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99 Pyramid Theses

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Jeff Nelson
Jeff Nelson

This document contains 99 theses by Ulrich S. Simon that challenge many of the established beliefs of Egyptology regarding the Old Kingdom pyramids. The theses argue that: - The names assigned to the major pyramids are incorrect and they were not intended as royal tombs. - Many of the kings said to have built the pyramids likely did not, and the construction timelines established by Egyptologists are wrong. - The pyramids and other structures were not tombs but places of worship, and mummies were not buried within them. - A re-examination of the archaeological evidence and chronology is needed to reconcile scientific claims with verifiable facts.

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© Ulrich S. Simon, Hohenlimburg, 2022 Ulrich S. Simon I. P. R. mail@usimon58119.de 99 Pyramid Theses The Discrepancy Between Scientific Claims and Verifiable Reality Ulrich S. Simon
99 PYRAMID THESES © Ulrich S. Simon, Hohenlimburg, 2022 Preface These 99 theses shall clarify the discrepancy between scientific knowledge and verifiable reality. They are a call to Egyptology to reflect on itself and to re-examine all supposed knowledge considered to be certain. By objective observation, everyone should very quickly become aware that hardly any conclusion regarding the history of the Old Kingdom pyramids is predicated on verifiable facts. Neither regarding the chronology, the use of the pyramids, the religious background, nor the way of their construction. Important aspects, which would allow the creation of an almost complete chronology, until the end of the 6th Dynasty, are not recognized so far, or they are neglected. Nevertheless, without the meticulous work of the many Egyptologists on the excavation sites and in the scientific documentation of archaeological records, it would not have been possible for me to bring light into the darkness of the errors and confusions. I will provide the evidence for each thesis and for much more, because almost nothing that Egyptologists be- lieve to know about the pyramids of the Old Kingdom is correct. Therefore, these 99 theses are also an invitation. An invitation to the responsible Egyptian authorities and to Egyptology collectively to participate and collaborate. I’m not an Egyptologist, I’m a craftsman and unfortunately also a bit of a perfectionist. I started to study the history of the Old Kingdom pyramids more than 21 years ago, but to de- liver an unfinished work is no option for me. A paradigm shift is inevitable. Without help it will undoubtedly take me much more time to complete this incredible challenge to my com- plete satisfaction. Thus, it would be desirable to find a form of cooperation satisfactory to eve- ryone. Ulrich S. Simon, May 2022
3 The Discrepancy Between Scientific Claims and Verifiable Reality © Ulrich S. Simon, Hohenlimburg, 2022 99 Pyramid Theses 1. »Akhet Khufu« is not the name of the great pyramid. 2. The great pyramid is not the tomb of king Khufu. 3. The great pyramid was never intended as a tomb for a king. 4. As the construction of the great pyramid in Giza began, king Khufu was not the con- structor. 5. The pure construction time of the great pyramid in Giza was less than 5 years. 6. The entries in the logbook of Merer do not report stone transports destined for the construction of the great pyramid at Giza. 7. »Khafre is great« is not the name of the second-largest pyramid in Giza. 8. The second-largest pyramid in Giza is not the tomb of king Khafre. 9. The second-largest pyramid in Giza was never intended as a tomb for a king. 10. King Khafre was not the constructor of the second-largest pyramid in Giza. 11. In the valley temple of the second-largest pyramid in Giza weren’t a setup of 23 stat- ues of king Khafre. 12. »Menkaure is divine« is not the name of the third-largest pyramid in Giza. 13. The third-largest pyramid in Giza is not the tomb of king Menkaure. 14. The third-largest pyramid in Giza was never intended as a tomb for a king. 15. King Menkaure was not the builder of the third-largest pyramid at Giza. 16. The third-largest pyramid at Giza has a square base. 17. The nominal dimension of the base length of the third-largest pyramid at Giza is 108.16 m. 18. The cladding of the third-largest pyramid at Giza was entirely of granite.
99 PYRAMID THESES © Ulrich S. Simon, Hohenlimburg, 2022 19. For the construction of the causeway of the third-largest pyramid in Giza, mud bricks were intended from the outset. 20. »Djedefre's/Radjedefs starry sky« is not the name of the pyramid in Abu Rawash. 21. The pyramid in Abu Rawash is not the tomb of king Djedefre/Radjedef. 22. The pyramid in Abu Rawash was never intended as a tomb for a king. 23. King Djedefre/Radjedef was not the constructor of the pyramid in Abu Rawash. 24. The pyramid in Abu Rawash was completely finished. 25. The construction of the pyramid at Abu Rawash started 3 years before the construc- tion of the first pyramid at Giza. 26. »Star of Bakare/Bicheris« is not the name of the pyramid in Saujet el-Arjan. 27. The pyramid at Saujet el-Arjan is not the tomb of king Bakare/Bicheris. 28. The pyramid at Saujet el-Arjan was never intended as a tomb for a king. 29. King Bakare/Bicheris was not the constructor of the pyramid at Saujet el-Arjan. 30. The construction of the pyramid at Saujet el-Arjan started 3 years before the construc- tion of the first pyramid at Giza. 31. The layer pyramid at Saujet el-Arjan is not the tomb of a king or queen. 32. »Sneferu appears/Sneferu shines« is not the name of the red pyramid in Dahshur- North. 33. The red pyramid at Dahshur-North is not the tomb of king Sneferu. 34. The red pyramid at Dahshur-North was never intended as a tomb for a king. 35. The construction of the red pyramid at Dahshur-North started 4 years before the con- struction of the first pyramid at Giza. 36. »Sneferu appears/Sneferu shines« is not the name of the bent pyramid in Dahshur- South. 37. The bent pyramid at Dahshur-South is not the tomb of king Sneferu.
5 The Discrepancy Between Scientific Claims and Verifiable Reality © Ulrich S. Simon, Hohenlimburg, 2022 38. The bent pyramid at Dahshur-South was never intended as a tomb for a king. 39. The final form of the bent pyramid in Dahshur-South was planned from the outset. 40. The construction of the bent pyramid at Dahshur-South started 5 years before the con- struction of the first pyramid at Giza. 41. King Sneferu started the construction of the bent pyramid in Dahshur South in the year 21 of his reign. 42. » Sneferu endures« is not the name of the pyramid in Maidum. 43. King Sneferu is not the constructor of the pyramid in Maidum. 44. King Sneferu completed the pyramid in Maidum after his predecessor and father, King Huni, died. 45. King Sneferu started to complete the pyramid in Maidum 26 years before the con- struction of the first pyramid in Giza. 46. King Sneferu ruled for 28 years and 7 months (+/- 3 months). 47. The pyramids and Mastabas from king Djoser, king Sekhemkhet and king Huni were built as royal tombs. 48. King Sekhemkhet was the last king of the 3rd Dynasty.* 49. King Huni was the first king of the 4th Dynasty.* 50. King Sneferu did not usurp the pyramid of his father. 51. The second pyramid in Dahshur-South is not the side- or cult pyramid of the bent pyr- amid. 52. King Sneferu had built the second pyramid in Dahshur-South as the replacement tomb for his father king Huni, so that he could use the original tomb pyramid in Maidum for another purpose. 53. The name of the 2nd pyramid in Dahshur-South means: »Sneferu protects - his father«. 54. No later than the beginning of the reign of king Huni, the system of biennial cattle count changed into: count, count, year after. *According to Egyptological standards
99 PYRAMID THESES © Ulrich S. Simon, Hohenlimburg, 2022 55. The idea for the construction of the monumental pyramids of the 4th Dynasty was al- ready born during the reign of king Huni. 56. King Huni prepared the final expansion of his original tomb pyramid in Maidum largely by himself. 57. King Huni ruled for 30 years and 8 months (+/- 3 months). 58. King Sneferu was the constructor of all monumental pyramids of the 4th Dynasty, ex- cept the one at Maidum. 59. About three years after the constructions in Giza began, king Khufu took over and completed the three pyramids. 60. The pyramids and mastabas of the 4th, 5th and 6th dynasties, which were built for the kings, were no tombs but places of worship. 61. King Shepseskaf did not complete the pyramid district of the third-largest pyramid in Gizeh, but the place of worship of his predecessor. 62. Every king in the Old Kingdom was responsible for completing the place of worship of his predecessor. 63. No pyramid and no (royal) mastaba in the Old Kingdom built after the pyramid of king Djoser at Saqqara was unfinished. 64. In the 3rd Dynasty, the construction of the royal mastabas began immediately after the accession to the throne and continued throughout the entire reign. 65. The dimensions of the pyramids and (royal) mastabas of the old kingdom are not cho- sen at random, but follow a scheme. 66. Whether the mastaba expanded into a (step-) pyramid depended on the length of the reign. 67. The final shape and the dimensions of the tomb or cult building contain information about the length of the reign of the respective king. 68. Therefore, the cult buildings had to be expanded and completed after the king’s death, according to the date of his death. 69. King Sneferu changed the original concept. 70. Another change of the concept took place in the 5th Dynasty.
7 The Discrepancy Between Scientific Claims and Verifiable Reality © Ulrich S. Simon, Hohenlimburg, 2022 71. The mummies of the kings of the 4th, 5th and 6th Dynasty were not buried in the places of worship. 72. The satellite pyramids at Giza are not tombs of queens. 73. G-1a is the place of worship of Sneferu. 74. G-1b is the place of worship of Khufu. 75. G-1c is the place of worship of Khafre. 76. G-3 c is the place of worship of Radjedef. 77. G-3 b is the place of worship of Bakare. 78. G-3 a is the place of worship of Menkaure. 79. Due to the short reign of Radjedef and Bakare, G-3 b & c did not reach the stage of a completed pyramid. 80. Slaves, or forced laborers, did most of the work in building the monumental pyramids of the 4th Dynasty. 81. King Sneferu's first crusade against Nubia served for the procurement of forced labor- ers, working animals and food, which were needed for the establishment of the neces- sary infrastructure and the subsequent construction of the pyramids. 82. The second crusade against Libya took place shortly before the start of construction at Giza and served to stock up forced laborers, work animals and food for the construc- tion of the three large pyramids. 83. The unit of the royal cubit was mandatory for all concerns of the common people. 84. In the construction of the pyramids and in the measurement of the pyramid districts, the royal cubit only played a minor role. 85. For divine affairs they used a different unit of measurement. 86. They did not choose the dimensions and arrangement of the pyramids in Giza at ran- dom. 87. The dimensions of the pyramids in Giza, and the dimensions of the arrangement, give information about the knowledge of the time calculation at that time.
99 PYRAMID THESES © Ulrich S. Simon, Hohenlimburg, 2022 88. The pyramid builders knew the beginning of the Sothic cycle. 89. They did not record the chronology only in regnal years of the kings, but they also counted consecutively, beginning with the year »1«, from the beginning of the Sothis cycle. 90. The pyramid builders of the 4th Dynasty knew the cycle length of 1424 years. 91. The pyramid builders of the 4th Dynasty knew the exact length of the then current So- this cycle. 92. The three great pyramids in Giza are a stylistic image of the Orion's belt. 93. The central religious character in the construction of the monumental pyramids of the 4th Dynasty was the god Osiris. 94. They did build the three great pyramids in Giza in one construction project. 95. They did not build the great pyramid at Giza first. 96. The face of the sphinx is not an image of king Khafre, king Khufu, or king Sneferu. 97. The sphinx and the temple in front of it have no mythological or religious relation to each other. 98. Beginning with king Sneferu, the monumental pyramids of the 4th Dynasty, served all kings until the end of the 6th Dynasty. 99. After finishing the monumental pyramid complexes of the 4th Dynasty, every king was responsible for the maintenance of them, until the end of the 6th Dynasty. Please understand that I won’t comment further on the 99 theses without a binding agree- ment.

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99 Pyramid Theses

  • 1. © Ulrich S. Simon, Hohenlimburg, 2022 Ulrich S. Simon I. P. R. mail@usimon58119.de 99 Pyramid Theses The Discrepancy Between Scientific Claims and Verifiable Reality Ulrich S. Simon
  • 2. 99 PYRAMID THESES © Ulrich S. Simon, Hohenlimburg, 2022 Preface These 99 theses shall clarify the discrepancy between scientific knowledge and verifiable reality. They are a call to Egyptology to reflect on itself and to re-examine all supposed knowledge considered to be certain. By objective observation, everyone should very quickly become aware that hardly any conclusion regarding the history of the Old Kingdom pyramids is predicated on verifiable facts. Neither regarding the chronology, the use of the pyramids, the religious background, nor the way of their construction. Important aspects, which would allow the creation of an almost complete chronology, until the end of the 6th Dynasty, are not recognized so far, or they are neglected. Nevertheless, without the meticulous work of the many Egyptologists on the excavation sites and in the scientific documentation of archaeological records, it would not have been possible for me to bring light into the darkness of the errors and confusions. I will provide the evidence for each thesis and for much more, because almost nothing that Egyptologists be- lieve to know about the pyramids of the Old Kingdom is correct. Therefore, these 99 theses are also an invitation. An invitation to the responsible Egyptian authorities and to Egyptology collectively to participate and collaborate. I’m not an Egyptologist, I’m a craftsman and unfortunately also a bit of a perfectionist. I started to study the history of the Old Kingdom pyramids more than 21 years ago, but to de- liver an unfinished work is no option for me. A paradigm shift is inevitable. Without help it will undoubtedly take me much more time to complete this incredible challenge to my com- plete satisfaction. Thus, it would be desirable to find a form of cooperation satisfactory to eve- ryone. Ulrich S. Simon, May 2022
  • 3. 3 The Discrepancy Between Scientific Claims and Verifiable Reality © Ulrich S. Simon, Hohenlimburg, 2022 99 Pyramid Theses 1. »Akhet Khufu« is not the name of the great pyramid. 2. The great pyramid is not the tomb of king Khufu. 3. The great pyramid was never intended as a tomb for a king. 4. As the construction of the great pyramid in Giza began, king Khufu was not the con- structor. 5. The pure construction time of the great pyramid in Giza was less than 5 years. 6. The entries in the logbook of Merer do not report stone transports destined for the construction of the great pyramid at Giza. 7. »Khafre is great« is not the name of the second-largest pyramid in Giza. 8. The second-largest pyramid in Giza is not the tomb of king Khafre. 9. The second-largest pyramid in Giza was never intended as a tomb for a king. 10. King Khafre was not the constructor of the second-largest pyramid in Giza. 11. In the valley temple of the second-largest pyramid in Giza weren’t a setup of 23 stat- ues of king Khafre. 12. »Menkaure is divine« is not the name of the third-largest pyramid in Giza. 13. The third-largest pyramid in Giza is not the tomb of king Menkaure. 14. The third-largest pyramid in Giza was never intended as a tomb for a king. 15. King Menkaure was not the builder of the third-largest pyramid at Giza. 16. The third-largest pyramid at Giza has a square base. 17. The nominal dimension of the base length of the third-largest pyramid at Giza is 108.16 m. 18. The cladding of the third-largest pyramid at Giza was entirely of granite.
  • 4. 99 PYRAMID THESES © Ulrich S. Simon, Hohenlimburg, 2022 19. For the construction of the causeway of the third-largest pyramid in Giza, mud bricks were intended from the outset. 20. »Djedefre's/Radjedefs starry sky« is not the name of the pyramid in Abu Rawash. 21. The pyramid in Abu Rawash is not the tomb of king Djedefre/Radjedef. 22. The pyramid in Abu Rawash was never intended as a tomb for a king. 23. King Djedefre/Radjedef was not the constructor of the pyramid in Abu Rawash. 24. The pyramid in Abu Rawash was completely finished. 25. The construction of the pyramid at Abu Rawash started 3 years before the construc- tion of the first pyramid at Giza. 26. »Star of Bakare/Bicheris« is not the name of the pyramid in Saujet el-Arjan. 27. The pyramid at Saujet el-Arjan is not the tomb of king Bakare/Bicheris. 28. The pyramid at Saujet el-Arjan was never intended as a tomb for a king. 29. King Bakare/Bicheris was not the constructor of the pyramid at Saujet el-Arjan. 30. The construction of the pyramid at Saujet el-Arjan started 3 years before the construc- tion of the first pyramid at Giza. 31. The layer pyramid at Saujet el-Arjan is not the tomb of a king or queen. 32. »Sneferu appears/Sneferu shines« is not the name of the red pyramid in Dahshur- North. 33. The red pyramid at Dahshur-North is not the tomb of king Sneferu. 34. The red pyramid at Dahshur-North was never intended as a tomb for a king. 35. The construction of the red pyramid at Dahshur-North started 4 years before the con- struction of the first pyramid at Giza. 36. »Sneferu appears/Sneferu shines« is not the name of the bent pyramid in Dahshur- South. 37. The bent pyramid at Dahshur-South is not the tomb of king Sneferu.
  • 5. 5 The Discrepancy Between Scientific Claims and Verifiable Reality © Ulrich S. Simon, Hohenlimburg, 2022 38. The bent pyramid at Dahshur-South was never intended as a tomb for a king. 39. The final form of the bent pyramid in Dahshur-South was planned from the outset. 40. The construction of the bent pyramid at Dahshur-South started 5 years before the con- struction of the first pyramid at Giza. 41. King Sneferu started the construction of the bent pyramid in Dahshur South in the year 21 of his reign. 42. » Sneferu endures« is not the name of the pyramid in Maidum. 43. King Sneferu is not the constructor of the pyramid in Maidum. 44. King Sneferu completed the pyramid in Maidum after his predecessor and father, King Huni, died. 45. King Sneferu started to complete the pyramid in Maidum 26 years before the con- struction of the first pyramid in Giza. 46. King Sneferu ruled for 28 years and 7 months (+/- 3 months). 47. The pyramids and Mastabas from king Djoser, king Sekhemkhet and king Huni were built as royal tombs. 48. King Sekhemkhet was the last king of the 3rd Dynasty.* 49. King Huni was the first king of the 4th Dynasty.* 50. King Sneferu did not usurp the pyramid of his father. 51. The second pyramid in Dahshur-South is not the side- or cult pyramid of the bent pyr- amid. 52. King Sneferu had built the second pyramid in Dahshur-South as the replacement tomb for his father king Huni, so that he could use the original tomb pyramid in Maidum for another purpose. 53. The name of the 2nd pyramid in Dahshur-South means: »Sneferu protects - his father«. 54. No later than the beginning of the reign of king Huni, the system of biennial cattle count changed into: count, count, year after. *According to Egyptological standards
  • 6. 99 PYRAMID THESES © Ulrich S. Simon, Hohenlimburg, 2022 55. The idea for the construction of the monumental pyramids of the 4th Dynasty was al- ready born during the reign of king Huni. 56. King Huni prepared the final expansion of his original tomb pyramid in Maidum largely by himself. 57. King Huni ruled for 30 years and 8 months (+/- 3 months). 58. King Sneferu was the constructor of all monumental pyramids of the 4th Dynasty, ex- cept the one at Maidum. 59. About three years after the constructions in Giza began, king Khufu took over and completed the three pyramids. 60. The pyramids and mastabas of the 4th, 5th and 6th dynasties, which were built for the kings, were no tombs but places of worship. 61. King Shepseskaf did not complete the pyramid district of the third-largest pyramid in Gizeh, but the place of worship of his predecessor. 62. Every king in the Old Kingdom was responsible for completing the place of worship of his predecessor. 63. No pyramid and no (royal) mastaba in the Old Kingdom built after the pyramid of king Djoser at Saqqara was unfinished. 64. In the 3rd Dynasty, the construction of the royal mastabas began immediately after the accession to the throne and continued throughout the entire reign. 65. The dimensions of the pyramids and (royal) mastabas of the old kingdom are not cho- sen at random, but follow a scheme. 66. Whether the mastaba expanded into a (step-) pyramid depended on the length of the reign. 67. The final shape and the dimensions of the tomb or cult building contain information about the length of the reign of the respective king. 68. Therefore, the cult buildings had to be expanded and completed after the king’s death, according to the date of his death. 69. King Sneferu changed the original concept. 70. Another change of the concept took place in the 5th Dynasty.
  • 7. 7 The Discrepancy Between Scientific Claims and Verifiable Reality © Ulrich S. Simon, Hohenlimburg, 2022 71. The mummies of the kings of the 4th, 5th and 6th Dynasty were not buried in the places of worship. 72. The satellite pyramids at Giza are not tombs of queens. 73. G-1a is the place of worship of Sneferu. 74. G-1b is the place of worship of Khufu. 75. G-1c is the place of worship of Khafre. 76. G-3 c is the place of worship of Radjedef. 77. G-3 b is the place of worship of Bakare. 78. G-3 a is the place of worship of Menkaure. 79. Due to the short reign of Radjedef and Bakare, G-3 b & c did not reach the stage of a completed pyramid. 80. Slaves, or forced laborers, did most of the work in building the monumental pyramids of the 4th Dynasty. 81. King Sneferu's first crusade against Nubia served for the procurement of forced labor- ers, working animals and food, which were needed for the establishment of the neces- sary infrastructure and the subsequent construction of the pyramids. 82. The second crusade against Libya took place shortly before the start of construction at Giza and served to stock up forced laborers, work animals and food for the construc- tion of the three large pyramids. 83. The unit of the royal cubit was mandatory for all concerns of the common people. 84. In the construction of the pyramids and in the measurement of the pyramid districts, the royal cubit only played a minor role. 85. For divine affairs they used a different unit of measurement. 86. They did not choose the dimensions and arrangement of the pyramids in Giza at ran- dom. 87. The dimensions of the pyramids in Giza, and the dimensions of the arrangement, give information about the knowledge of the time calculation at that time.
  • 8. 99 PYRAMID THESES © Ulrich S. Simon, Hohenlimburg, 2022 88. The pyramid builders knew the beginning of the Sothic cycle. 89. They did not record the chronology only in regnal years of the kings, but they also counted consecutively, beginning with the year »1«, from the beginning of the Sothis cycle. 90. The pyramid builders of the 4th Dynasty knew the cycle length of 1424 years. 91. The pyramid builders of the 4th Dynasty knew the exact length of the then current So- this cycle. 92. The three great pyramids in Giza are a stylistic image of the Orion's belt. 93. The central religious character in the construction of the monumental pyramids of the 4th Dynasty was the god Osiris. 94. They did build the three great pyramids in Giza in one construction project. 95. They did not build the great pyramid at Giza first. 96. The face of the sphinx is not an image of king Khafre, king Khufu, or king Sneferu. 97. The sphinx and the temple in front of it have no mythological or religious relation to each other. 98. Beginning with king Sneferu, the monumental pyramids of the 4th Dynasty, served all kings until the end of the 6th Dynasty. 99. After finishing the monumental pyramid complexes of the 4th Dynasty, every king was responsible for the maintenance of them, until the end of the 6th Dynasty. Please understand that I won’t comment further on the 99 theses without a binding agree- ment.