4 Patterns of Paragraph 2 - パラグラフの4パターン②
- 2. 4 Patterns of Paragraph 2
- 3. 4 Patterns of Paragraph 2 Finding Keywords and Signal Phrases Identifying Similarities and Differences Cause and Effect Multiple Causes or Effects
- 4. 4 Patterns of Paragraph 2 Identify and understand two types of paragraph: 1. Comparison/contrast 2. Cause and effect
- 5. Finding Keywords and Signal Phrases The comparison/contrast paragraph mentions two things that are similar and/or different.
- 6. Finding Keywords and Signal Phrases Key words that suggest this type of paragraph: "same" "different" "both" "in common" "compare" "contrast"
- 7. Identifying Similarities and Differences Words and phrases that suggest similarities: "similarly" "also" "in the same way as" "as" "like" "both" "in common"
- 8. Identifying Similarities and Differences Signal words that imply differences: "however" "but" "on the other hand" "although" "while" "conversely" "than" "unlike"
- 9. Identifying Similarities and Differences Gold and Silver Both gold and silver are popular metals in the production of fine jewelry. The two are used frequently in accessories from earrings to cuff links. Another likeness is that they are used around the world. People from different countries appreciate the beauty of gold and silver jewelry and accessories. However, while silver is more affordable, gold can be very expensive. Another notable difference is that silver is difficult to maintain due to its tendency to rust. On the other hand, gold can be taken care of quite easily.
- 10. Identifying Similarities and Differences Gold and Silver Both gold and silver are popular metals in the production of fine jewelry. The two are used frequently in accessories from earrings to cuff links. Another likeness is that they are used around the world. People from different countries appreciate the beauty of gold and silver jewelry and accessories. However, while silver is more affordable, gold can be very expensive. Another notable difference is that silver is difficult to maintain due to its tendency to rust. On the other hand, gold can be taken care of quite easily.
- 11. Identifying Similarities and Differences Gold Silver Similarities • Used in accessories • Appreciated by people around the world • Used in accessories • Appreciated by people around the world Differences • Expensive • Easy to maintain • Affordable • Difficult to keep clean
- 12. Cause and Effect • An action or event caused another situation, action or event • Key words and signal words: "lead to" "is the cause of" "create" "make" "produce" "contribute to" "is due to" "is the result of" "come from" "is caused by" "is a consequence of"
- 13. Cause and Effect • Signal words are often verbs • These verbs can be active or passive e.g. Active: The train caused me to be late. Passive: My tardiness was caused by the train.
- 14. Cause and Effect Don't assume the first thing mentioned is the cause and the second is the effect! Ask yourself: What happened first?
- 15. Cause and Effect Droughts can lead to forest fires. Carelessness can result in mistakes. Because they were small, the dice were lost.
- 16. Multiple Causes or Effects One cause has many effects One effect is the result of many causes Chain of events: One event causes another, which causes a different effect, and so on
- 17. Multiple Causes or Effects One cause, many effects: Tom missed the ball causing it to hit a parked car and a small child before rolling to a stop underneath the tree.
- 18. Multiple Causes or Effects One effect, many causes: The amusement park closed last week. Due to few customers, poor shop sales, and high maintenance costs, Fun Kingdom had no choice but to close its doors for good.
- 19. Multiple Causes or Effects Chain of events: Three years ago, Emily was given a free ticket to a concert. There, she met the lead singer who introduced her to a producer. As a result of speaking with the producer, Emily got the chance to record her own album, which brought her to the fame she enjoys today.
- 20. 4 Patterns of Paragraph 2
- 21. Reading: Level 8