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The biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems and can be defined as the narrow layer around Earth's surface in which life exists. It extends approximately 11 km into the oceans and 9 km into the atmosphere. The biosphere receives energy from the sun which is used by plants through photosynthesis and transferred through food chains, though some energy is lost as heat at each transfer between organisms. It forms a thin living crust on the planet within which the complex interactions between different environmental components sustain life.
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The biosphere is the part of Earth inhabited by life forms. It includes all living and non-living components interacting as a complex system. The biosphere contains the biotic elements like plants, animals and microorganisms, as well as abiotic elements like air, water and soil. Plants are primary producers that use photosynthesis to convert sunlight into food, while animals and microbes consume other organisms for sustenance and play important roles in decomposition.
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The biosphere is the largest ecosystem on Earth, consisting of all living things and their interactions. It includes producers like plants that generate food, consumers that eat producers or other consumers, and decomposers like fungi and bacteria that break down remains. Species are connected through food chains that make up larger food webs. Extinction occurs when a whole species dies out, and is caused by loss of habitat, pollution, hunting, climate change, and other factors. Efforts to protect biodiversity include designating endangered species, and establishing national parks and biosphere reserves to safeguard wildlife and environments.
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Ecology - Foundation Course Semester 2- Prof. Karishma Shetty
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More from Shifas ibrahim MBA student @ ILAHIA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
Types of manufacturing_systems
This document provides an overview of different production systems, including job shops, batch production, and mass production. It also discusses flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) and how they provide increased flexibility over mass production while still enabling higher volumes than a job shop. Programmable automation, specifically computer numerical control (CNC), is also introduced as a way to increase flexibility through computer-controlled machine tools. CNC has allowed for numerical control of machining processes like milling, drilling, boring, turning, grinding, sawing, and electrical discharge machining (EDM).
Production planning and_control-an_introduction
Production planning and_control-an_introductionShifas ibrahim MBA student @ ILAHIA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
This document discusses production planning and control. It describes production planning as determining required facilities, layout, and rate of production. Planning occurs over long, medium, and short term horizons. Production control monitors plan execution by starting operations on time, recording progress, identifying deviations, and improving future plans. The document also defines types of production systems like job shops, batches, and mass production based on order patterns and standardization.Operations management overview
The document discusses projects and production. It notes that projects such as constructing a hospital or developing a new product involve doing something once, while production involves repetitive activities like treating patients or manufacturing multiples of a product. Projects and production are interwoven, with projects helping to solve production problems. The aim of production is to provide goods and services for people in the right quantities, locations, times and at reasonable costs while meeting quality standards. Value is added through various transformations in the production process.
Materials requirement planning
MRP stands for materials requirements planning. It is a system used to plan for and schedule the manufacturing and purchasing of materials and components. MRP takes the master production schedule for end items and generates detailed schedules for all raw materials, components, and sub-assemblies required. It offsets requirements by lead times and nets requirements against inventory and scheduled receipts to determine precise ordering needs. MRP provides a systematic approach to ensure the right materials are available at the right time to efficiently manufacture products to meet demand.
Interaction of operations_management_with_other_functional_areas
Interaction of operations_management_with_other_functional_areasShifas ibrahim MBA student @ ILAHIA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
Operations management interacts with other functional areas by managing the transformation process and providing information to support other business functions. As the most diverse organizational function, operations management operates under many names and faces like VP of operations or manufacturing manager. Other functions like marketing, finance, human resources, and accounting rely on operations management to understand production capabilities, capital investment needs, job requirements, and inventory/capacity details in order to coordinate activities and achieve organizational goals.Improving the productivity_and_introducing_the_work_study
Improving the productivity_and_introducing_the_work_studyShifas ibrahim MBA student @ ILAHIA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
Work study techniques like method study and work measurement can be used to improve productivity by reducing excess work content and ineffective time. The key steps involve observing current work processes, analyzing for unnecessary tasks or motions, developing more efficient methods, and setting standard times to measure productivity. Implementing work study can lead to greater output, better quality, and higher productivity through systematic analysis and improvement of work methods.Forecasting and various_methods
Forecasting is making predictions about future events or outcomes based on past data and trends. It can involve both formal statistical methods using quantitative data as well as less formal judgment-based qualitative techniques. Key aspects of forecasting include dealing with risk and uncertainty, keeping data up-to-date, and comparing predictions to actual outcomes. There are various categories of forecasting methods, including qualitative techniques based on expert opinion for long-term predictions and quantitative models using historical data for short-term forecasts.
Forecasting
This document discusses various forecasting methods used for different planning horizons. It outlines long, medium, and short term planning decisions and notes that demand forecasting is essential for planning. The document then describes several subjective and objective forecasting methods, including opinion polls, moving averages, regression models, and time series analysis. It also discusses normal and abnormal demand patterns and delves deeper into opinion polls and the Delphi method.
Facility location
This document discusses various aspects of strategic facility location decisions. It begins by explaining that location decisions are strategic, long-term, capital-intensive, and difficult to reverse. It then outlines a hierarchy of location problems from the plant level down to individual workstations. Important factors in choosing a location include market access, raw materials, transportation, and costs. The document analyzes a case study of choosing a new plant location and later deciding whether to shut down an existing plant in response to changing demand.
Facility location
This document discusses factors to consider when selecting a facility location. It identifies primary factors like material, labor, and existing facilities that drive industrialization in an area. Secondary factors include available financing, infrastructure, and insurance. Location selection errors can be behavioral if personal factors outweigh business success, or non-behavioral from a lack of analysis or ignoring key industry characteristics. Developing a location strategy helps companies determine product offerings, demand forecasts, optimal manufacturing/service locations, and how to best access customers at minimum cost. Proximity to customers, available skilled labor, business-friendly policies, and supplier networks are also important location selection criteria.
Facility layout
There are three basic types of facility layouts: process, product, and fixed-position. Process layouts group similar activities together by department, while product layouts arrange activities in line by production sequence. Fixed-position layouts are used when products are too large to move. Effective layouts consider factors like material flow, space utilization, bottlenecks, and flexibility.
Facilities planning _lay_out_and_location_analysis
Facilities planning _lay_out_and_location_analysisShifas ibrahim MBA student @ ILAHIA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
This document discusses facilities planning and location analysis. It summarizes BMW's decision to locate a new plant at an existing facility in Regensburg, Germany. Reasons for this selection included the facility's track record, flexibility to shift production, agility of the production team, saving time, developing skills of new recruits, and accessibility along with cost effectiveness and political climate. It defines plant layout as arranging machines, equipment and facilities to ensure efficient material flow from receipt to output. An optimal layout impacts production optimization, minimizing material handling time and costs, flexibility, flow, land and building use, effective labor utilization and improved worker quality of life. Product, production process and production volume determine layout.Basic inventory principles
This document discusses inventory functions and costs. It describes five categories of stock: pipeline, cycle, seasonal, safety, and other. Inventory costs include procurement costs which are generally fixed per order, inventory holding costs which are the cost per unit per time period, and stockout costs when demand exceeds supply. The document advocates for selective inventory control using ABC analysis to prioritize items based on annual consumption value and tailor inventory policies accordingly in order to minimize total inventory costs.
Classifying production processes
Methods used in production are classified as either analytic, synthetic, continuous, or intermittent. An analytic system breaks down raw materials into components, while a synthetic system combines materials into a finished product. Continuous production runs for extended periods without stopping, like steel production, while intermittent production stops frequently to change products or fulfill orders. Most services traditionally used intermittent production but are moving toward more standardized continuous models.
Work sampling
Work sampling is a technique used to determine the percentage of time workers or machines spend in different states like working, idle, etc. This is done by taking a large number of instantaneous random observations over time. The ratio of observations where a worker/machine is engaged in a particular activity to the total observations gives the percentage of time spent on that activity. Taking a large number of random samples improves the accuracy of the results.
Module 2
Job analysis is a systematic exploration of the tasks, duties, and responsibilities involved in a job. It identifies the key aspects of the job and provides essential information for human resource functions like recruitment, selection, training, and performance appraisal. The common methods used for job analysis include observation, interviews, questionnaires, technical conferences, and diaries. The key outputs of job analysis are the job description, job specification, and job evaluation. The job description outlines the key purpose, duties and responsibilities of the role, while the job specification defines the minimum qualifications required. Job evaluation determines the relative worth of different jobs in an organization.
Sources of finance
There are three main sources of finance: 1) Security financing or external financing through ownership securities like equity shares and preference shares, and creditorship securities like debentures and bonds. 2) Internal financing through retained earnings and depreciation. 3) Loan financing, which includes short term loans from traders, banks, and commercial paper, as well as medium and long term loans from specialized financial institutions.
Leverages
This document discusses different types of leverage:
1. Operating leverage refers to how operating profits vary with sales. Higher fixed costs lead to higher operating leverage and risk.
2. Financial leverage refers to using debt financing. Higher debt leads to higher financial leverage and risk but can also increase returns.
3. Composite leverage is the combined effect of operating and financial leverage on overall risk and returns. The document provides examples of calculating operating, financial, and composite leverage.
Inventory mgt,s p k
This document discusses inventory management. It defines inventory as the stock of goods that an enterprise needs to run its production and distribution processes smoothly. The main objectives of inventory management are to ensure continuous supply while avoiding overstocking or understocking, maintaining optimal investment levels, and minimizing costs and losses. There are different types of inventories - raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods. Key tools and techniques for managing inventory include determining stock levels, safety stocks, economic order quantities, and analyzing inventory turnover and age.
Financial management intro,capital_budgeting,cost_of_capital_-_copy
Financial management intro,capital_budgeting,cost_of_capital_-_copyShifas ibrahim MBA student @ ILAHIA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
Financial management involves obtaining and utilizing funds for efficient business operations. It includes investment, financing, and dividend decisions. The key objectives of financial management are profit maximization and wealth maximization. Profit maximization ensures economic efficiency and social welfare but has disadvantages like ambiguity regarding timing and quality of benefits. Risk management methods include risk avoidance, prevention, transfer, and retention such as through insurance. Capital budgeting evaluates long-term investment projects using traditional methods like payback period and discounted cash flow methods like net present value, internal rate of return, and profitability index. The cost of capital considers the expected rates of return on different sources of funds like debt, preference shares, and equity. The weighted average cost of capital is used toMore from Shifas ibrahim MBA student @ ILAHIA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES (20)
Interaction of operations_management_with_other_functional_areas
Interaction of operations_management_with_other_functional_areas
Improving the productivity_and_introducing_the_work_study
Improving the productivity_and_introducing_the_work_study
Facilities planning _lay_out_and_location_analysis
Facilities planning _lay_out_and_location_analysis
Financial management intro,capital_budgeting,cost_of_capital_-_copy
Financial management intro,capital_budgeting,cost_of_capital_-_copy
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Tara Thimmanaik, AI Systems and Solutions Architect at Intel, presents the “Intel’s Approach to Operationalizing AI in the Manufacturing Sector,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
AI at the edge is powering a revolution in industrial IoT, from real-time processing and analytics that drive greater efficiency and learning to predictive maintenance. Intel is focused on developing tools and assets to help domain experts operationalize AI-based solutions in their fields of expertise.
In this talk, Thimmanaik explains how Intel’s software platforms simplify labor-intensive data upload, labeling, training, model optimization and retraining tasks. She shows how domain experts can quickly build vision models for a wide range of processes—detecting defective parts on a production line, reducing downtime on the factory floor, automating inventory management and other digitization and automation projects. And she introduces Intel-provided edge computing assets that empower faster localized insights and decisions, improving labor productivity through easy-to-use AI tools that democratize AI.Recently uploaded (20)
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4 biosphere
- 1. Scientists define the biosphere as the narrow layer around Earth's surface in which life can exist..
- 2. In a broader sense; biospheres are any closed, self-regulating systems containing ecosystems;
- 3. The biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems. It can also be called the zone of life on Earth, a closed (apart from solar and cosmic radiation), and self-regulating system.
- 4. The biosphere is located near Earth's surface because most of the sunlight is available near the surface. Plants need sunlight to produce their food, and almost every other organism gets its food from plants and algae. Most of these algae float at the surface of the ocean.
- 5. The biosphere extends about 11 km into the ocean and about 9 km into the atmosphere, where insects, bacteria, and pollen grains have been discovered. Both the biosphere and environment influence each other a lot.
- 6. Life exists on Earth because of several important factors. Life requires liquid water, temperatures between 10°C and 40°C, and a source of energy. The materials that organisms require must continually be cycled. Suitable combinations of the things that organisms need to survive are found only in the biosphere.
- 7. The actual thickness of the biosphere on earth is difficult to measure. Birds typically fly at altitudes of 650 to 1,800 meters, and fish that live deep underwater can be found down to -8,372 meters
- 8. Energy Flow in the Biosphere The energy used by organisms must be obtained in the biosphere and must be constantly cycled for life to continue. When an organism dies, its body is broken down and the nutrients in it become available for use by other organisms. This cycling of energy allows life on Earth to continue to exist.
- 9. Energy enters the biosphere in the form of sunlight, which plants use to make their food. When an animal eats a plant, the energy stored in the plant is transferred to the animal. Animals in turn eat other animals. At each stage in the food chain, some of the energy is lost to the environment as heat, which is eventually lost to space.
- 10. The biosphere forms a thin crust of living beings over the surface of our planet and consists of an immense variety of organisms out of which only about 1.5 million species have been identified and described.
- 11. The existence and well being of living organisms depend on a system of complex interactions within and in between the components of environment - the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmos-phere and the biosphere itself. It is these interactions which satisfy all needs of all living organisms, such as shelter, water, oxygen to respire, mates to reproduce etc.