An Efficient Cloud Scheduling Algorithm for the Conservation of Energy through Broadcasting

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 8, No. 1, February 2018, pp. 179~188
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v8i1.pp179-188  179
Journal homepage: http://iaescore.com/journals/index.php/IJECE
An Efficient Cloud Scheduling Algorithm for the
Conservation of Energy through Broadcasting
Kavita Arjun Sultanpure1
, Abhishek Gupta2
, L. S. S. Reddy3
1,3
K L University, India
2
Cloud Security Architect, Intel Corporation, California, USA
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Nov 29, 2017
Revised Jun 29, 2017
Accepted Jul 13, 2017
Method of broadcasting is the well known operation that is used for
providing support to different computing protocols in cloud
computing. Attaining energy efficiency is one of the prominent
challenges, that is quite significant in the scheduling process that is
used in cloud computing as, there are fixed limits that have to be met
by the system. In this research paper, we are particularly focusing on
the cloud server maintenance and scheduling process and to do so,
we are using the interactive broadcasting energy efficient computing
technique along with the cloud computing server. Additionally, the
remote host machines used for cloud services are dissipating more
power and with that they are consuming more and more energy. The
effect of the power consumption is one of the main factors for
determining the cost of the computing resources. With the idea of
using the avoidance technology for assigning the data center
resources that dynamically depend on the application demands and
supports the cloud computing with the optimization of the servers in
use.
Keyword:
Broadcasting
Cache memory
Caching
Cloud computing
Cloud models
Cloudlet
Energy consumption
Mobile users
Optimization
Scheduling
Server load
Workload
Copyright © 2018 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Kavita Arjun Sultanpure,
Departement of Computer Science and Engineering,
K L University,
Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India.
Email: kavita.sultanpure@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Cloud computing is included in one of the fastest growing technologies used for the purpose of
computing these days. Normally when it comes to cloud computing the models that includes are; Software-
as-Service, Infrastructure-as Service and Platform-as-Service. The main focus is about allocating the data and
computing it over a scalable information center of the network. Cloud Computing is one of the technology
that relies on the allocation of the computing resources rather than relying on local servers and applications.
The main purpose behind the designing of the computing technique is to perform efficient cost estimation,
application hosting and substance storage. The main properties of the cloud computing technology include:
a. Supplying the services to end users quickly using interface on Internet.
b. Assigning and organizing the physical resources effectively as well as rapidly.
c. Confirming the role of on demand distribution.
d. Dealing with a huge quantity of requests and examining needs accordingly.
Cloud computing has been attracting a lot of researchers since last couple of years and is still a great
area of research for the keen researchers. Along with the increase in demand and enhancement in the

 ISSN: 2088-8708
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technology, the complexity of it is widely increasing. There is always one centralized server within a specific
area that picks up the services from the sub-servers, and further provides the services to the users. As the
cloud network is paid platform, the users expect to get flawless services.
Figure 1.Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is the innovation that utilizes the web as well as the focal remote servers for
keeping up the information and applications as shown in Figure 1. With cloud computing the buyers and the
organization can use the applications without any establishment and can even access their documents at any
system having web access. This innovation takes into consideration considerably more effective registering
by bringing together information handling and data transfer capacity.
A straightforward case of cloud computing can be seen in Yahoo e-mail, Gmail, or Hotmail and so
on. All you need is only a web association and you can begin sending messages. The server and e-mail
administration software are all on the cloud (web) and is completely overseen by the cloud administration
supplier including Yahoo, Google and so forth. The customer gets the chance to utilize the product alone and
appreciate their advantages.
In order to follow the procedure, the central servers always have to broadcast the requirement which
encompasses a huge amount of energy, each and every time.
The paper is divided into five sections. Starting off with the Introduction of the research, described
above and following the introduction, we have discussed related work with problem formulation and
contribution. Third section includes description of methodology along with the architecture of proposed
solution wherein in fifth section of the paper there is a depiction of simulation results.
As stated by NIST, the cloud framework is made up of five important features including: On-
Demand Self Service, Broad Network Access, Resource Pooling, Rapid Elasticity and Measured Services.
a. On-demand self-service: The users are provided by the one-sidedly computing abilities like, server time
interval and network storage that is required.
b. A Broad network access: Competencies are obtainable through the network as well as handled by using
customary mechanisms which also stimulates by means of heterogeneous thin or thick user stages (for
instances, mobiles, laptops, tablets, as well as work places).
c. Resource pooling: The supplier’s computing assets are assembled to assist numerous users utilizing a
multi-tenant framework through dissimilar physical as well as simulated resources, which are
vigorously allocated as well as reallocated as per the user’s request. There is an intellect of position and
individuality in which, the users general has no control or familiarity over the particular position of the
offered assets, nevertheless this might be competent to specify position with the side of a greater level
of abstraction (for examples, state, country, or information center). Instances of the assets comprise of
memory, storage handling, as well as network bandwidth.
d. Rapid elasticity: Although the competencies are elastically delivered and are unconfined but, still, there
are some cases in which the measurement is done with outward as well as inwards proportionate via
Cloud
Computing
Multi-tenant solution
provided by vendor
Automated backups
uptime, SLA, Maintenance
Automated upgrades
Modern web based
integration
Web and mobile-access
from anywhere

Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 
An Efficient Cloud Scheduling Algorithm for the Conservation of Energy …. (Kavita Arjun Sultanpure)
181
request. To the user, the proficiencies obtainable for provisioning frequently, seems to be unrestricted as
well as could be taken in any kind of magnitude at any time.
e. Measured service: Cloud frameworks mechanically control and enhance resource utilization through
leveraging a metering proficiency on round about some particular levels of abstraction, which is suitable
to the category of services (for example, handling, storage, bandwidth, as well as vigorous client
accounts). Asset usage could probably be examined, handled, as well as testified, provided that placidity
meant for both of the suppliers and customers of the utilized services.
2. RELATED WORK
A load of research has been done in the field of cloud computing for providing the best computing
resources as services and still is providing a great scope for research for the keen researchers. This paper
focuses on the broadcasting issue related in the cloud computing and along with that also focuses on the
cache concept for the purpose of reducing the energy consumption. The main areas that focus in this work
are, memory management, complexities as well as all the basic services. Following is the description of the
works that are already done under this topic by different researchers.
Wood et.al [1], presented the issue of security in cloud computing. In this paper, security model for
Saas service has been analyzed by the author. Wang et.al [2], proposed the cost model in cloud computing
based on the complexity-aware dynamic task optimal scheduling algorithm wherein Sandeep Kaur [3]
proposed the technique based on virtualization for solving the problem of starvation during VM migration.
To reduce the memory size, virtualization is a one of the good concepts. From result simulations presented in
this paper by author, proposed scheme comes out to be better than previous methods. Qingling et.al [4],
analyzed three different types of workloads based on virtualization. The main purpose of the author is to
prevent the network from poor performance, associating less memory allocation and maintaining reasonable
performance. Large number of VM (virtual machine) will require large memory and hence, low performance
is considered while less number of VM gets to deliver high performance. Dimpi et.al [5], presented the
survey on various services provided in cloud computing. This paper is just the startup for selection of various
services. Cloud computing is based on the virtualized IT resources where different users can share the
resources. It has been shown that, when user shares their resources for different services then monthly fees
gets availed for this service. Yizeng Chen et.al [6], [7], proposed the comparative analysis of traditional
methods with new designed cloud computing based methods for software development. It has been seen that
cloud computing is providing good applications for IT industry in terms of SaaS, IaaS and PaaS
services [8-20].
Weqing et.al [21], presented various platforms of the cloud computing and also introduced the
google technology in cloud computing. It introduced various services like mapreduce, bigtable etc. These
services are studied over three clouds. It has also been studied that cloud computing is providing challenges
to country as well as industries. Sh Hengliang et.al [22], proposed skyline algorithm for complexity
reduction. The main aim is to find the most appropriate node machines.
3. PROBLEM FORMULATION AND CONTRIBUTION
As discussed above, the broadcast mechanism consumes a lot of energy which increases the cost on
user end. This paper focuses on developing a cache memory in which the types of services along with the
service providers are stored so that for similar type of file request, the server ID is prevented from losing a
bulk amount of energy. It looks as a simple solution to the problem but it is a difficult task. Assume a central
server with approximately twenty thousand users and hundreds of sub servers. Managing a cache with these
many user bases is quite difficult. For mapping directly to the sub server, it is also required to manage the
load of the every sub server. If a sub server is providing good response to the posted queries, we cannot route
every query to the sub server. The future work of the proposed solution may add an efficient load balancing
mechanism for the sub servers for energy saving and for removing idealism to the architecture.
Energy savings are mostly motivated by improved efficiency of data centers while using cloud
services like e-mail, calendars, and more. The cloud has multiple number of products at a time, thus, it can
send the resources amongst a lot of users more capably that too, with less energy consumption.
a. User won’t have to pay for someone (or a team of someone’s) to do things such as install and update
software, install and manage email servers and/or fine servers, run backups – the beauty of green
computing is that all of the business, related to maintaining the service or application is the
responsibility of the green vendor, not yours.
b. Reduction of carbon footprint: carbon ink usage and papers for print can be reduced by using green
computing.

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c. You no longer have to buy software. Besides the convenience of not having to buy software programs
and installation process on your own servers/computers, using green applications instead has been
proved to be cheaper.
d. One may be able to consolidate separate application needs into one multi-application green computing
service. For instance, Google Apps for business includes e-mail, calendar scheduling application,
Google Docs for creating documents, presentations and forms and using online file storage and Google
Sites for creating websites, all for only $5/month for each person on your account. Now think, about the
price of, let's say, Microsoft Office (including Microsoft Outlook for email) – and note that Office
doesn't include a website application. Green computing vendors such as Info street provides a suite of
green application including CRM, calendar scheduling, email, conference calling, file sharing and an
employee directory for as little as $10 per person per month.
e. Cloud computing helps to cut back on system hardware. File storage, data backup and software
programs all take up a lot of space on servers/computers. With green computing, you can use someone
else's server to store all this data instead hence, freeing up your in-house computer equipment for other
purposes or even letting you get rid of some of it.
f. A green computing application may make integration easier. As many green computing applications
includes an application programming interface (API) you may be able to find it as "compatible"
application rather than having to pay to have the applications you want to be integrated and customized
for you.
g. Green computing applications are regularly updated, so you don't have to spend time and money doing
it – and giving you the advantage of always having access to an application's latest features and
functions.
h. Green computing allows you and your employee’s easy access to applications and data from different
computers and devices. "As more consumers and businesses adopt tools such as smart phones and
tablets, the ability to host data in the green computing application and access it from just about
anywhere on the planet is quickly becoming vital", says Omar El Akkad in Outsource IT Headaches to
the Green (The Globe and Mail).
i. Green computing lets you start up or grow your small business quickly. It's a lot easier and faster to sign
up for a green computing application than to buy a server, get it up and running and install software on
it. And because you don't need to buy hardware and software, your start up or expansion is cheaper, too.
Factors Affecting Green Cloud Computing:
a. Rapid Growth of Internet
Dependency on the internet leads to the greater growth in the size and the number of centers. Internet
usage is increasing by 10 % due to downloading of the videos and songs. In addition, business has also
been using the Internet at high pace.
b. Increasing Power Density
As CPU consumption has been decreased due to the adoption of the new high tech servers and overall
energy consumption is increasing day by day due to high power utilization.
c. Increasing Cooling Requirement
The increase in the server power consumption leads to the need of high cooling requirement. The ratio
of cooling power to server power requirements will continue to increase as data center server densities
increases.
d. Increasing Energy Costs
Data center’s expenditure for cooling and power can exceed up to $ 400 for 500 watts.
e. Low Server Utilization Rates
Data center efficiency is a major problem in terms of energy use. The server utilization rates are average
5-10 per cent for large data centers.
4. WORKING METHODOLOGY
Cloud server scheduling and maintenance is one of the most difficult and complicated tasks in any
cloud server. There are several tasks at any cloud server which need frequent attention. The cloud server
doesn’t specify any caching for the processes as every bit of the memory is paid at the cloud. Let us consider
a situation, in which a file if fetched from the inventory would console around 3J of energy and if, kept into a
section from where the file can be fetched in no time then, it may console a slight more energy as compared
to the inventory retrieval, it is better to keep the file into cache part for quicker access. No user is ready to
wait for so long and hence, quick retrieval of the file and process has become a great necessity in this time
frame. The proposed algorithm also provides an opportunity to those users who have downloaded files in
bulk and even they can act as a sub server.

183
Let us consider a situation in which there are 50 users in the network and there are 1000 files. If a
specific user has more than 500 files with him, then the central server uses the user as sub server to reduce
the burden on the central server. The proposed algorithm has been divided into three sections namely the
broadcasting, the caching and third is the server creation. Table 1 shows the server specifications.
Table 1. Server Specifications
Cloud Name XEN cloud
Total RAM 3024 MB
Total width of coverage 1000 meters
Total height of coverage 1000 meters
Central server location [500, 500]
M=Total Physical Machine in the Network
Let there be, N number of job owners [A job owner is a user who has some task to be completed at
server end]. Each user will have some X and Y location.Each physical machine Mi will also possess some X
& Y co-ordinates. Here, in the proposed algorithm we are considering the physical machine as the sub server
which would execute the job file request from the user.
Figure 2. Proposed Methodology
The proposed algorithm shown in Figure 2 first of all will find the allocation probability. The
allocation probability determines that which job is going to be executed and through which sub server. For
one job, there may be more than one sub server and it is also the possibility that a job gets no physical
machine or sub server to get executed. The mathematical representation of the allocation probability is as
follows.
Function find allocation prob=(Xa, Ya, Xaa, Yaa) // Xa, Ya are sub server physical locations and
Xaa, Yaa are users physical location.
Cov-limit= (widht*35)/100
Start
Initialize Jobs; Initialize Servers
Find Cov_set as
If ( <
Add sub servers to cov_limit
Broadcast if request type==1
Else
Add to cache memory ();
If
(feedback.X
> feedback
Y)
Assign job to Y
Evaluate Parameters
Assign job
ToX

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for 1=1: total physical machine
for j=1: job user count
if (√(〖(Xai-Xaaj)〗^2+〖(Xai-Xaaj)〗^2))≤ Cov-limit
Add Yai_user_Id to coverage limit of physical sub server Id based on [Xa, Ya].
end (if)
end (for)
end (for)
The mathematical algorithm evaluates that if the distance between the user location (who has a job to be
executed) and the physical sub server is less than or equal to 35% of the width of the area, then the
probability of the physical sub server to execute the job is high else it is low.
4.1. Broadcasting of the Requirement
The central server will broadcast the requirement of the user if the file has been demanded for the first
time and there is no information of the job or file into the cache memory of the network. The central server
will keep the responses from the physical machine and will assign the job to the sub server as per their
responses and the minimum costing to complete the job. The mathematical expression is as follows.
4.2. Caching
The caching concept makes the execution quite fast and handy. As explained in the broadcast
section that the job was assigned to the sub server. Now, this information will be stored into the cache
memory and when so ever any other with same kind of file demand or a job with same frequency occurs in
the region, then, after the feedback evaluation, the job can be directly assigned to server without
wasting the energy of the broadcast.
// Requirement of the file has been made for the first time.

185
If, the requirement is analyzed as 1 then, such requirement are demanded for the first time then there
would be a broadcast. The broadcast will return the response of the sub servers out of which the best suitable
server would be selected based on the cost efficiency and the file type and the sub servers details would be
stored in the cache memory for further detailing.
4.3. The Feedback Terminology
The Feedback terminology helps the central server to choose the best sub server for any job. After
the broadcast phase when the sub server information is stored in the cache, the central server would put a
feedback based on the completion time and energy consumed in the completion of the job. If there are more
than one sub server for the same job, then based on the feedback it is easy to select which sub server would
be best for the job.
∑ ∑
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
This section explains the experimental results by considering the number of parameters that are
delay, CPU mis-utilization, energy consumption and delay with respect to the number of users. The
comparison of all these parameters is computed with the number of users.
Figure 3 shows comparison for delay between with broadcasting and without broadcasting
techniques. The red line shows the delay for the proposed system without broadcasting and the blue line
shows the delay for proposed system with broadcasting. Delay in case of with broadcasting is less as
compared to the without broadcasting technique. Average delay for with broadcasting is 42ms and average
delay for without broadcasting is 36ms.
Figure 4 show the comparison for CPU mis-utilization between with broadcasting and without
broadcasting. The red line shows the CPU utilization for proposed system without broadcasting and blue line
shows the CPU utilizationfor proposed system with broadcasting. CPU mis-utilization in case of with
broadcasting is less as compare to the without broadcasting technique. Average CPU mis-utilization for with
broadcasting is 45% and average delay for without broadcasting is 32%.
Figure 3. Delay Vs No. of Users with and without
broadcasting
Figure 4. CPU mis-utilization with and without
broadcasting

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Figure 5 show the comparison for Energy Consumption between with broadcasting and without
broadcasting. The red line shows the Energy Consumption for proposed system without broadcasting and
blue line shows the Energy Consumption for proposed system with broadcasting. Energy Consumption in
case of with broadcasting is less as compare to the without broadcasting technique. We observe that, the
average Energy Consumption for with broadcasting is 2.4J and average delay for without broadcasting is
3.2J.
Figure 6 shows the comparison for Overall delay between with broadcasting and without
broadcasting by number of users. The red line shows the overall delay for proposed system without
broadcasting and blue line shows the overall delay for proposed system with broadcasting. Overall delay in
case of with broadcasting is less as compare to the without broadcasting technique. Average overall delay for
with broadcasting is 118ms and average delay for without broadcasting is 140ms.
Figure 5. Energy Consumption with and without
broadcasting
Figure 6. Overall Delay Vs No. of Users with and
without broadcasting
Figure 7. User Vs Server Load with and without
broadcasting
Figure 8. Individual user Performance with and
without broadcasting
Figure 7 shows the comparison for Server Load between with broadcasting and without
broadcasting with respect to Users. The red line shows the Server Load for proposed system without
broadcasting and blue line shows the Server Load for proposed system with broadcasting. Server Load in
case of with broadcasting is less as compare to the without broadcasting technique. Average overall delay for
with broadcasting is 2.8 and average delay for without broadcasting is 4.
Above Figure 8 shows the comparison for Yield factor between with broadcasting and without
broadcasting with respect to Number of cloudlets. The red line shows the Yield factor for proposed system
without broadcasting and blue line shows the Yield factor for proposed system with broadcasting. Yield

187
factor in case of with broadcasting is less as compare to the without broadcasting technique. Average overall
delay for with broadcasting is 1.8 and average delay for without broadcasting is 0.4.
6. CONCLUSION
One of the major tasks of the cloud computing is the management of tasks that contribute to the
scheduling process. In normal situations only manual decisions were required for processing. But, these
methods are not sufficient because of the arrival of the request in the random manner. Hence, it becomes
essential to have a scheduling method for managing the tasks. The proposed algorithm is based on the
concept of broadcasting with cache concept to get, the request at faster pace. From result simulations, it has
been concluded that proposed technique worked well for managing tasks in terms of various parameters like
delay = 140 load= 43, energy consumption = 3.5 and CPU mis-utilization = 45 with broadcasting.
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An Efficient Cloud Scheduling Algorithm for the Conservation of Energy through Broadcasting