nourishes young in her uterus and after birth until weaning
Female Reproductive Tract • Female Tract consists of: – Vulva – Vagina – Cervix – Uterus – Uterine horn – Fallopian tubes http://frost.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/asc106/reprfema.htm – Ovaries
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Vulva • Exterior portion of the reproductive tract
Vagina • Region between the vulva and the cervix • Semen is deposited in this region in cows and ewes
Vagina Compared • Length (Vagina + Vestibule) – Cow 35-42 cm – Ewe 12-17 cm – Sow 16-23 cm – Mare 30-47 cm • Semen deposit – Cows and ewes have semen deposited here, mares and sows have semen deposited in cervix.
Cervix • “Mouth of womb” – The opening into the uterus through which sperm must pass to fertilize the egg. • Semen deposited here in mares and sows • Area stretches during birth to allow passage of newborn • Becomes blocked by mucus plug to protect it from harmful infections
Cervix
Uterine Horns • The two branches of the uterus • Fallopian tubes or ovuducts are located at the end of each horn • lined with microscopic cilia – help guide egg (ovum) to the horn • Usually the site of sperm and ovum uniting
Uterine Horns http://frost.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/asc106/uteruses.gif
Any Questions?
Value of Castration • Definition: removal of the testicles by either surgical or non-surgical methods
Ages for Castration • Recommended – Calves: 1-3 months – Lambs: 7-14 days – Pigs: 1-3 weeks http://asnet.tamu.edu/www/ansc108/PICS/Boar.jpg
Why Castrate • Makes male animals less aggressive and easier to handle •http://www.viewimages.com/viewimage/?imageid=102497&promotionid=1&partnerid=2&type=results
Aggression • Due to the effects of “androgens” – androgens: hormones that control the appearance and development of masculine sex characteristics • Removal of testes stops production • Primary androgen is “testosterone”
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Selected Resources • http://piximg.corbis.com/cpe/256wm/101http://asnet.tamu.edu/www/ansc108/PICS/Boar .jpg53713.jpg • http://frost.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/asc106/reprmale.htm • http://frost.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/asc106/reprfema.htm • http://frost.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/asc106/uteruses.gif • http://asnet.tamu.edu/www/ansc108/PICS/Boar.jpg • http://www.viewimages.com/viewimage/? imageid=102497&promotionid=1&partnerid=2&type=results

More Related Content

3025 b

  • 1. Anatomy and Physiology: Reproductive Systems (3025B) By Jessi Spry and Kathryn Shaull
  • 2. General Information 1 • Reproduction is a complicated process in all species of animals http://piximg.corbis.com/cpe/256wm/101http://asnet.tamu.edu/www/ansc108/PICS/Boar.jpg53713.jpg
  • 3. General Information 2 • The anatomy of both the male and female must be compatible.
  • 4. General Information 3 • Physiological compatibility and timing is also required – Must have similar genetic makeup – The female must be willing in heat to accept the male – Ovum must be mature and ready to be fertilized – Dependent on the proper function of many organs
  • 5. General Information 4 • Any abnormality in the anatomy or physiology of the reproductive tract result in lower fertility or complete sterility of the animal
  • 6. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive Tracts • Less complex than the females. • Goal is to produce large numbers of viable male sex cells called spermatozoa. • Contributes ½ of the chromosomes to each of his offspring
  • 7. Male Reproductive Tracts • After mating the role of the male is over • Reproductive organs in the various mammalian species are similar in form and function
  • 8. Male Reproductive Tract-Picture http://frost.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/asc106/reprmale.htm
  • 10. Scrotum • Testes or testicles in the male are the primary sex organs and are held in a sac called the scrotum – Produce spermatozoa and testosterone – Normally two testicles in a scrotum
  • 11. Scrotum – Functions as a heat regulating mechanism. • 4 or 5 degrees below body temp. is essential for spermatogenesis – growth and maturation of the sperm
  • 12. Testicles • Some animals only have one or neither testicle drop out of the body cavity into the scrotum – A monorchid as one fertile testicle – Although the testicle in the body does not produce viable spermatozoa, it does produce testosterone – Cryptorchid is sterile and means neither dropped.
  • 13. Urethra • Begins at the opening of the bladder and is continuous with the penis. – In mature bulls, the posterior portion of the urethra is S-shaped – known as the sigmoid flexure
  • 14. Urethra • Extends the penis outside of the body and into the vaginal cavity of the female so that the semen can be deposited.
  • 15. Urethra – If the Sigmoid flexure does not work you have the equivalent of the sterile male – The retractor muscle retracts the penis into the protective sheath
  • 16. Urethra • “Accessory Sex Glands” along the urethra include the: – Prostate Gland – Two seminal vesicles – Two Cowper’s
  • 17. Urethra • The accessory Sex Glands provide a medium for the transport of the sperm from the testes to the vagina. • The Medium includes: – Adds Volume – Provides Nutrients for the sperm – Cleans and flushes out the urinary tract. – Makes a plug to hold the semen in the vagina (in some species)
  • 19. Important Roles of Females • Provides 1/2 of the chromosomes of the young • Nourishes young in her uterus and after birth until weaning
  • 20. Female Reproductive Tract • Female Tract consists of: – Vulva – Vagina – Cervix – Uterus – Uterine horn – Fallopian tubes http://frost.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/asc106/reprfema.htm – Ovaries
  • 22. Vulva • Exterior portion of the reproductive tract
  • 23. Vagina • Region between the vulva and the cervix • Semen is deposited in this region in cows and ewes
  • 24. Vagina Compared • Length (Vagina + Vestibule) – Cow 35-42 cm – Ewe 12-17 cm – Sow 16-23 cm – Mare 30-47 cm • Semen deposit – Cows and ewes have semen deposited here, mares and sows have semen deposited in cervix.
  • 25. Cervix • “Mouth of womb” – The opening into the uterus through which sperm must pass to fertilize the egg. • Semen deposited here in mares and sows • Area stretches during birth to allow passage of newborn • Becomes blocked by mucus plug to protect it from harmful infections
  • 27. Uterine Horns • The two branches of the uterus • Fallopian tubes or ovuducts are located at the end of each horn • lined with microscopic cilia – help guide egg (ovum) to the horn • Usually the site of sperm and ovum uniting
  • 30. Value of Castration • Definition: removal of the testicles by either surgical or non-surgical methods
  • 31. Ages for Castration • Recommended – Calves: 1-3 months – Lambs: 7-14 days – Pigs: 1-3 weeks http://asnet.tamu.edu/www/ansc108/PICS/Boar.jpg
  • 32. Why Castrate • Makes male animals less aggressive and easier to handle •http://www.viewimages.com/viewimage/?imageid=102497&promotionid=1&partnerid=2&type=results
  • 33. Aggression • Due to the effects of “androgens” – androgens: hormones that control the appearance and development of masculine sex characteristics • Removal of testes stops production • Primary androgen is “testosterone”
  • 35. Selected Resources • http://piximg.corbis.com/cpe/256wm/101http://asnet.tamu.edu/www/ansc108/PICS/Boar .jpg53713.jpg • http://frost.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/asc106/reprmale.htm • http://frost.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/asc106/reprfema.htm • http://frost.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/asc106/uteruses.gif • http://asnet.tamu.edu/www/ansc108/PICS/Boar.jpg • http://www.viewimages.com/viewimage/? imageid=102497&promotionid=1&partnerid=2&type=results