ACIDS and BASES.
- 1. ACIDS AND BASES Prepared by: Mrs Analiza B. Secillano
- 2. ACIDS and BASES Determine the acidity and basicity of mixtures. Properties of acids and bases. Examples of acids and bases. The pH scale. Acid- base Indicator Neutralization.
- 3. ACIDS • An acid is a substance that releases H+ ions in an aqueous solution – Aqueous means water • Example: when hydrochloric acid is dissolved in water, the compound separates into chlorine ions (Cl-) and hydrogen ions (H+)
- 4. When we think of acids and bases we tend to think of science labs and chemicals…but did you know Acids cause: Lemons to be sour Acid rain to eat away at sculptures Framed paintings to be damaged Cavities in your teeth Food to digest in your stomach Ants and bees use it to sting
- 5. STRONG ACIDS • A strong acid breaks down completely in water and gives off many H+ ions
- 6. WEAK ACID • A weak acid only partially breaks down. It gives off much less H+ than a strong acid.
- 7. Characteristics of Acids • Acids have a sour taste • Acids react with metals & carbonates to produce gas • Acids contain hydrogen H
- 8. Characteristics of Acids: Taste Sour • Acids in foods taste sour and produce a burning or prickling feeling on the skin
- 9. Characteristics of Acids • Since tasting or touching an unknown chemical is extremely dangerous, other methods are needed to tell whether a solution is an acid
- 10. Characteristics of Acids: Reacts with Carbonate • A safe way to test to see if a solution is an acid is to place a few drops on a compound that contains a carbonate (CO3) • Example: limestone is a rock that contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3) When an acid touches a piece of limestone, a reaction occurs that produces carbon dioxide gas
- 11. Characteristics of Acids: Reacts with Metal • Acids also reacts with most metals • The reaction produces hydrogen gas, which you can see as bubbles
- 12. Characteristics of Acids: Contain Hydrogen
- 13. BASES • A base is a substance that releases hydroxide (OH-) ions in an aqueous solution • Example: When sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is dissolved in water, the compound separates into sodium ions (Na+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)
- 14. Characteristics of Bases Turn red litmus taste bitter Negatively charged hydroxide ions (OH–) Feel slippery Bases neutralize acids Poisonous and can cause severe burns Strong Bases are Caustic.
- 15. Characteristics of Bases: Taste Bitter • Example: Baking soda
- 16. Characteristics of Bases: Taste Bitter • Mild bases in foods taste bitter and feel slippery, but as with acids, tasting and touching are not safe ways of testing whether a solution is a base • In fact, some strong bases can burn the skin as badly as strong acids
- 17. Characteristics of Bases: Feel Slippery • Bases feel soapy or slippery because they react with acid molecules in your skin called fatty acids
- 18. Characteristics of Bases: Feel Slippery • In fact, this is exactly how soap is made. Mixing base- usually sodium hydroxide – with fatty acids produces soap • So when a base touches your skin, the combination of the base with your own fatty acids actually makes a small amount of soap
- 19. Characteristics of Bases: Contain Sodium Hydroxide (OH-) Strong Bases The Formula Lithium hydroxide LiOH Sodium hydroxide NaOH Potassium hydroxide KOH Rubidium hydroxide RbOH Caesium hydroxide CsOH Barium hydroxide Ba(OH) 2 Calcium hydroxide Ca (OH) 2 Strontium hydroxide Sr(OH) 2
- 20. Properties of Acids & Bases • Similarities between acids and bases – Dissolve in water – Conduct electricity in aqueous solution – Can irritate or burn skin
- 21. Properties of Acids and Bases
- 22. Acid-Base Strength • pH stands for “potential hydrogen” and is a measure of how many H+ ions there are in solution. • The strength of an acid or base is usually measured using a pH scale • The more H+ there are, the lower the pH will be
- 23. Properties of Acids and Bases Acids turn blue litmus red taste sour Acids corrode metals positively charged hydrogen ions (H+) Bases turn red litmus blue taste bitter Negatively charged hydroxide ions (OH–) Feel slippery Most hand soaps and drain cleaners are bases Strong bases are caustic
- 24. Understanding the pH Scale pH stands for (presence of Hydrogen) Numbered from 0 to 14. The lower the pH number – the higher Acid That means more Hydrogen Ions (H+) The higher the pH - the higher the Base That means less Hydrogen Ions (H+)
- 25. Acid-Base Strength • The numbers of the pH scale usually range from 0 – 14, but numbers outside this range are possible • The middle number, 7, represents a neutral solution • A neutral substance is neither an acid nor a base. Pure water has a pH of 7
- 26. Acid-Base Strength pH < 7 indicate acidic solution pH = 7 indicate neutral solution pH > 7 indicate basic solution A concentrated strong acid has a low pH value A concentrated strong base has a high pH value
- 27. Acid-Base Indicators • An acid-base indicator is a compound that will change color in the presence of an acid or base • Litmus is a plant extract that can be blue or red (pink) – Litmus turns red/pink in an acidic solution – Litmus turns blue in a basic solution
- 28. Acid-Base Indicators Example of plants that can be use as an acid-base indicator.
- 29. Acid-Base Indicators • It would be impossible to determine the pH of all solutions using just one indicator, such as litmus • Several other acid-base indicators exist, each producing a color change at a specific pH level
- 31. Acid-Base Indicators • A universal indicator is a mixture of chemicals that changes color through a wide range of pH values
- 32. Acid-Base Indicators • An even more precise way of determine pH is to use a pH meter
- 33. Acids and Bases Neutralize Each Other • When an acid and base react with each other, the characteristic properties of both are destroyed. This is called neutralization.
- 34. Acids and Bases Neutralize Each Other • The salts formed may be soluble in water or can be insoluble • If the salt is insoluble, a precipitate will form • Recall: a precipitate is a suspension of a small, solid particles formed during a chemical reaction
- 35. Acids and Bases Neutralize Each Other • General formula for acid base reaction Acid + Base → H2O + Salt • Salt means any ionic compound formed from an acid/base reaction HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl
- 36. Acids and Bases Neutralize Each Other • A common example of neutralization reaction occurs when you swallow an antacid tablet to relieve an upset stomach. • The acid in your stomach has a pH of about 1.5 due to mostly hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach lining
- 37. Acids and Bases Neutralize Each Other • An antacid tablet contains a base, such as sodium bicarbonate, magnesium hydroxide or calcium carbonate. The base reacts with the stomach acid and produces a salt and water. • This reaction lowers the acidity and raises to pH to its normal value (about 2)