A Comparative Study on Effects of Regular and Irregular Structures Subjected to Lateral Loading by Equivalent Static Method and Response Spectrum Method
This paper aims in thoroughly examine and have a comparative study of the behavior of regular and irregular R.C building with and without shear wall for seismic and wind load activities in different zones of India through equivalent static method and response spectrum method. For this purpose, regular and irregular R.C structures are taken and analyzed against earthquake and wind forces in different zones of India. Further shear wall is introduced in both regular and irregular structure and again analyzed in different zones. For structural irregularity, vertical irregularity and plan irregularity are taken into account. These irregularities are taken as per Indian standard code, IS 1893 (Part I): 2002. The whole models were analysed with the help of CYPE Software. In current study drifts has been considered in both X and Y directions and are compared with structure shear wall.
Influence of Combine Vertical Irregularities in the Response of Earthquake Re...
This document discusses the influence of vertical irregularities on the seismic response of reinforced concrete structures through nonlinear static (pushover) analysis. Five 17-story reinforced concrete building models with different vertical setback configurations are analyzed: one regular model and four models with increasing mass, stiffness and vertical setback irregularities. The results show that vertical irregularities reduce lateral load capacity and increase lateral displacement, base shear, and performance point compared to the regular structure. Plastic hinges form at different stages for each model based on their performance level. It is concluded that increasing vertical irregularities negatively impact seismic performance by decreasing flexural and shear strength demands.
IRJET- Seismic Analysis of Multi-Storey Building with and without Floating Co...
The document analyzes the seismic behavior of multi-storey buildings with and without floating columns through time history analysis. Three buildings of heights G+3, G+10 and G+15 were modeled with different floating column configurations and subjected to earthquake excitations. Results for base shear, storey displacement and acceleration were compared. Introduction of floating columns increased time period and responses like displacements and storey drifts compared to regular buildings. Peak responses occurred for floating columns at the edge of exterior frames. The time history analysis method was used to evaluate the dynamic response of models to code-specified earthquake ground motions.
Seismic Evaluation of Multi-storeyed Buildings On Plain Ground And Curve Slop...
Most of the hilly regions of India are highly seismic. Buildings on hill slopes differ in a way from other buildings. The soft storeies are typical feature in modern constructions specially in seismic areas which has been experience by the previous studies and past earthquakes. Due to verious type of structures on sloped ground structures are comes under irregularity and asymmetricity. Structures on slope leads to seismic cases.The damages to the structures are determined and acceptable safety can be provided. The linear-elastic analysis is not adequate in highly seismic areas. Thus for the design of building in seimic areas and sloped areas inelastic procedure is used. In the present dissertation work, 3D analytical model of eleven storeyed buildings on plain and curved ground have been generated. Models are analyze using ‘‘ETABSâ€Âto get the behavior of structure due to change in column height in ground story due to curved sloped ground. The analytical model of the building includes all important components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and deformability of the structure. To study the effect of infill, concrete shear wall and concrete core wall during earthquake, seismic analysis using both elastic and inelastic method of analyses i.e., linear static (equivalent static method), linear dynamic (response spectrum method) has been performed. The deflections at each storey level has been compared by performing equivalent static method, response spectrum method. Storey drifts are within the permissible limit given for linear static and linear dynamic method. Again contrary to common practice, the presence of masonry infills, concrete shear and concrete core wall may affect the overall behavior of structure while subjected to earthquake forces.
1. The document describes a project seminar on parametric study of multi-storey reinforced concrete flat slab structures under seismic effects with varying plan aspect ratios and slenderness ratios.
2. 25 structural models are created with different plan dimensions, aspect ratios ranging from 1-5, and slenderness ratios ranging from 0.48-2.88. Static and dynamic analysis is performed using ETABS software.
3. Results for base shear, storey drift, storey stiffness, natural period, and maximum displacements are obtained and compared across the models to determine limiting aspect and slenderness ratios for seismic safety of the structures.
Seismic Analysis of G 10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Wall...ijtsrd
Shear walls are specially designed structural members provided in the multi storey buildings to resist lateral forces. These walls have very high in plane strength and stiffness, which can resist large horizontal forces and can support gravity loads. There are lots of literatures available to design and analyse the shear wall. Ravi Kumar Vishwakarma | Vipin Kumar Tiwari "Seismic Analysis of G+10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Walls using Etabs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43646.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/structural-engineering/43646/seismic-analysis-of-g10-storey-building-with-various-locations-of-shear-walls-using-etabs/ravi-kumar-vishwakarma
A comparative study of the effect of infill walls on seismic performance of reiIAEME Publication
This document discusses a comparative study on the effect of infill walls on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings. It summarizes different approaches to modeling infill walls as equivalent diagonal struts, including elastic analysis, ultimate load, plastic analysis, and finite element analysis approaches. The key findings are that infill walls reduce displacements and time period while increasing base shear. Modeling the strength and stiffness of infill walls is important for accurately analyzing seismic behavior, as ignoring infill walls can lead to unconservative design of soft-story buildings.
Influence of Combine Vertical Irregularities in the Response of Earthquake Re...IOSRJMCE
This document discusses the influence of vertical irregularities on the seismic response of reinforced concrete structures through nonlinear static (pushover) analysis. Five 17-story reinforced concrete building models with different vertical setback configurations are analyzed: one regular model and four models with increasing mass, stiffness and vertical setback irregularities. The results show that vertical irregularities reduce lateral load capacity and increase lateral displacement, base shear, and performance point compared to the regular structure. Plastic hinges form at different stages for each model based on their performance level. It is concluded that increasing vertical irregularities negatively impact seismic performance by decreasing flexural and shear strength demands.
IRJET- Seismic Analysis of Multi-Storey Building with and without Floating Co...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the seismic behavior of multi-storey buildings with and without floating columns through time history analysis. Three buildings of heights G+3, G+10 and G+15 were modeled with different floating column configurations and subjected to earthquake excitations. Results for base shear, storey displacement and acceleration were compared. Introduction of floating columns increased time period and responses like displacements and storey drifts compared to regular buildings. Peak responses occurred for floating columns at the edge of exterior frames. The time history analysis method was used to evaluate the dynamic response of models to code-specified earthquake ground motions.
Seismic Evaluation of Multi-storeyed Buildings On Plain Ground And Curve Slop...IJSRD
Most of the hilly regions of India are highly seismic. Buildings on hill slopes differ in a way from other buildings. The soft storeies are typical feature in modern constructions specially in seismic areas which has been experience by the previous studies and past earthquakes. Due to verious type of structures on sloped ground structures are comes under irregularity and asymmetricity. Structures on slope leads to seismic cases.The damages to the structures are determined and acceptable safety can be provided. The linear-elastic analysis is not adequate in highly seismic areas. Thus for the design of building in seimic areas and sloped areas inelastic procedure is used. In the present dissertation work, 3D analytical model of eleven storeyed buildings on plain and curved ground have been generated. Models are analyze using ‘‘ETABSâ€Âto get the behavior of structure due to change in column height in ground story due to curved sloped ground. The analytical model of the building includes all important components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and deformability of the structure. To study the effect of infill, concrete shear wall and concrete core wall during earthquake, seismic analysis using both elastic and inelastic method of analyses i.e., linear static (equivalent static method), linear dynamic (response spectrum method) has been performed. The deflections at each storey level has been compared by performing equivalent static method, response spectrum method. Storey drifts are within the permissible limit given for linear static and linear dynamic method. Again contrary to common practice, the presence of masonry infills, concrete shear and concrete core wall may affect the overall behavior of structure while subjected to earthquake forces.
1) The document reviews several expressions proposed by researchers to calculate the equivalent width of diagonal struts used to model masonry-infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frames.
2) It applies these expressions to a sample one-bay one-story RC frame and analyzes the results using ABAQUS software to validate the modeling approach.
3) The study finds that the Paulay and Priestley expression, which defines the equivalent strut width as one-fourth the diagonal length of the infill panel, provides an average value that gives a reasonably accurate model for further analysis of RC infilled frames.
Study On Seismic Behaviour of Tall Irregular Buildings Under Influence of Non...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the seismic behavior of tall irregular buildings under the influence of non-parallel and offset irregularities. The objectives are to study the influence of discontinuities in the lateral force resistance path, such as out-of-plane offsets of vertical elements, and to study the influence of non-parallel systems where the vertical elements resisting lateral forces are not parallel about major orthogonal axes. The study uses the Equivalent Lateral Force Method to analyze 10, 15 and 20-story buildings with different irregularities and compares results like torsional moment, fundamental time period and base shear.
Review on Effective utilization of RCC Shear walls for Design of Soft Storey ...IJERA Editor
Multi-storey buildings in metropolitan cities require open taller first storey for parking of vehicle and/or for retail shopping, large space for meeting room or a banking hall owing to lack of horizontal space and high cost. Due to these functional requirements, the first storey has lesser strength and stiffness as compared to upper stories, which are stiffened by masonry infill walls. Increased flexibility of first storey results in extreme deflections, which in turn, leads to concentration of forces at the second storey connections accompanied by large plastic deformation. In addition, most of the energy developed during the earthquake is dissipated by the column of the soft stories. In this process the plastic hinges are formed at the ends of column, which transform the soft stories into a mechanism. In such cases the collapse is unavoidable. Therefore, the soft stories deserve a special consideration in analysis and design
Performance of shear wall building during seismic excitationsIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the performance of shear wall buildings during seismic excitations. The study analyzed a 25-story building located in seismic zone 3, comparing the performance of two models: one with an L-shaped shear wall and one with a core-type shear wall. Time history analyses found that the building with the L-shaped wall experienced greater maximum displacement than the building with the core wall. Thus, providing shear walls as a core type can reduce story drift. Additionally, as the height of the building increases, shear walls absorb more lateral force than frames. Previous studies have also shown that shear walls with flanges perform better than walls without due to interaction between the flange and web.
Dynamic Analysis of RC Multi-storeyed Building - A Comparative Studyijsrd.com
In India with a seismic moderate zone, the equivalent static force method to estimate the seismic force, subsequent vulnerability and behavior of RC building under seismic load is inadequate. The main goal of this paper is to show how the modal analysis can contribute to the understanding the behavior of building using Response Spectrum Method. In this study, Dynamic Analysis of four storied Reinforced Concrete building was investigated using Staad pro and Etabs software packages. For this, Response Spectrum Method was used to evaluate the base shear, frequency, modal mass participation and the mode shapes of the building have been plotted for 15 frequencies. Seismic Zone 3 has been considered and base shear was calculated as per the procedure recommended by IS 1893-2002. The results shows that only slight variation in frequencies and modal participation factors was observed as each software has its own way of considering the mass.
Street Light Automatic Intensity ControllerIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study of the seismic performance of buildings with different types of vertical stiffness irregularities at various floor levels. Seven building models were analyzed using the SAP 2000 software. One model served as the basic model while the other six models incorporated stiffness irregularities at different floors. The methods used in the analysis were the static method and response spectrum method. The goal of the study was to understand how vertical stiffness irregularities impact a building's fundamental time period during an earthquake.
Dynamic Analysis of Multi-Storeyed Frame-Shear Wall Building Considering SSIIJERA Editor
The structural system of a high-rise building often has a more pronounced effect than a low rise building on the
total building cost and the architecture aspect of building. Shear walls are lateral load resisting structural
systems which provide stability to structures from lateral loads like wind and seismic Loads. The design of multi
storey building is to have good lateral load resisting System along with gravity load system for safety of
occupant and for better performance of structure even in most adverse condition. The main scope of this project
is to apply class room knowledge in the real world by designing a multi-storied residential building. Shear walls
are more efficient in resisting lateral loads in multi storied buildings. Steel and reinforced concrete shear walls
are kept in major positions of multi storied buildings which are made in consideration of seismic forces and
wind forces. To solve this purpose shear walls are a very powerful structural elements, if used judiciously can
reduce deflections and stresses to a very great extent. Our project contains a brief description of building with
shear wall and without shear wall thoroughly discussed structural analysis of a building to explain the
application of shear wall. The design analysis of the multi storied building in our project is done through
STAAD-PRO, most popular structural engineering software. It is featured with some ultimate power tool,
analysis and design facilities which make it more users friendly.
Irrégularités are not avoidable in construction of Buildings, However the behaviour of structures
with thèseirrégularités must be studied. Thèseirrégularités are responsible for structural collapse of Buildings
under the action of dynamicloads. In thispaper, attempt has been made to study the seismic behaviour of the
vertically irregular structure with and withoutsoil structure Interaction. The structure modelled have been
alreadyconstructed and modelling was carried out using E-Tabs Software and analysed by Response Spectum Analysis.
Comparative study on multistoried building using linear and non linear analysisIJARIIT
The effect of infill walls on the building is generally neglected in the analysis. In fact, an infill wall contributes to the
lateral strength and stiffness of the structure. Seismic response analysis of multi storey building frame with infill was done by
modeling the infill wall as an equivalent diagonal strut. For the equivalent diagonal strut, the thickness is taken equal to the
thickness of the wall and width of the strut as per “Equivalent strut method”. The comparison of seismic responses is done for
the multi-storied buildings with infill as equivalent diagonal strut using linear and non-linear analysis. ETABS software is used
for the present study.
Effect of infill walls on the seismic performance of the multistoried buildingseSAT Journals
Abstract The most commonly used structural system in our country for almost all types of building are multi-storey reinforced concrete frames with masonry infills. Therefore it is essential to understand the seismic behaviour of these structures when subjected to lateral forces. Several research works has been done on the masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames in the past decades. Mortar is used as a binder in normal brick construction in order to create continuous structural form and to bind together the individual units in brickwork. In the present study, analysis has been carried out by considering the increase in height of building from five to ten storied by using finite element software ANSYS 14.5. The seismic analysis of multi-storeyed building frames with infill walls and without infill walls are conducted. 3D analysis will give more realistic values of deflection and stresses. Since this type of study is not feasible in terms of analysis time taken, 2D model was adopted for the present study. A three bay two dimensional building frame is considered with the number of stories varying from 5 storied to 10 storied. The loading applied is as per IS 1893 (Part I): 2002. Equivalent diagonal strut method is adopted for modelling infill walls. The results showed that there is considerable decrease in deflection when infills are used in RC frames. Key Words: Deflection , Equivalent diagonal strut method, lateral load, Solid brick infills, Storey drift
Seismic Analysis of Multi-Storeyed Building Having Vertical Irregularities us...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the seismic performance of multi-story buildings with vertical irregularities using pushover analysis. The researchers used software to model buildings with mass irregularities and mass and stiffness irregularities. They found that buildings with more severe vertical irregularities experienced greater lateral displacement, especially in the upper stories. Models with semi-rigid roof diaphragms performed better than those with rigid diaphragms, experiencing lower displacements and base shear forces. The study concludes that vertical irregularities can negatively impact seismic performance and should be avoided when possible through proper structural design.
This document presents the results of a pushover analysis conducted on 9 structural models with varying plan irregularities. The models were analyzed using ETABS software to determine key parameters such as lateral displacement, story drift, base shear, and performance point. The results show that structures with complex geometries experience greater lateral displacement, story drift, and base shear compared to regular structures. Pushover curves indicate that irregular structures may not achieve desired performance levels at lower displacement thresholds. In conclusion, simple and regular building geometries perform better during earthquakes by attracting fewer seismic forces.
Effect of free surface boundary and wall flexibility in seismic design of liq...eSAT Journals
1) The document analyzes the effect of fluid-structure interaction on the modal characteristics of cylindrical steel water tanks with and without considering the free surface effect of the liquid.
2) Finite element models of shallow and tall tanks were created in ANSYS and modal analysis was performed considering different conditions such as with and without liquid sloshing.
3) The effect of liquid mass on the convective and impulsive modes was observed to decrease the natural frequencies more for the impulsive modes due to greater participation of the liquid mass. Flexibility of the tank wall was also found to increase the slosh frequencies.
Effect of free surface boundary and wall flexibility in seismic design of liq...
Similar to A Comparative Study on Effects of Regular and Irregular Structures Subjected to Lateral Loading by Equivalent Static Method and Response Spectrum Method
Analysis and comparison of High rise building with lateral load resisting sys...DP NITHIN
Emporis standards define a high rise building as “A multi-storey structure between 35-100 meters tall”. When buildings become taller and taller, the effect of lateral load on the structure comes into existence. The lateral action on the structure is majorly induced by the wind and seismic force.
They needs a lateral load resisting system to maintain the structure stable when lateral loads are applied to them.
The different lateral load resisting systems in the high rise building are
Moment Resisting Frame(MRF), Shear wall system, Bracing system
Seismic Response of RC Framed Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irregularit...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without masonry infill walls. The study used finite element software to model and analyze a 9-story RC building in a high seismic zone considering different structural configurations. Results from equivalent static, response spectrum, and pushover analyses were compared in terms of base shear, lateral displacement, story drift, and performance point. It was found that lateral displacement and story drift were higher for bare frames compared to infilled frames, while base shear was lower for bare frames. Irregular buildings also experienced higher displacement and drift than regular buildings. The goal of the study was to better understand how different structural
Study on Seismic Behaviour of RC Frame Vertically Asymmetrical BuildingsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the seismic behavior of vertically asymmetrical reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings. It begins with an abstract that introduces the topic and defines key terms like balanced, irregular, and vertical irregularity. The introduction provides more context, explaining that structural failure often occurs at points of weakness during earthquakes, like discontinuities in mass, stiffness, and geometry. These types of irregular structures are common in urban areas. The document then reviews the current research status on modeling different types of vertically irregular buildings, like open ground storey buildings, and analyzing them using equivalent static analysis and response spectrum analysis. It also describes the experimental procedure for conducting seismic analysis on these structures using various modeling and analysis techniques.
Seismic analysis of Step-back building resting on sloping ground considering ...IJMTST Journal
Buildings constructed in hilly areas pose special structural and constructional problems. Dynamic
characteristics of hill buildings are different from the buildings resting on plane topography, as these are
irregular and unsymmetrical in both horizontal and vertical directions. The irregular variation of stiffness and
mass in vertical as well as horizontal directions, results in Centre of mass and Centre of stiffness of a storey
not coinciding and not being on a vertical line for different floors. When subjected to lateral loads, these
buildings result in significant torsional response. Due to site conditions, buildings on hill slope are
characterized by unequal column heights which result in variation of stiffness of the columns of the same
storey. The short stiff columns attract more forces and damage. The buildings resting on sloping ground
mainly fails due to torsional moments which developed due to configuration of building on slope. These
torsional moments may reduce by using bracing system in the buildings.
In present study, Step back building with different types of bracing systems (i.e. X, V, Inverted V, Diagonal,
bare frame) are considered. These models are analyzed by response spectrum analysis using ETABS v 9.0
finite element code. The dynamic parameters obtained from analysis have been discussed in terms of
fundamental time periods, maximum top storey displacements, storey drifts and base shear compared
within the considered configurations of hill buildings. At last, the effective type of bracing which can be used
in step back building on sloping ground is found out.
Influence of Aspect Ratio & Plan Configurations on Seismic Performance of Mul...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the influence of aspect ratio and plan configurations on the seismic performance of multistory reinforced concrete buildings. Sixteen building models with varying horizontal aspect ratios (number of bays) and vertical aspect ratios (number of stories) were modeled and analyzed using response spectrum analysis to evaluate various seismic response parameters. The objective was to determine the best suitable building plan configuration and understand how increasing the height and bays impacts seismic response.
Performance Based Evaluation of Shear Walled RCC Building by Pushover AnalysisIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document presents the results of a study that used finite element analysis to evaluate the seismic performance of three-story and six-story buildings with plus-shaped shear walls. The study compared the results of equivalent static analysis, response spectrum analysis, and nonlinear static pushover analysis based on guidelines in Indian seismic codes. The pushover analysis was found to provide more accurate predictions of structural response compared to the linear analysis methods by accounting for nonlinear material behavior and P-delta effects. Increasing the building height from three to six stories increased the structural drift and base shear obtained from the analyses.
Significance of shear wall in flat slab multi storied building - A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the significance of shear walls in flat slab multi-story buildings. It begins with an abstract discussing the increased use of flat slab construction in tall buildings and how shear walls provide stability against lateral loads like wind and earthquakes. The document then reviews the theoretical background of flat slab construction and shear walls as bracing methods. It also summarizes several previous studies examining the effects of openings in shear walls, use of flat slabs in seismic zones, and different shear wall configurations. The literature review found that shear walls can effectively resist lateral loads and reduce displacement, with exterior corner placements performing best.
1. The document discusses modeling and analyzing a 10-story building with different shear wall configurations to determine the optimal layout. 5 models were considered: without shear walls, with center/side shear walls, and with corner shear walls extending different lengths.
2. Model 3, with corner shear walls extending 3m on each side, performed best with the lowest drift, highest stiffness, and least displacement under seismic and wind loads. Proper shear wall positioning improves a building's earthquake resistance.
3. Static analysis yielded higher drifts than response spectrum analysis for all models. Shear walls significantly influence member forces and building performance during seismic events. Model 3 displayed the best structural behavior overall.
Strengthening of RC Framed Structure Using Energy Dissipation DevicesIOSR Journals
A large numbers of existing buildings in India are severely deficient against earthquake forces and
the number of such buildings is growing very rapidly. This paper presents a way of using energy dissipation
devices for seismic strengthening of a RC framed structure. The objective was to improve the seismic
performance of the building to resist the earthquake. The viscous dampers are used as an energy dissipation
device in the form of single, double, inverted V, V type of dampers with different percentages of damping such
as 10%, 20% and 30% to prevent building from collapse in a major earthquake and also to control the damage
during earthquake. The performance of the buildings is assessed as per the procedure prescribed in ATC-40
and FEMA 356.
Study of seismic analysis and design of multi storey symmetrical and asymmetr...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the seismic analysis and design of symmetric and asymmetric multi-story buildings. Finite element software was used to model and analyze G+15 story reinforced concrete buildings with regular and irregular configurations subjected to response spectrum analysis and time history analysis. Results found that irregular buildings experienced higher displacements, drifts, and forces compared to regular structures. Specifically, structures with mass or stiffness irregularities performed poorer under seismic loads. A comparison of response spectrum and time history analyses found that time history analysis more accurately predicted structural response. The study concluded that structural configuration significantly impacts seismic response and irregular structures are more vulnerable during earthquakes.
Comparative Analysis of Frames with Varying InertiaIJERA Editor
This paper presents an elastic seismic response of reinforced concrete frames with 3 variations of heights, i.e. (G+2), (G+4), (G+6) storey models are compared for bare frame and frame with brick infill structures which have been analyzed for gravity as well as seismic forces and their response is studied as the geometric parameters varying from view point of predicting behavior of similar structures subjected to similar loads or load combinations. In this study, two different cases are selected i.e. frames with prismatic members and frames with non-prismatic members. The structural response of various members when geometry changes physically, as in case of linear and parabolic haunches provided beyond the face of columns at beam column joints or step variations as in case of stepped haunches was also studied. Frames have been analyzed statically as well as dynamically using ETABS-9.7.4 software referring IS: 456-2000, IS: 1893 (Part-1)2002 and the results so obtained are grouped into various categories.
Effects of Openings in Shear Wall on Seismic Response of StructureIJERA Editor
The paper investigates the effects of openings in shear wall on seismic response of structures. For parametric study 6 and 12 storied 7x3 bays apartment buildings with typical floor plan of 35mx15m and floor height of 3m with different openings size and location in shear walls were modeled in STAAD pro. An equivalent static analysis for three dimensional models of the buildings was performed as per IS 1893 (part 1): 2002. Seismic responses of the analyzed structures were compared. The results reveal that for opening area < 20%, the stiffness of the system is more affected by the size of openings than its arrangement. However, for opening area >20%, the stiffness of the system is significantly affected by openings configuration in shear walls.
IIRJET-Comparison of Seismic Analysis of Multistoried Building with Shear Wal...IRJET Journal
This document compares the seismic analysis of a G+9 multi-storey building with shear walls and X bracing. Shear walls and bracings are provided at different locations and the building is analyzed using ETABS software. Parameters like storey displacement, drift and base shear are compared. Results show that shear walls and bracings help reduce lateral displacement and drift compared to a bare frame building. Shear walls perform better than bracings with walls at the centre and corners performing the best.
IRJET- Seismic Linear Analysis of Low Rise Open Ground Storey BuildingsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the seismic linear analysis of low-rise open ground storey buildings. It discusses how the presence of infill walls affects building behavior under lateral loads. While engineers often ignore wall stiffness in analysis, this may not be accurate for discontinuous walls in open ground storey buildings. The study aims to evaluate the code-recommended 2.5 multiplication factor for stiffness and examine how infill strength and stiffness impact seismic analysis of open ground storey buildings with different support conditions using commercial software. The results showed the 2.5 factor was too high for beam and column forces, and stiffness was similar with or without infills in open ground storey buildings. Support conditions significantly influenced response.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the deformation behavior of different planar solid shear wall-frame arrangements in a 15-story reinforced concrete office building subjected to wind loads. Four different arrangements of equivalent shear wall stiffnesses were considered. A 3D finite element analysis was performed using STAAD Pro software. The results showed that the arrangement with shear walls positioned parallel to and away from the wind direction centroidal axis of the frame had the minimum storey displacement, indicating it was the best arrangement for minimizing deformation. Internal forces like axial forces, moments and shears were also compared between the arrangements. There was a strong positive correlation between beam moment and maximum displacement.
IRJET- Comparative Study on Seismic and Wind Performance of Multi-Storeyed Bu...IRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review on the comparative study of seismic and wind performance of multi-storey buildings with plan and vertical irregularities. Several previous studies are summarized that analyzed regular and irregular structures using software like ETABS. The studies found that irregular structures experienced higher displacements and drifts compared to regular structures under lateral loads. Parameters like base shear, story drift, displacement, and acceleration were compared between regular and irregular configurations. In general, it was found that irregular structures are more susceptible to damage from seismic and wind loads.
seismic analysis of structures presentationDrAhmedNabil2
This document discusses analyzing the seismic performance of symmetric and asymmetric buildings. It begins by introducing the importance of evaluating seismic performance of buildings and how irregularities in mass, stiffness, and strength distribution (asymmetry) can cause serious damage during earthquakes. The document then outlines various structural analysis methods that will be used in the study, including equivalent static analysis, response spectrum analysis, nonlinear static pushover analysis, and nonlinear time history analysis. Finally, it proposes analyzing different plan configurations (rectangular, C, L, T, and I-shaped) of an 8-story building located in seismic zone 2 using the outlined analysis methods to compare the seismic behavior of symmetric versus asymmetric designs.
Evaluation of Seismic Behaviour of RCC Building using Coupled Shear wallIRJET Journal
1) The document analyzes the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete buildings with solid shear walls and coupled shear walls located in seismic zone IV.
2) Coupled shear walls consist of two or more shear walls connected by a coupling beam, which allows for openings. The performance depends on the arrangement and size of the coupling beam.
3) A 10-story reinforced concrete special moment resisting frame building with solid and coupled shear walls in the corners is modeled and analyzed using ETABS software. Responses such as story displacement, drift, and shear are evaluated and compared.
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modeling principles. In the age of digital communication, social media platforms
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online communities. However, their complex nature requires meticulous planning
and organization.This project addresses the challenge of creating a feature-rich and
user-friendly social media platform by applying key object-oriented modeling
concepts. It entails the identification and definition of essential objects such as
"User," "Post," "Comment," and "Notification," each encapsulating specific
attributes and behaviors. Relationships between these objects, such as friendships,
content interactions, and notifications, are meticulously established.The project
emphasizes encapsulation to maintain data integrity, inheritance for shared behaviors
among objects, and polymorphism for flexible content handling. Use case diagrams
depict user interactions, while sequence diagrams showcase the flow of interactions
during critical scenarios. Class diagrams provide an overarching view of the system's
architecture, including classes, attributes, and methods .By undertaking this project,
we aim to create a modular, maintainable, and user-centric social media platform that
adheres to best practices in object-oriented modeling. Such a platform will offer users
a seamless and secure online social experience while facilitating future enhancements
and adaptability to changing user needs.
Natural Is The Best: Model-Agnostic Code Simplification for Pre-trained Large...YanKing2
Pre-trained Large Language Models (LLM) have achieved remarkable successes in several domains. However, code-oriented LLMs are often heavy in computational complexity, and quadratically with the length of the input code sequence. Toward simplifying the input program of an LLM, the state-of-the-art approach has the strategies to filter the input code tokens based on the attention scores given by the LLM. The decision to simplify the input program should not rely on the attention patterns of an LLM, as these patterns are influenced by both the model architecture and the pre-training dataset. Since the model and dataset are part of the solution domain, not the problem domain where the input program belongs, the outcome may differ when the model is trained on a different dataset. We propose SlimCode, a model-agnostic code simplification solution for LLMs that depends on the nature of input code tokens. As an empirical study on the LLMs including CodeBERT, CodeT5, and GPT-4 for two main tasks: code search and summarization. We reported that 1) the reduction ratio of code has a linear-like relation with the saving ratio on training time, 2) the impact of categorized tokens on code simplification can vary significantly, 3) the impact of categorized tokens on code simplification is task-specific but model-agnostic, and 4) the above findings hold for the paradigm–prompt engineering and interactive in-context learning and this study can save reduce the cost of invoking GPT-4 by 24%per API query. Importantly, SlimCode simplifies the input code with its greedy strategy and can obtain at most 133 times faster than the state-of-the-art technique with a significant improvement. This paper calls for a new direction on code-based, model-agnostic code simplification solutions to further empower LLMs.
In May 2024, globally renowned natural diamond crafting company Shree Ramkrishna Exports Pvt. Ltd. (SRK) became the first company in the world to achieve GNFZ’s final net zero certification for existing buildings, for its two two flagship crafting facilities SRK House and SRK Empire. Initially targeting 2030 to reach net zero, SRK joined forces with the Global Network for Zero (GNFZ) to accelerate its target to 2024 — a trailblazing achievement toward emissions elimination.
Encontro anual da comunidade Splunk, onde discutimos todas as novidades apresentadas na conferência anual da Spunk, a .conf24 realizada em junho deste ano em Las Vegas.
Neste vídeo, trago os pontos chave do encontro, como:
- AI Assistant para uso junto com a SPL
- SPL2 para uso em Data Pipelines
- Ingest Processor
- Enterprise Security 8.0 (Maior atualização deste seu release)
- Federated Analytics
- Integração com Cisco XDR e Cisto Talos
- E muito mais.
Deixo ainda, alguns links com relatórios e conteúdo interessantes que podem ajudar no esclarecimento dos produtos e funções.
https://www.splunk.com/en_us/campaigns/the-hidden-costs-of-downtime.html
https://www.splunk.com/en_us/pdfs/gated/ebooks/building-a-leading-observability-practice.pdf
https://www.splunk.com/en_us/pdfs/gated/ebooks/building-a-modern-security-program.pdf
Nosso grupo oficial da Splunk:
https://usergroups.splunk.com/sao-paulo-splunk-user-group/
How to Manage Internal Notes in Odoo 17 POSCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to leverage internal notes within Odoo 17 POS to enhance communication and streamline operations. Internal notes provide a platform for staff to exchange crucial information regarding orders, customers, or specific tasks, all while remaining invisible to the customer. This fosters improved collaboration and ensures everyone on the team is on the same page.
A Comparative Study on Effects of Regular and Irregular Structures Subjected to Lateral Loading by Equivalent Static Method and Response Spectrum Method
1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311
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A Comparative Study on Effects of Regular and
Irregular Structures Subjected to Lateral
Loading by Equivalent Static Method and
Response Spectrum Method
Prabesh Sharma1
, D. R Rajendra .S2
, Vanisree C.N3
1
P.G Student, Department of Civil Engineering, N.C.E.T, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Bangalore, India
2
Professor and Head (P.G) Student, Department of Civil Engineering, N.C.E.T, Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Bangalore, India
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, N.C.E.T, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Bangalore, India
Abstract— This paper aims in thoroughly examine and
have a comparative study of the behavior of regular and
irregular R.C building with and without shear wall for
seismic and wind load activities in different zones of India
through equivalent static method and response spectrum
method. For this purpose, regular and irregular R.C
structures are taken and analyzed against earthquake and
wind forces in different zones of India. Further shear wall
is introduced in both regular and irregular structure and
again analyzed in different zones. For structural
irregularity, vertical irregularity and plan irregularity
are taken into account. These irregularities are taken as
per Indian standard code, IS 1893 (Part I): 2002. The
whole models were analysed with the help of CYPE
Software. In current study drifts has been considered in
both X and Y directions and are compared with structure
shear wall.
Keywords— Irregular Structures, Seismic Load, Wind
Load, Shear Wall, CYPE.
I. INTRODUCTION
For the last decade there is a gradual increase of irregular
structures due to enhancement in architecture. Irregular
structures leads to remarkable eccentricity between center
of mass and stiffness. This leads to lateral response due to
which damage occurs. During earthquake, surface of the
ground will be subjected to six different motion i.e three
translations and three rotations. Each of these components
are uncorrelated. Due to uncorrelated components the
damage of a structure are unconfined. During Nepal
Earthquake (2015), the failure due to vertical and
horizontal irregularity was encountered. The main
problem is the lack of study of irregular structure.
Provision of shear wall can stabilize stiffness, mass and
increase the strength of a structure. The scope of this
study is to compare the shear wall performance for
regular and irregular structures in different zones of India
by equivalent static method and response spectrum
method.
II. METHODOLOGY
Analysis of a structure is done by equivalent static
method and response spectrum method. The main
difference between this methods lies in the magnitude and
distribution of lateral forces over the height of a structure.
The analysis of structure is done by using CYPE
software. The different configuration position of shear
wall in Reinforced Concrete building were analyzed for
under seismic and wind analysis. The data used is as per
earthquake loading (IS: 1983-2002) and Wind loading
(IS: 875 Part 3).
III. SHEAR WALL LOCATION
Location of Shear Wall is an important part which effects
the response of a structure. Shear wall is a good
mechanism for lateral loads resisting, but the placement
of shear walls should be made judiciously. In case of
regular structure, shear walls at mid-sides perform better
in major number of cases (Anshul Sud et at.,2014).
Incorporation of shear walls improves the seismic
performance of the building with re-entrant corner i.e plan
irregularity buildings and strengthening the inner notch
was found to be much efficient compared to strengthening
outer notch (Divyashree M et at. (2014)). In case of
vertical irregularity, placement of shear wall mainly
depends on the location of centre of mass and centre of
rigidity.
IV. MODELLING AND ANALYSIS
Six storey structure with regular and irregular
configuration with typical floor height of 3m are
2. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
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considered. Loads are considered with reference to
relevant codes of IS 875 part1- 1987, IS 875 part3-1987,
IS 1893 part1-2002. The dead and imposed loads of all
the reinforced concrete members will be given as self-
weights of the members; all the floor loads expressed as
load per square area is applied as distributed floor loads
onto the supporting beams. Wall loads are taken as line
load onto the supporting beams; the wind and earthquake
loads are applied as lateral loads at each floor level.
Material grades of M25 & Fe 415 is used. Six-storey RC
office structure is located in seismic zone-II, zone-III, and
zone-IV and V on medium soil. Thickness of slab is
150mm. Ordinary moment-resisting frame (OMRF) is
taken for analysis. These frames are subjected to dead
load of 1.5 kN/m2
, live load of 2 kN/m2
on all floors, wall
load of 12 kN/m2
, parapet load of 5kN/m2
on roof (as per
IS 875-part-2) earthquake loads as per IS 1893:2002 and
wind load as per IS 875 Part 3. More than 45 load
combinations are taken for analysis. Importance Factor ‘I’
equal to 1, Response reduction factor ‘R’ as 3 and
Damping Ratio as 5 is considered for all structures. In
case of wind analysis Terrain Category is taken as I
(Exposed open terrain with few or no obstructions and in
which the average height of any object surrounding the
structure is less than 1.5 m) and Land Orography is taken
as flat.Six structures have been considered with one
regular and two irregular with and without shear wall. For
regular structural in x-direction there are 5 bays, each of 5
m width and in z-direction also there are 5 bays, each of 5
m width. For Plan irregular structure it has 64% re-entrant
corner in L shape and in case of vertical irregular
structure irregularity taken is 80 % as per IS 1893:2002.
Table 1: Structural properties of structures
Zone 2:
Zone Area- Bangalore
Beam Dimension- 230X450mm
Column Dimension- 230X900mm
Basic Wind Speed- 33 m/s
Zone 3:
Zone Area- Ahmedabad
Beam Dimension- 230X650mm
Column Dimension- 300X900mm
Basic Wind Speed- 39 m/s
Zone 4:
Zone Area- Darjeeling
Beam Dimension- 230X650mm
Column Dimension- 300X900mm
Basic Wind Speed- 47 m/s
Zone 5:
Zone Area- Bhuj
Beam Dimension- 450X900mm
Column Dimension- 450X900mm
Basic Wind Speed- 50 m/s
Frame elements consist of columns and beams of
different dimensions for different zones because in
different zone load acting on a structure are different. The
storey drifts at various floors are determined from
response spectrum method and equivalent static method.
For different structure different configurations of shear
wall have been considered to evaluate the effect of shear
wall when subjected to lateral loadings. Configuration of
shear walls for different structures is shown table 2.
Table 2: Structural properties of shear walls
Regular
Shape- Normal
Number of shear
wall provided 4
Thickness 300mm
Length 5.3m
Plan
Irregular
Shape L shaped
Number of shear
wall provided 1
Thickness 300mm
Dimension 5.5X5.5m
Vertical
Irregular
Shape Normal
Number of shear
wall provided 1
Thickness 300mm
Length 15.3m
a) Regular b) Plan Irregular c) Vertical Irregular
Fig.1:Structures with shear wall
V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Drifts are considered to identify the structural response of
regular and irregular structures with and without shear
wall by equivalent static method and response spectrum
method. Also wind load has been considered to identify
the response of a structures. Result obtain from the
analysis are graphically represented for the following
structures:
Structure 1: Regular Structure
Structure 2: Plan Irregular Structure
Structure 3: Vertical Irregular Structure
Structure 4: Regular Structure with Shear Wall
Structure 5: Plan Irregular Structure with Shear Wall
Structure 6: Vertical Irregular Structure with Shear Wall
Where;
3. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS)
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ESM WS-X=Drift from equivalent static method for a
structure without shear wall in x direction
ESM SW-X= Drift from equivalent static method for a
structure with shear wall in x direction
RSM WS-X= Drift from response spectrum method for a
structure without shear wall in x direction
ESM SW-X= Drift from response spectrum method for a
structure with shear wall in x direction
ESM WS-Y=Drift from equivalent static method for a
structure without shear wall in y direction
ESM SW-Y= Drift from equivalent static method for a
structure with shear wall in y direction
RSM WS-Y= Drift from response spectrum method for a
structure without shear wall in y direction
ESM SW-Y= Drift from response spectrum method for a
structure with shear wall in y direction
Fig.2: Comparision of drifts for regular structure(X
direction) in zone II.
Fig.3: Comparision of drifts for regular structure(Y
direction) in zone II.
Fig.4: Comparision of drifts for Plan irregular
structure(X-direction) in zone II.
International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS)
Infogainpublication.com)
X=Drift from equivalent static method for a
X= Drift from equivalent static method for a
X= Drift from response spectrum method for a
X= Drift from response spectrum method for a
Y=Drift from equivalent static method for a
Y= Drift from equivalent static method for a
se spectrum method for a
Y= Drift from response spectrum method for a
2: Comparision of drifts for regular structure(X-
Comparision of drifts for regular structure(Y-
Comparision of drifts for Plan irregular
direction) in zone II.
Fig.5: Comparision of drifts for Plan irregular
structure(Y-direction) in zone II.
Fig.6: Comparision of drifts for Vertical irregular
structure(X-direction) in zone II.
Fig.7: Comparision of drifts for Vertical irregular
structure(Y-direction) in zone II.
Fig.8: Comparision of drifts for regular structure(X
direction) in zone
Fig.9: Comparision of drifts for regular structure(Y
direction) in zone I
[Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
ISSN : 2454-1311
Page | 265
Comparision of drifts for Plan irregular
direction) in zone II.
ion of drifts for Vertical irregular
direction) in zone II.
7: Comparision of drifts for Vertical irregular
direction) in zone II.
8: Comparision of drifts for regular structure(X-
direction) in zone III.
Comparision of drifts for regular structure(Y-
direction) in zone III.
4. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS)
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Fig.10: Comparision of drifts for Plan irregular
structure(X-direction) in zone III.
Fig.11: Comparision of drifts for Plan irregular
structure(Y-direction) in zone III.
Fig.12: Comparision of drifts for Vertical irregular
structure(X-direction) in zone III.
Fig.13: Comparision of drifts for Vertical irregular
structure(Y-direction) in zone III.
Fig.14: Comparision of drifts for regular structure(X
direction) in zone IV.
International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS)
Infogainpublication.com)
10: Comparision of drifts for Plan irregular
direction) in zone III.
11: Comparision of drifts for Plan irregular
direction) in zone III.
Comparision of drifts for Vertical irregular
direction) in zone III.
Comparision of drifts for Vertical irregular
direction) in zone III.
Comparision of drifts for regular structure(X-
Fig.15: Comparision of drifts for regular structure(Y
direction) in zone IV.
Fig.16: Comparision of drifts for Plan irregular
structure(X-direction) in zone IV.
Fig.17: Comparision of drifts for Plan irregular
structure(Y-direction) in zone IV.
Fig.18: Comparision of drifts for Vertical irregular
structure(X-direction) in zone IV.
Fig.19: Comparision of drifts for Vertical irregular
structure(Y-direction) in zone IV.
[Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
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Page | 266
Comparision of drifts for regular structure(Y-
direction) in zone IV.
Comparision of drifts for Plan irregular
direction) in zone IV.
Comparision of drifts for Plan irregular
direction) in zone IV.
Comparision of drifts for Vertical irregular
direction) in zone IV.
Comparision of drifts for Vertical irregular
direction) in zone IV.
5. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS)
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Fig.20: Comparision of drifts for regular s
direction) in zone V.
Fig.21: Comparision of drifts for regular s
direction) in zone V.
Fig.22: Comparision of drifts for Plan irregular
structure(X-direction) in zone V.
Fig.23: Comparision of drifts for Plan irregular
structure(Y-direction) in zone V.
Fig.24: Comparision of drifts for Vertical irregular
structure(X-direction) in zone V.
International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS)
Infogainpublication.com)
Comparision of drifts for regular structure(X-
Comparision of drifts for regular structure(Y-
Comparision of drifts for Plan irregular
direction) in zone V.
Comparision of drifts for Plan irregular
direction) in zone V.
Comparision of drifts for Vertical irregular
direction) in zone V.
Fig.25: Comparision of drifts for Vertical irregular
structure(Y-direction) in zone V.
VI. CONCLUSION
To obtain accurate results, comparison has been done
with respect to its particular zones. The study of regular
and irregular structure with and without shear wall in
different zones of India by equivalent static method and
response spectrum method leads to the following
conclusions:
1. Regular structure shows better performance a
compared to irregular structure
and wind loading and response spectrum methods
gives higher value for drifts as compared to
equivalent static method.
2. In-case of regular structure shear wall will reduce
drift by 70-80% in X
Y-direction if analysis is done by response
spectrum method and if analysis is done by
equivalent static method drift is reduced by 50
60% in X-direction and by 40
3. In-case of plan irregular structure shear wall will
reduce drift by 60-80% in X
50% in Y-direction if analysis is done by response
spectrum method and if analysis is done by
equivalent static method drift is reduced by 40
50% in X-direction and by 10
4. In-case of plan irregu
reduce drift by 15-25
80% in Y-direction if analysis is done by response
spectrum method and if analysis is done by
equivalent static method drift is reduced by
15% in X-direction and by
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost we would like to thank
for guiding us in the right direction and helping us with
his valuable suggestions. We are also grateful to the
authors of various papers and journals cited in our
research paper. Lastly we would like to thank our friends,
family and the Department of Civ
[Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
ISSN : 2454-1311
Page | 267
Comparision of drifts for Vertical irregular
direction) in zone V.
CONCLUSION
, comparison has been done
particular zones. The study of regular
with and without shear wall in
different zones of India by equivalent static method and
response spectrum method leads to the following
Regular structure shows better performance as
compared to irregular structure under earthquake
and wind loading and response spectrum methods
gives higher value for drifts as compared to
equivalent static method.
case of regular structure shear wall will reduce
80% in X-direction and by 55-65% in
direction if analysis is done by response
spectrum method and if analysis is done by
equivalent static method drift is reduced by 50-
direction and by 40-50 % in Y-direction.
case of plan irregular structure shear wall will
80% in X-direction and by 20-
direction if analysis is done by response
spectrum method and if analysis is done by
equivalent static method drift is reduced by 40-
direction and by 10-15 % in Y-direction.
case of plan irregular structure shear wall will
25% in X-direction and by 60-
if analysis is done by response
spectrum method and if analysis is done by
equivalent static method drift is reduced by 10-
direction and by 40-50 % in Y-direction.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost we would like to thank our principle
for guiding us in the right direction and helping us with
his valuable suggestions. We are also grateful to the
authors of various papers and journals cited in our
research paper. Lastly we would like to thank our friends,
family and the Department of Civil Engineering.
6. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
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REFERENCES
[1] Amin Alavi and P.Srinivasa Rao, on “Effect of Plan
Irregular R.C Building in High Seismic Zones”.
American Journal of Basic and Applied
Science(AJBAS), 7(13):1-6, 2013
[2] M.C.G Pastor and C.F Fernandez, Department of
research and development CYPE Ingenious,
Alicante, Spain on “Structural Analysis with
Different International Standards of Buildings
Subjected to Seismic Loads”. Int. Journal for
Housing Science, Vol.35, No.3 pp. 149-158, 2011.
[3] M. Ashraf, Z.A. Siddiqi and M.A. Javed Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and
Technology, Lahore, Pakistan, on “Configuration of
a Multi-storey Building Subjected to Lateral
Forces”. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering
(Building and Housing) vol. 9, no. 5 (2008) pages
525-537.
[4] Divyashree M, Bhavyashree B.N, Gopi Siddappa,
Dept. of Civil Engineering, PES College of
Engineering, Mandya, Karnataka, India on
Comparison of Bracings and Shear Walls as Seismic
Strengthening Methods to Buildings with Plan
Irregularities in International Journal of Research in
Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163 to
ISSN: 2321-7308.
[5] IS 1893-2002: Criteria for Earthquake Resistant
Design of Structures.
[6] IS 456-2002: Plain and Reinforced Concrete
[7] S.K. Duggal on “Earthquake Resistance Design of
Structures”
[8] Aggarwal P on “Earthquake Resistance Design of
Structures”